Context Of Competition Research Articles

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Digital transformation, which is taking place worldwide, is making major changes in labor structures and labour markets. This poses the challenge of building a workforce equipped with digital skills to be ready to meet the demands of the digital economy. The aim of this study is to explore the relevant skills needed for employees in the digital environment. Using statistical techniques that describe, compare, and synthesize analysis from documentation, domestic and foreign reports, data collected from 2018 to 2023, combined discussions on the impact of digital skills on employee performance with experts on the status of digital skill readiness of employees in a changing and highly competitive context. At the same time, evaluate the positive achievements and the limitations that have not been achieved. On that basis, making proposals and solutions for both employers and employees to recognize the need for digital skills in the workplace is a compulsory trend for organizations. The results show that technology has changed the demands on employment in many different professions, setting demands for professional qualifications as well as digital skills of an increasingly large, complex and sophisticated workforce to respond to efficient and sustainable operations for organizations.

Competitive orientations in academically talented youth: Associations with psychosocial and school-related variables

ObjectivesThere are contrasting views of competition in educational settings and recent research has suggested that individuals have different competitive orientations. In this study, we assessed competitive orientations in a sample of high achieving adolescents in the United States. We also examined the association of competitive orientations to self-reported academic and psychosocial outcomes. MethodParticipants consisted of 420 academically talented students attending a summer program. Academic outcomes included academic self-efficacy, academic engagement, school belonging, and positive views of teachers; psychosocial outcomes included work ethic, hope, and curiosity. The 15-item version of the Multidimensional Competitive Orientation Inventory was used to measure competitive orientations. ResultsResults supported the psychometric integrity of five competitive orientations: Self-Developmental, Hypercompetitive, Anxiety-Driven, Fear of Losing, and Lack of Interest. The Self-Developmental competitive orientation was positively associated with most of the outcome variables, but the Hypercompetitive orientation was not, and the other three orientations were negatively related to outcomes. Latent profile analyses yielded four profiles labeled Self-Developmental, Uninterested Anxious, Avoidant, and Conflicted Competitors. The Self-Developmental and the Conflicted Competitors reported higher scores than the Avoidant Competitors on the majority of outcomes, and higher scores than the Uninterested Anxious group on half of the outcomes. ConclusionThe results suggest that competitive orientations can be measured with integrity in high achieving students and play a role in how these students engage in the world. We contend that competitive orientations should be considered in studies of competition and competitive contexts.

Psychological resilience and performance under pressure: a study of elite badminton players - a systematic review

Psychological resilience is a critical factor influencing athlete performance in many sports, including badminton. This study aims to systematically review the existing literature to understand the relationship between psychological resilience and elite badminton athlete performance. The research background details the importance of psychological factors in the context of sport, particularly under competitive pressure. Focusing on elite badminton players, the study aimed to identify consistency and variation in previous research findings and detail the practical implications for athlete training and coaching. Research materials and methods included a systematic design with explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria. A thorough literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria. A careful study selection process was completed, and data were extracted for systematic analysis. Data analysis methods used included synthesizing findings from multiple studies, potentially using meta-analysis where appropriate. The results present the main findings regarding the relationship between psychological resilience and the performance of elite badminton athletes. The analysis of findings from multiple studies highlights the consistency in this relationship while acknowledging the variation that may occur due to differences in competitive context and athlete characteristics. The practical implications of these findings are explained in the context of training and coaching badminton athletes to enhance their psychological resilience under competitive pressure.The research conclusions highlight the vital contribution of this study to understanding psychological factors in badminton. This research provides a foundation for developing more effective training strategies and coaching of athletes that can enhance their psychological resilience, thereby improving their performance at the elite level. As such, this study provides scientific insights and practical guidance for the potential development of elite badminton athletes under competitive pressure.

Older people in the world of esport: a qualitative study.

The inclusion of older players in the gaming world is growing rapidly, leading to the emergence of specific categories for them at major esport events. The aim of this study is to analyze the psychological issues faced by older people when engaging with the competitive context of esport. The study was conducted in 2021 within the French association Silver Geek, which offers digital workshops using Nintendo Wii consoles to older people living in retirement homes and organizes annual amateur competitions between teams of older adults. This qualitative study involved 16 participants (eight women, eight men) aged 63 to 97 years. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the motivations, emotional well-being, and social impact of esport on older people. The results show that older people who participate in esport are motivated by the discovery and mastery of new game skills, as well as the pleasure of performance through social comparison. All experience a psychological well-being that translates into intense positive emotions. Moreover, the esport context, whether during the pre-competition workshops or the competitions themselves, proved to be a strong vector for positive social relationships, especially with the young e-sports coaches. However, this activity had little impact on existing family relationships. This study highlights the potential of esport as a recreational activity to promote mental health and social integration in older adults. The challenge for future research is to identify the levers that will enable this activity to become a true medium for intergenerational communication.

Understanding Heat Dissipation Factors for Fixed‐Tilt and Single‐Axis Tracked Open‐Rack Photovoltaic Modules: Experimental Insights

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of long‐term experiments conducted on fixed‐tilt (FT) and single‐axis tracked (SAT) open‐rack photovoltaic (PV) modules in South Africa. Utilising Faiman's heat dissipation model and data filtering method, the study demonstrates favourable comparisons of FT experimental results with literature while yielding novel heat dissipation factors for SAT modules. Enhanced heat dissipation is observed in no/low wind conditions for SAT modules compared to FT modules. Analyses reveal the influence of plane‐of‐array (POA) irradiance, wind speed and direction on module temperature, with SAT modules exhibiting greater heat dissipation stability. An investigation into data filtering methods suggests minor sensitivity for both configurations, with a slightly more pronounced impact on SAT modules. Assessments comparing module temperature predictions using diverse heat dissipation factors for FT modules reveal negligible sensitivity. This suggests that exact heat dissipation factor values may not be crucial for accurate predictions of module temperature in FT open‐rack systems. Annual power output simulations using PVsyst software demonstrate a 2.9% and 3.3% enhancement for FT and SAT configurations, respectively, when employing experimentally determined heat dissipation factors. These findings highlight the importance of realistic, configuration‐specific heat dissipation factors in optimising PV system performance, particularly in the competitive context of modern PV power plant construction and techno‐economic calculations.

Navigating the Evolving Landscape of Higher Education: A Critical Examination of Governance and Policy

The contemporary university has evolved into a multifaceted institution, serving not only as a hub for research, professional training, and knowledge dissemination, but also as a pivotal component of economic machinery and societal advancement, especially within the context of globalization and intense competition. These institutions are now expected to significantly contribute to the socio-economic development of their surroundings, striving for excellence and competing within an increasingly interconnected global framework. To meet these heightened expectations, universities have undergone profound transformations over recent decades. This period of change is particularly notable within the Spanish context, mirroring the broader societal shifts since the onset of the democratic transition in 1975 through to the present day in 2024. This era has necessitated substantial reforms in university governance, equipping these institutions with the requisite tools to navigate and address emerging challenges effectively. A pivotal moment in this transformative journey was the enactment of the University Reform Law of 1983. Grounded in constitutional principles, this law marked a significant milestone in updating and revitalizing university education in Spain. After this, the Organic Law on Universities of 2001 further aligned the Spanish university framework with the broader European educational landscape, reinforcing the integration and competitiveness of Spanish institutions on a continental scale. However, to comprehensively grasp the magnitude and implications of these changes, it is essential to extend our analysis beyond the immediate past and explore the historical trajectory of Spanish universities over previous centuries. By examining this extensive historical context, we can better understand the foundational elements that have shaped the current state of higher education. This article aims to meticulously analyze the evolution of the Spanish university system, delineating the chronological progress, identifying persistent challenges, and engaging in a critical discourse on potential solutions. Through this examination, the article seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of the interplay between historical legacies and contemporary reforms, offering insights that are essential for shaping the future trajectory of higher education in Spain.

When are predictions useful? A new method for evaluating epidemic forecasts

BackgroundCOVID-19 will not be the last pandemic of the twenty-first century. To better prepare for the next one, it is essential that we make honest appraisals of the utility of different responses to COVID. In this paper, we focus specifically on epidemiologic forecasting. Characterizing forecast efficacy over the history of the pandemic is challenging, especially given its significant spatial, temporal, and contextual variability. In this light, we introduce the Weighted Contextual Interval Score (WCIS), a new method for retrospective interval forecast evaluation.MethodsThe central tenet of the WCIS is a direct incorporation of contextual utility into the evaluation. This necessitates a specific characterization of forecast efficacy depending on the use case for predictions, accomplished via defining a utility threshold parameter. This idea is generalized to probabilistic interval-form forecasts, which are the preferred prediction format for epidemiological modeling, as an extension of the existing Weighted Interval Score (WIS).ResultsWe apply the WCIS to two forecasting scenarios: facility-level hospitalizations for a single state, and state-level hospitalizations for the whole of the United States. We observe that an appropriately parameterized application of the WCIS captures both the relative quality and the overall frequency of useful forecasts. Since the WCIS represents the utility of predictions using contextual normalization, it is easily comparable across highly variable pandemic scenarios while remaining intuitively representative of the in-situ quality of individual forecasts.ConclusionsThe WCIS provides a pragmatic utility-based characterization of probabilistic predictions. This method is expressly intended to enable practitioners and policymakers who may not have expertise in forecasting but are nevertheless essential partners in epidemic response to use and provide insightful analysis of predictions. We note that the WCIS is intended specifically for retrospective forecast evaluation and should not be used as a minimized penalty in a competitive context as it lacks statistical propriety. Code and data used for our analysis are available at https://github.com/maximilian-marshall/wcis.

Models of animal coalitions and their implications for human evolution.

Social interaction is a prime driver for the evolution of animal behaviour. Dyadic interaction, in particular, has been the focus of intensive research on the evolution of mutualistic, altruistic, selfish or spiteful behaviours. Meanwhile, triadic interaction has been the minimal framework for the study of animal coalition as observed in some species of primates, as well as in carnivores and cetaceans, where two or more individuals act jointly against a third party in a competitive context. Previous mathematical models of animal coalition have either failed to explain the observed diversity in the configuration of coalition or presumed fine-tuned decision-making that may be unrealistic for non-human animals. To approach these issues, the present study develops a new model that is fairly simple, but still able to account for the observed diversity in animal coalitions. Analysis of the model specifies key parameters affecting the predicted types of coalition: the nature of the benefit being contested, the cost-to-benefit ratio associated with fighting and the synergistic effect in coalition formation. Additionally, the model is used to evaluate the social selection hypothesis, which claims that coalition formation induced social selection favouring reduced aggression and lower fighting abilities during human evolution.

Smaller islands, bigger appetites: evolutionary strategies of insular endemic skinks.

Competitive dietary and morphological divergence among co-occurring species are fundamental aspects of ecological communities, particularly on islands. Cabo Verde (~570 km west of continental Africa) hosts several endemic reptiles descended from common ancestors, with sympatric species exhibiting wide morphological variation and competing for limited resources. To explore the mechanisms of resource partitioning between coexisting species, DNA metabarcoding was used to compare the diets of large and small skinks, Chioninia vaillantii and Chioninia delalandii, in sympatric and allopatric contexts on Fogo Island and in a more competitive context on the small and resource-poor Cima Islet. The morphological variation of all populations was also examined to test the character displacement hypothesis and to compare the effect of different competitive scenarios. Results showed significant differences in diet and linear measurements between species and populations. The two sympatric populations of C. delalandii on Fogo and Cima showed similar changes in head morphology compared to the allopatric population, supporting character displacement. The effect of higher competitive pressure on Cima was evidenced by the increased morphological and dietary variation observed. This study demonstrates how sister species develop dietary adaptations/morphologies to maintain stable coexistence, especially in highly competitive scenarios, providing useful insights for effective conservation strategies.

She is so (post)human: doctoral students’ perceptions of response-ability of their becoming-supervisors through caring/careful practices

ABSTRACT In this article, I propose that caring/careful practices of becoming-supervisors are practices of response-ability within neoliberalized academia. These practices, based on a feminist ontology of reciprocity, active co-presence, sensitivity and receptive openness, created a friendly atmosphere where students’ feelings and needs were taken into account and enabled their academic development in a rationalist-individualist competitive context. I present interviews with 15 doctoral students at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) regarding their relationship with their becoming-supervisors. The analysis showed that students’ perceptions of assemblage-professors’ caring/careful practices included: post-human treatment, facilitating the research, mentoring, and sheltering. Caring/careful practices allowed the students to be inspired and build trusting relationships. However, care is complex and is co-opted by the neoliberal system, which means that a complete transformation of the academic culture is necessary.

Structure, Conduct, Performance (SCP) Approach & Fairness Principle in Business Competition Law in The Era of Digital Platforms

The emergence of digital platforms has led to disruptions that affect not only technological and economic aspects, but also legal aspects, particularly business competition law. The discourse surrounding the development of digital platforms within the context of business competition has been influenced by two major schools of thought: the Chicago School, which adopts an effeiciency approach (also known as the consumer welfare approach) , and the Harvard School, which employs the structure, conduct, and performance (SCP) approach. This article aims to scrutinize the shortcomings of the efficiency approach advocated by the Chicago School in addressing the issues related to business competition in the digital platform market. Additionally, it seeks to demonstrate how the principle of fairness, based on the competitive process approach and market strcture, can serve as a more comprehensive analytical tool for evaluating the health of competition in the market. The results show that the efficiency approach is inadequate in addressing concerns of fairness in the digital market. Responding to the context, global business competition authorities have begun to promote a fairness approach to bolster SCP approach which serves as a moral underpinning for upholding the principles of healthy business competition in the digital platform era. This article applied normative legal research methods with a conceptual approach for analysis.

The controller-first constraint beyond the Basic Variety: how do instructed learner varieties solve contexts of competition?

Abstract The Basic Variety has been described as a fully fledged system that is developed in second-language acquisition. It is guided by a small number of interacting phrasal, semantic, and pragmatic constraints. This article is devoted to the semantic controller-first constraint, which says that “the NP-referent with highest control comes first” in discourse contexts where this constraint comes into conflict. The Basic Variety, as described by Klein and Perdue, relates to migrant learners that were exposed to target languages in naturalistic contexts and situations outside the classroom. Our study also deals with learners living in the target language’s country at the time of the data collection, but our learners were benefiting from foreign language teaching at university. The goal of this study is twofold. The first part of the article discusses the origins of the key notion of ‘controller’ and introduces related theoretical underpinnings, such as argument hierarchies of transitive verbs and crucial factors determining argument realization. Our analysis shows that the controller-first constraint overlaps with two key concepts of the description of L1 functional grammars – i.e., control asymmetry and the Actor-Undergoer Hierarchy – suggesting that it does not only pertain to the Basic Variety but broadly speaking to the human language capacity. The second part of this study presents some preliminary results on the L2 grammars of Spanish-speaking learners of French in a context of ‘competition’. Our results show the pervasiveness of the controller-first constraint on L2 grammars beyond initial, non-instructed learner varieties, suggesting that this semantic principle is not totally independent of (a) the specifics of the source language and (b) the target constructions of the foreign language classroom.

Increased sensitivity to social hierarchy during social competition versus cooperation.

Social hierarchy is a typical feature of social organization. The ability to quickly recognize social hierarchy information is crucial for adapting to social contexts. Here, we adopted fast periodic visual stimulation with electroencephalography to assess the neural responses to social hierarchy during social competition and cooperation, respectively. Participants first learned hierarchical faces from a competitive game versus a cooperative game. We then sequentially presented the learned hierarchical faces with a specific frequency in a set of faces. Results showed that participants rated the inferior player as lower in the social hierarchy in the cooperative context compared to the competitive context, indicating that social context affects the judgment of others' rank. Moreover, higher neural responses to high and low-hierarchy faces versus medium-hierarchy faces were observed, suggesting rapid discrimination of social hierarchy from faces. Interestingly, rank-specific neural responses were more pronounced in the competitive context than in the cooperative context, indicating increased sensitivity to social hierarchy during social competition versus social cooperation. This study provides behavioral and neural evidence for rapid, automatic processing of social hierarchy information and for an increased sensitivity to such information in competitive versus cooperative social contexts.

Implementing Problem-based Learning to Secondary School EFL learners at the International School of China for Developing Communicative Competence

As the global demand for complex talent increases, the purpose of teaching and learning is no longer simply to transmit knowledge, but also to develop students’ ability to ask questions, analyze problems and solve them (Reed et al, 2021). The traditional teacher-centered, passive learning approach no longer meets the teaching context of social development and strong international competitiveness (Ting et al., 2021). PBL (Problem-based learning) is a form of self-directed learning and group discussion that creates a genuine context for students to map out the real world, which contributes to diversifying, differentiating, and stimulating students learning (Almulla, 2020). PBL develops students’ practical skills, cultivates innovative and applied talents, and improves students’ confidence in learning (Ngadiso et al., 2021). PBL uses independent learning and group discussion to create a real-world situation for students, which can develop their learning autonomy, and improve their overall application skills, especially the listening and speaking skills (Quinn, 2019). This pedagogical report tries to design a complete PBL project for high school students in an international school of China to help students be able to use English correctly for intercultural communication by doing PBL tasks. Students can deeply appreciate the differences in word meanings, sentence meanings, associative meanings, metaphorical meanings, and other linguistic phenomena in the two different cultures of the East and the West, to understand culture from the inside and maintain their interest and enthusiasm in learning English. By PBL approach, teachers can help students to mobilize their enthusiasm and initiative for learning and cultivate students’ communicative competence to realize the co-growth of knowledge and competence (Larmer, 2016).

Under the context of competition between platform sales and live streaming sales, who has the pricing power of products?

The rapid rise of live-streaming selling and the increasing diversity of e-commerce channels have sparked ongoing debates regarding product pricing power. This price competition behaviour of online dual channels triggered by the supply-side pricing dilemma is a topic of significant research interest and forms the focal point of this paper. Therefore, we leverage the principles of game theory to construct a three-party evolutionary game model consisting of a brand, a steamer, and a traditional e-commerce platform. Within this framework, the brand holds the primary pricing authority. Our analysis examines the equilibrium strategies adopted by the various players under diverse scenarios and explores how the evolving behaviours of these parties impact the overall game system. Additionally, we employ the “people-goods-scene” perspective to deconstruct the intricate dynamics within this complex supply chain ecosystem. Our findings reveal two distinct evolutionary stable strategies: one in which brands maintain a stance against low-price negotiation, streamers avoid bargaining, and platforms avoid providing subsidies; the other in which brands are open to negotiating low prices, streamers engage in bargaining, and platforms provide subsidies. Notably, in most cases, brands tend to avoid explicitly stating their opposition to low-price negotiation. However, if a brand’s strategy shifts towards rejecting such negotiation, the negative implications of price wars across channels become a critical consideration. Conversely, when a brand opts for a more concessive pricing strategy, we need to consider the potential positive impacts of low-price competition.

The Impact of a Congested Competition Schedule on Load, Recovery, and Well-Being in Under-16 Female Soccer Players: A Comparison between Starters and Non-Starters during a Development Tournament

Monitoring training load, recovery, and wellness in maturation ages is even more relevant than in adulthood, especially during congested schedules. The objective of this study was to quantify and describe the differences in external and internal load, recovery, and perceived wellness in elite under-16 female players during a period of three competitions in seven days based on their participation during matches. An observational design was used to quantify the external load (total distance, high-speed distance, and PlayerLoad) and internal load (differential sRPE), as well as the recovery and wellness of 18 international under-16 players during a development tournament. The external load pattern of the starting players was undulating, with matches showing the highest internal load values compared to training sessions and non-starters. Non-starter players (whether training or matches) showed similar external load and differential sRPE values throughout the tournament (p > 0.05). Starting players experienced higher internal load than non-starters during matches (p < 0.037), without differences between training sessions (p > 0.05). No changes were seen in wellness or recovery (all p-values > 0.05), except for non-starters in Session 3 compared to Session 7 (p = 0.024). Starting players had more weekly total minutes (p = 0.018), differential sRPE (breath: p = 0.002; leg: p = 0.002; cognitive: p = 0.003), total distance (p = 0.003), and PlayerLoad (p = 0.008) than non-starters. Our results indicate differing load patterns between starters and non-starters, which do not affect wellness and recovery differently. Starters accumulate more weekly total load. Coaches can use these findings to guide decisions and load compensations in high competition contexts for young female soccer players.

First Impressions Matter: Feeling Welcome and Onward Migration Intentions of Highly Skilled Migrants

AbstractIn the context of the global competition for highly skilled migrants, policy makers follow different approaches to attract and retain this highly sought-after group. One common assumption is that the establishment of a welcoming culture can facilitate the retention of highly skilled migrants. Relatively little is known, however, about the impact such policies can have on highly skilled migrants’ decisions to remain in the destination country. We address this gap by analysing the association between feeling welcome and highly skilled migrants’ spatial intentions. We use a mixed methods approach that combines a survey conducted among highly skilled migrants in the Euregio Meuse-Rhine (n = 410) and two rounds of semi-structured interviews (wave 1: n = 67; wave 2: n = 49). Our results suggest that respondents who feel welcome are more likely to have the intention to stay in the region permanently. This association is stronger for migrants with relatively more agency. The paper underlines the importance of early experiences in the host country and the role of subjective and intangible factors like feeling welcome in migration decision-making.

Green Supplier Selection Using Advanced Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Tools

In today’s competitive and environmentally conscious industries, the ability of organizations to adapt and respond is more important than ever. This study focuses on overcoming the obstacles faced by the Iranian automobile sector by highlighting the significance of incorporating green supply chain techniques. The research intends to integrate organizational operations with environmental sustainability goals by utilizing a MULTIMOORA strategy for supplier selection. The Iranian automobile sector, facing substantial environmental challenges, requires a strategy framework for selecting environmentally friendly suppliers in order to sustain competitiveness and fulfill ecological obligations. The study develops a supplier selection model based on extensive research and expert knowledge. The Delphi and MULTIMOORA techniques are employed to assess and prioritize suppliers according to green criteria, assuring conformity with environmental goals. Data are collected by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature and engaging in conversations with industry experts in order to acquire information for the construction of the model. The results emphasize the crucial significance of trust-based relationships with suppliers, rigorous compliance with quality standards in new product development, and substantial investment in employee training and development. Sector analysts view these characteristics as crucial for promoting sustainability and gaining a competitive advantage in the Iranian vehicle sector. This study provides firms with strategic instruments to effectively negotiate the intricacies of green supply chain management, with a particular focus on the need for adopting sustainable practices while selecting suppliers in the dynamic and competitive context of the Iranian automobile industry.

The Impact of Renewable Energy Industry Amidst the Tense Relationship Between America and China

The challenges and risks exist in every industry under the context of China-US competition. Although both countries use different approaches, significant potential for collaboration and challenges to effective cooperation still exist. By delving into the differences in policy, cooperation initiatives, and competitive dynamics, they have highlighted the interdependence of China and the US in the global renewable industry overall. It is essential to understand the evolving relationship between these two nations in the renewable energy sector, in the context of escalating geopolitical tensions and the requirements of sustainable development. The study concludes that while competition can reduce costs and spur technological advancement in renewable energy, cooperation through leveraging each countrys strengths can significantly contribute to global climate change efforts. Despite the tense relationship, fostering constructive engagement and finding common ground in the renewable energy sector can benefit both economies and promote global sustainable development.

The Impact of Perception-Action Training Devices on Quickness and Reaction Time in Female Volleyball Players.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of a training program utilizing action perception technology (PAD) tools on improving the motor reaction times and neuromuscular capabilities of the upper and lower limbs compared to a traditional training program. Twenty-four female volleyball players competing in the Italian national championship were randomized into two groups of 12 athletes each: an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). A preliminary analysis confirmed the absence of significant differences in age and anthropometric characteristics between the groups. All the players underwent an initial battery of tests (pre-test), including Reaction Time simple Upper and Lower Limb (RTsUL and RTsLL) and Tapping Upper and Lower Limb (TUL and TLL). During a 6-week training program, the experimental group used exercises with a technological system of illuminated disks, while the control group followed the traditional training methods without advanced technology. At the end of the program, both groups were subjected to final tests (post-test). The main results show that after 6 weeks, both groups improved their performance compared to the initial tests. However, EG achieved significantly better results than CG in every test, with significant reductions in average times (ip%) of -14.9% in RTsUL (DX = -0.072 s, t = 23.2, p < 0.05, d = 6.7), -14.9% in RTsLL (DX = -0.091 s, t = 44.0, p < 0.05, d = 12.7), -10.6% in TUL (DX = -0.622 s, t = 42.0, p < 0.05, d = 12.1), and -10.7% in TLL (DX = -0.983 s, t = 43.1, p < 0.05, d = 12.4). The use of light-based perception-action technology devices in volleyball training has shown potential for significantly improving movement speed and reaction time. However, further research is needed to determine whether these improvements actually translate into enhanced overall performance in competitive contexts compared to the traditional training methods.