Competition In High Technology Research Articles

Domestic macroeconomic sources of the USA–China trade conflict

PurposeTrade relations between China and the USA have been marked by conflict, especially since China’s membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO). These conflicts have been analyzed from a variety of perspectives, including the loss of jobs in the USA due to Chinese imports, competition in high technology sectors and the balance of trade. Conceptual frameworks have employed models of domestic differences as well as models of international power distribution. Among domestic differences examined are the existence of state-owned enterprises in China compared to the domination of the USA economy by private firms, the large role of the Communist Party in China and the influence of labor and environmental and labor groups in the USA. Power distribution theories focus on the systemic effects of the distribution of power on trade openness and on the pattern of intra-bloc versus between-bloc trade. This paper aims to examine the role of macroeconomic policy factors in China and the USA, in particular, the role of national patterns of savings, investment and consumption (both private and government). The paper concludes that insofar as the balance of trade is an important component of the trade conflict, domestic macroeconomic factors continue to be important. The resolution of the conflict will have to take into account the respective macroeconomic policies of China and the USA.Design/methodology/approachThe design is an analytic case study of US–China trade relations with a particular focus on the balance of trade. The conceptual framework employed involves an analysis of macroeconomic policy categories, especially the overall pattern of savings (household, firm and government), investment and consumption. Process tracing over time since China's membership in the WTO is carried out with an eye toward the relationship between the balance of trade and macroeconomic policy.FindingsThe main findings are that there is a strong relation between the respective macroeconomic policies of the USA and China and their trade relations. The domestic political economy of the USA encourages consumption and a low rate of savings. The opposite is true of China where household income is low by design and national savings are high. China depends on the USA to consume what is not consumed domestically. The USA depends on Chinese imports for additional consumption encouraged by its low rate of savings. The two economies are locked in a mutual dependence.Research limitations/implicationsKey research implications are that there should be more focus on domestic macroeconomic policies since these are the root causes of the trade imbalance. This is not to say that trade frictions centering on jobs, subsidies and competition in high technology are unimportant. However, without the resolution of differences in the management of macroeconomic policies, trade conflicts between the USA and China will continue.Practical implicationsPractical implications are huge, in some ways much more important than the academic implications. Macroeconomic policy differences in savings, investment, government spending, taxation and infrastructure are important. Furthermore, there are available tools in both China and the USA to manage the macroeconomy, particularly, monetary and fiscal policy.Social implicationsOne implication of this paper is that satisfaction or dissatisfaction of workers is dependent on income distribution which in turn affects trade. Treatment of people in different socioeconomic categories, such as the elderly, the young, and those at working age are a function of macroeconomic policies.Originality/valueMany people have written about macroeconomics. It is a conventional subfield of economics. The originality of this paper lies in its advocacy of a shift of focus and attention and in the argument that traditional macroeconomics is related to trade. Despite its importance, macroeconomics has not been the center of attention for most political scientists, though economists have made it more central.

The large firm dilemma: anchor embeddedness and high-technology competition

Abstract Do large firms support or suppress regional entrepreneurship? Comparing Ottawa and Waterloo, two entrepreneurial ecosystems dominated by large, flagship firms, Nortel and Research in Motion (RIM), we demonstrate how an anchor firm’s relationship to the entrepreneurial community shapes entrepreneurial activity. In Ottawa, an engaged anchor delivered the public goods to overcome the negative externalities associated with large firm growth. In the long run, however, this vibrant, startup scene proved surprisingly vulnerable to Nortel’s decline. In Waterloo, in contrast, new firm formation plummeted under a detached anchor. RIM’s isolation, however, enabled Waterloo to construct the independent, entrepreneurial infrastructure it needed to capitalize on its collapse. Illuminating the mechanisms behind ‘entrepreneurial recycling’, or the reallocation of labor from declining anchor firms, we argue that regions confront a strategic dilemma in how they engage large firms.

Keeping the Technological Edge: The Space Arms Race and Anglo-American Relations in the 1980s

ABSTRACT In March 1983, President Ronald Reagan established the Strategic Defence Initiative [SDI], a research effort to develop the technologies for land- and space-based missile defence. This programme quickly unleashed anxieties about an arms race in space. Superpower military space activities were of significant concern to Britain because they had direct bearing on two key areas of its national security: space-based intelligence collection and the credibility of its nuclear deterrent. This analysis argues that the uses of space for military and intelligence purposes was an essential, though often invisible, aspect of the Anglo-American relationship during the Cold War. Despite the opposition of her senior advisors to SDI, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher maintained that the programme was necessary to stay ahead of the Soviet Union in an intensifying high-technology competition. Rather than opposing the expanded militarisation of space, she believed it required careful management to further British national security interests.

Analisa Kelesuan Komposit Hibrid daripada Komposit Serat Kenaf/Kevlar yang Diperkukuhkan dengan Epoksi

This study is aimed to investigate the fatigue limit of the hybrid composites of kenaf and kevlar reinforced epoxy. Most of the engineering components used in the military appliance and in high technology competition like Formula One Racing car, uses synthetic fibre as their main component in their structural design due to their high mechanical properties. However, by using this material in a small portion of quantity is extremely expensive, uneconomical and becomes over-designed. In this study, kevlar-29 and a woven kenaf being hybrid together using technique of vacuum resin infusion. The fatigue test was conducted at a constant stress amplitude with frequency of 3 Hz, in accordance to ASTM D3479. It was found that the transition region has significant influence on the fatigue results since there are significant reductions on Young’s Modulus. In addition, the endurance limit for the developed composites was almost similar with the Aluminium Alloy with known knee of shape determining the exact fatigue limit. The fatigue limit was read at a million cycles (1005498 cycles). The SEM study has showed the damage mechanism of this developed composites which is started by matrix cracking and followed by fibre breakage and delamination between kenaf fibre and kevlar fibre once the develop composite reach the failure point. Thus, this development of hybrid composite shows good agreement findings and has high potential to replace or reduce the usage of synthetics fibre.

Creative Corporatism

This article documents and explains the surprising capacity of several Continental European countries to adapt to rapid, innovation-based competition. Critics and proponents alike suggest that these economies rely on incremental upmarket movement in low- and medium-technology industries. Several historically low-technology Nordic countries, however, have recently assumed leading positions in industries such as biotechnology, software, and telecommunications. The article resolves this puzzle by arguing that these countries have adapted institutionalized cooperation among organized economic actors to invest in new supply-side resources, including venture capital, skill formation, and research. This pattern of “creative corporatism” has very different implications for economic adjustment, facilitating movement into new high-technology industries. The article supports the argument by analyzing institutional change and economic restructuring in Finland, a critical case where high-technology competition is least likely. The article documents similar developments in Denmark and Sweden, situating all three cases in relation to literature on comparative political economy.

Frequent incremental change, organizational size, and mortality in high-technology competition

While radical technological change is often characterized as hazardous, particularly to incumbents, incremental technological change has appeared to be immune from such risks. Little attention has been given to the possibility that under some circumstances incremental technological change can be quite risky. This article argues that there may be tradeoffs to high rates of incremental technological change. The costs are of two kinds: the organizational disruptions associated with frequent technological change and overestimating the advantages and receptiveness of the technological improvement. We argue that larger firms are better equipped than smaller firms to cope with these costs and will reap greater benefits from incremental changes. Using data on the population of worldwide floppy disk drive manufacturers, we find that frequent incremental technical changes decrease organizational mortality for large firms but increase it for smaller firms. We also find that large firms that frequently introduce incremental technological improvements are more potent competitors. This study helps us understand how frequent incremental change affects mortality as organizations grow. Advice to managers to engage in continuous incremental innovation can therefore be misguided because unless firms are large, they may incur costs that are so great that the firm actually fails by innovating frequently. Copyright 2010 The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Associazione ICC. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Flexibility: an emerging meta-competence for managing high technology

This paper presents a conceptual study on the role of flexibility in managing high technology. The study indicates the existence of a common understanding on the need for competitive performance of high technology enterprises in four dimensions: reduced cycle times, reduced cost, higher quality, and higher levels of customisation. Towards this, a large number of IT based strategies like Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM), Concurrent Engineering (CE), Cellular Manufacturing (CM), Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Business Process Reengineering (BPR), etc. are being put to use with varied results. After time, cost and quality, customisation (or high variety) appears to be the next imperative of high technology competition. A time-based competition aiming at mass customisation capabilities is emerging. The characterisation of high technology management towards this environment yields a novel topology, which we refer to as Innovate-To-Order (as an extension to the existing Engineer-To-Order topology). Flexibility, which is the most important enabling factor for customisation, is emerging as the key source of competitive advantage. This paper attempts to advance the understanding of flexibility from the point of view of high technology management, by extending the paradigm of manufacturing flexibility. The potential for design flexibility and its judicious integration with the manufacturing flexibility is discussed. A conceptual framework involving a dynamic control of structural, process and resource flexibility is presented and its implications for the Indian context are discussed. Based on our ongoing R&D efforts, we indicate the need for a judicious use of Information Technology (IT) to benefit from design flexibility.

The Scramble for Semiconductors: (Mis)managing Trade in High Technology

Journal Article The Scramble for Semiconductors: (Mis)managing Trade in High Technology Get access Mismanaged Trade? Strategic Policy and the Semiconductor Industry. By Flamm Kenneth. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1996. 500 pp., $59.95 cloth(ISBN: 0-8157-2846-8), $24.95 paper(ISBN: 0-8157-2847-6).Economic Security and High Technology Competition in an Age of Transition: The Case of the Semiconductor Industry. By Green Eric Marshall. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1996. 216 pp., $55.00(ISBN: 0-275-95253-3). Gerald Schneider Gerald Schneider Institute of Political Science, University of Stuttgart, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mershon International Studies Review, Volume 42, Issue Supplement_1, May 1998, Pages 140–143, https://doi.org/10.2307/254452 Published: 01 May 1998

The Scramble for Semiconductors: (Mis)managing Trade in High Technology

Mismanaged Trade? Strategic Policy and the Semiconductor Industry By Kenneth Flamm Economic Security and High Technology Competition in an Age of Transition: The Case of the Semiconductor Industry By Eric Marshall Green

Japanese competition in high technology: Advancing or retreating?

This article considers whether recent economic and political crises and scandals in Japan have weakened its previous competitive strength. Strengths and weaknesses in the Japanese economy are discussed. Its strengths are revealed in those sectors exposed to international competition, where restructuring of production, research and development and changes in international strategies are in progress. Weaknesses will be harder to correct, such as inadequate physical infrastructure and industrial over-supply.

Product Development with a New Technology:

The 1992 America′s Cup featured 12 competitors from ten countries sailing high technology boats at an early stage of development. The contest provides a dynamic model of patterns of international high technology competition. Utilizes the America′s Cup campaign as a case study to illustrate lessons for product design in early stages of technological development in international arenas.

International High-Technology Competition: Technology and the Wealth of Nations

(1994). International High-Technology Competition: Technology and the Wealth of Nations. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 300-304.

International high-technology competition

Innovation, comparative advantage, and R&D competition case study evidence on R&D reactions imports, exports, and intra-industry trade R&D reactions to import competition.

The New Dilemma in US-Japan Relations: The Role of High Technology Competition in Contemporary Relations

The New Dilemma in US-Japan Relations: The Role of High Technology Competition in Contemporary Relations

Competition in high technology: analysis of patents of US, Japan, UK, France, West Germany, and Canada

Using US patents as a surrogate measure of technological positions, the competitive positions of the industrial nations (the US, United Kingdom, France, West Germany, Canada, and Japan) in high-technology areas during the period from 1975 to 1988 are examined. High-technology industry is defined as one which requires a high proportion of R&D expenditure and employs a high proportion of scientists and engineers. High-tech industries are further subdivided into four categories (equipment, consumer durable, nondurable, and intermediate products) in terms of their market and/or use. How different countries have specialized in different product market areas within the high tech sector is also examined. To better understand the impact of the patients, the citations per patent for the different countries and the citation performance ratio, which is the share of country's most highly cited patents on a worldwide basis, are examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The Impoverished Education

The extremely inferior educational quality of the Chinese people and the enormous size of its total population is one of the root causes underlying the poverty and backwardness of China today. This is also a critical factor holding China back in the future world-wide competition in high technology in various areas. The only way to remedy the situation is to raise the strategic position of education in the nation's development. However, we are now facing just the opposite situation: Education in China is currently experiencing an impoverishment unprecedented in history.

Japan and the United States: Cooperation vs. competition in high-technology

Japan and the United States share many similar objectives in high-technology. The cooperation between the two countries has spread widely. However, the high-technology area, which is a high growth and most promising sector, has been marked by intensive commercial competition sometimes leading to excessive anxiety and unnecessary confrontation.

Industrial Policy and International Competition in High Technology

A trio of essays on how current U.S. trade policies and the management of R&D in high technology are providing an edge to Japan in international competition. Specific policy actions are necessary to control Japan9s current ability to block capital formation in the U.S. and get the upper hand in international trade at the expense of American high tech industries.

International Competition in High Technology

International Competition in High Technology