Compensation Of Displacements Research Articles

THEORETICAL STUDY OF VORTEX-LIKE ATOMIC STRUCTURES WITHIN A CONTINUUM FRAMEWORK

Using regression analysis through a component-wise search for regressors, a computational approach is proposed for estimating the oriented curvature of vortex-like atomic structures. The studied discrete vector fields of atomic displacements of such structural states are obtained based on the results of molecular dynamics simulations of a deformable defect-free crystallite. Within the given approach, a continuous representation of the desired discrete vector field is obtained. The redistribution of the free volume and reorientation of the crystal lattice are analyzed. It is found that the value of oriented curvature outside specific regions (vortex centers and regions of compensation of atomic displacements) is about |K| ≈ 0.286 nm-1. The relationship is shown between vortex-like structures and model concepts of a continuous disclination-type defect.

Compensation of non-uniform vertical displacements of hybrid timber-reinforced concrete multi-storey buildings

Compensation of non-uniform vertical displacements of hybrid timber-reinforced concrete multi-storey buildings

ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ МАНИПУЛЯТОРОВ МИНИМАЛЬНОЙ МАССЫ С КОМПЕНСАЦИЕЙ ПЕРЕМЕЩЕНИЙ

Many types of manipulators, operating in terrestrial conditions and, especially, in a state of weightlessness, require a significant reduction in mass, which leads to a decrease in the rigidity of structural elements and a change in the spectrum of natural vibration frequencies. Problems of manipulators' mass minimizing are still relevant. Besides, limitations on strength and rigidity should be taken taking into account. It is given the solution of the problems of mass minimizing with the analysis of possible compensation of displacements and the use of additional impacts.

The method of compensation for local displacements of images of capillaries in the evaluation of capillary blood flow parameters

The paper discusses the features of applying the method of local compensation of video frame displacements in the study of microcirculation parameters by the methods of video capillaroscopy (VCS) and microphotoplethysmography (micro-PPG). The results of the assessment and compensation of local displacements of images of the capillary network in the region of the hand of a conditionally healthy volunteer are presented. The result of the computation of the synthesized image of capillaries with equalized contrast based on the processing of a locally-combined sequence of video frames is shown. An example of capillary visualization using the frequency analysis of locally aligned video frames is given. The effectiveness of the method of local image stabilization within the study of the capillary network of mucous membranes using a laparoscope is demonstrated.

Optical coherence tomography-based angiography device with real-time angiography B-scans visualization and hand-held probe for everyday clinical use.

This work is dedicated to the development of the OCT system with angiography for everyday clinical use. Two major problems were solved during the development: compensation of specific natural tissue displacements, induced by contact scanning mode and physiological motion of patients (eg, respiratory and cardiac motions) and online visualization of vessel cross-sections to provide feedback for the system operator.

Noninvasive OCT imaging of the retinal morphology and microvasculature based on the combination of the phase and amplitude method

To implement the optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography on the low scanning speed OCT system, we developed a joint phase and amplitude method to generate 3-D angiograms by analysing the frequency distribution of signals from non-moving and moving scatterers and separating the signals from the tissue and blood flow with high-pass filter dynamically. This approach firstly compensates the sample motion between adjacent A-lines. Then according to the corrected phase information, we used a histogram method to determine the bulk non-moving tissue phases dynamically, which is regarded as the cut-off frequency of a high-pass filter, and separated the moving and non-moving scatters using the mentioned high-pass filter. The reconstructed image can visualize the components of moving scatters flowing, and enables volumetric flow mapping combined with the corrected phase information. Furthermore, retinal and choroidal blood vessels can be simultaneously obtained by separating the B-scan into retinal part and choroidal parts using a simple segmentation algorithm along the RPE. After the compensation of axial displacements between neighbouring images, three-dimensional vasculature of ocular vessels has been visualized. Experiments were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for 3-D vasculature imaging of human retina and choroid. The results revealed depth-resolved vasculatures in retina and choroid, suggesting that our approach can be used for noninvasive and three-dimensional angiography with a low-speed clinical OCT, and it has a great potential for clinic application.

An autotuning respiration compensation system based on ultrasound image tracking.

The purpose of this study was to develop an ultrasound image tracking algorithm (UITA) for extracting the exact displacement of internal organs caused by respiratory motion. The program can track organ displacements in real time, and analyze the displacement signals associated with organ displacements via a respiration compensating system (RCS). The ultrasound imaging system is noninvasive and has a high spatial resolution and a high frame rate (around 32 frames/s), which reduces the radiation doses that patients receive during computed tomography and X-ray observations. This allows for the continuous noninvasive observation and compensation of organ displacements simultaneously during a radiation therapy session.This study designed a UITA for tracking the motion of a specific target, such as the human diaphragm. Simulated diaphragm motion driven by a respiration simulation system was observed with an ultrasound imaging system, and then the induced diaphragm displacements were calculated by our proposed UITA. These signals were used to adjust the gain of the RCS so that the amplitudes of the compensation signals were close to the target movements. The inclination angle of the ultrasound probe with respect to the surface of the abdomen affects the results of ultrasound image displacement tracking. Therefore, the displacement of the phantom was verified by a LINAC with different inclination-angle settings of the ultrasound probe. The experimental results indicate that the best inclination angle of the ultrasound probe is 40 degrees, since this results in the target displacement of the ultrasound images being close to the actual target motion. The displacement signals of the tracking phantom and the opposing displacement signals created by the RCS were compared to assess the positioning accuracy of our proposed ultrasound image tracking technique combined with the RCS.When the ultrasound probe was inclined by 40 degrees in simulated respiration experiments using sine waves, the correlation between the target displacement on the ultrasound images and the actual target displacement was around 97%, and all of the compensation rates exceeded 94% after activating the RCS. Furthermore, the diaphragm movements on the ultrasound images of three patients could be captured by our image tracking technique. The test results show that our algorithm could achieve precise point locking and tracking functions on the diaphragm. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed ultrasound image tracking technique combined with the RCS for compensating for organ displacements caused by respiratory motion.This study has shown that the proposed ultrasound image tracking technique combined with the RCS can provide real-time compensation of respiratory motion during radiation therapy, without increasing the overall treatment time. In addition, the system has modest space requirements and is easy to operate.

Digital off-axis holographic interferometry with simulated wavefront

The paper presents a novel algorithm based on digital holographic interferometry and being promising for evaluation of phase variations from highly noisy or modulated by speckle-structures digital holograms. The suggested algorithm simulates an interferogram in finite width fringes, by analogy with classical double exposure holographic interferometry. Thus obtained interferogram is then processed as a digital hologram. The advantages of the suggested approach are demonstrated in numerical experiments on calculations of differences in phase distributions of wave fronts modulated by speckle structure, as well as in a physical experiment on the analysis of laser-induced heating dynamics of an aqueous solution of a photosensitizer. It is shown that owing to the inherent capability of the approach to perform adjustable smoothing of compared wave fronts, the resulting difference undergoes noise filtering. This capability of adjustable smoothing may be used to minimize losses in spatial resolution. Since the method allows to vary an observation angle of compared wave fields, an opportunity to compensate misalignment of optical axes of these wave fronts arises. This feature can be required, for example, when using two different setups in comparative digital holography or for compensation of recording system displacements during a set of exposures in studies of dynamic processes.

A method for off-line compensation of cutting force-induced errors in robotic machining by tool path modification

Industrial robots are promising cost-effective and flexible alternatives for multi-axis milling applications in machining of complex parts of light materials with lower tolerances, having freeform surfaces. As it is well-known, the poor accuracy, stiffness, and the complexity of programming are the most important limiting factors for wider adoption of robotic machining in machine shops. The paper presents the developed method for off-line compensation of machining robot tool tip static displacements as a dominant part of cutting force-induced errors. The developed method is based on modification of programmed trajectory in G-code. Off-line modification of programmed trajectory is performed according to the predicted static tool tip displacements calculated based on developed robot compliance model and cutting forces predicted by mechanistic model. The obtained experimental results show the relevance of developed method since the machining errors could be significantly reduced. This allows the desired accuracy of robot machining to converge towards nominal specifications.

A compensation of angular displacements of the hip joints and lumbosacral spine between subjects with and without idiopathic low back pain during squatting

Low back pain (LBP) is one of the most common symptoms reported in adults. However, the contribution of postural control on the lumbar spine and hips during squatting has not been carefully investigated in individuals with LBP. The aim of this study was to compare three-dimensional kinematic changes of the lumbar spine and hips between subjects with and without idiopathic chronic LBP during squatting activities. In total, 30 subjects enrolled in the study (15 control subjects and 15 subjects with idiopathic chronic LBP). All participants were asked to perform squatting activities five times repeatedly while holding a load of 2kg in a basket. The outcome measures included the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and kinematic angular displacement for the hips and lumbar spine. The LBP group demonstrated increased range of motion (ROM) in flexion of the dominant (T=−2.14, p=0.03) and non-dominant (T=−2.11, p=0.03) hips during squatting. The lumbar spine flexion ROM significantly decreased (T=2.20, p=0.03). The kinematic changes demonstrated interactions with region×group (F=5.56, p=0.02), plane×group (F=4.36, p=0.04), and region×plane (F=2292.47, p=0.001). The ODI level demonstrated significant interaction on combined effects of body region and plane (F=4.91, p=0.03). Therefore, the LBP group utilized a compensation strategy to increase hip flexion with a stiffened lumbar spine in the sagittal plane during squatting. This compensatory kinematic strategy could apply to clinical management used to enhance lumbar spine flexibility in subjects with idiopathic chronic LBP.

Compensation of large motion sensor displacements during long recordings of limb movements

In motion capture applications using electromagnetic tracking systems the process of anatomical calibration associates the technical frames of sensors attached to the skin with the human anatomy. Joint centers and axes are determined relative to these frames. A change of orientation of the sensor relative to the skin renders this calibration faulty. This sensitivity regarding sensor displacement can turn out to be a serious problem with movement recordings of several minutes duration. We propose the “dislocation distance” as a novel method to quantify sensor displacement and to detect gradual and sudden changes of sensor orientation. Furthermore a method to define a so called fixed technical frame is proposed as a robust reference frame which can adapt to a new sensor orientation on the skin. The proposed methods are applied to quantify the effects of sensor displacement of 120 upper and lower limb movement recordings of newborns revealing the need for a method to compensate for sensor displacement. The reliability of the fixed technical frame is quantified and it is shown that trend and dispersion of the dislocation distance can be significantly reduced. A working example illustrates the consequences of sensor displacement on derived angle time series and how they are avoided using the fixed technical frame.

Modelling of angular contact ball bearings and axial displacements for high-speed spindles

This paper presents modelling of moving sleeve and spindle tip displacements in spindle bearing systems equipped with angular contact ball bearings. The balance of axial forces produced in high-speed bearings is examined, with a particular consideration of centrifugal forces, gyroscopic moments, contact deformations, and contact angles. It has been shown that centrifugal forces acting on bearing balls do not cause sleeve axial shifts. Those sleeve shifts can only result from gyroscopic moments, and changes in spindle dimensions due to centrifugal forces. The proposed model has been verified experimentally, and can be used for compensation of spindle tip displacements.

The contribution of vestibulo-spinal mechanisms to the maintenance of human upright posture.

The maintenance of upright stance in humans requires the integrative evaluation of vestibular, visual, and proprioceptive information. Recent experiments prove the existence of fast vestibulo-spinal reactions in humans. Their physiological significance for the compensation of sudden external displacements of the body is minor. For low frequency stabilization of the body, however, vestibulo-spinal afferents as well as vision and proprioception are important. Unilateral loss of vestibular function initially causes a tendency to fall to the ipsilateral side as well as nystagmus and vertigo. After the first days of compensation, the remaining functional disturbance can only be detected by exposing the patient to conflicting sensory reafferents or by reducing proprioceptive and visual inputs simultaneously. The loss of vestibular function not only alters low frequency stabilization and to some extent also reflex-like fast motor patterns, but also interferes with the selection of preprogrammed motor synergies.

The significance of proprioception on postural stabilization as assessed by ischemia

In order to further investigate the role of proprioceptive input from the legs for the maintenance of upright human posture ischemia was bilaterally applied at the level of the ankle or the thigh. Preservation of efferent innervation was ascertained by measurements of the maximal force of voluntary dorsi- and plantarflexion. Visual stabilization was excluded by eye closure. To test different frequency domains of postural stabilization, subjects were exposed to sudden ramp tilts or to sinusoidal low frequency (0.3 Hz) anteriorposterior displacements of the supporting platform. The results indicate that proprioceptive input from skin, pressure and joint receptors of the foot (ischemia at the ankle) is of minor importance for the compensation of rapid displacements, but plays a significant role when the platform moves at low frequencies. M1 and M2 responses in the stretched triceps surae and the late antagonistic response of the anterior tibial muscle (M3) are preserved with ischemia of the foot. Reversible ischemia paralysis or other (yet unidentified) mechanisms of destabilization must be responsible for the severe decrease of postural stability observed with ischemia at the level of the thigh and sinusoidal platform movements. Complete loss of the proprioceptive input from the legs leads to a pathognominic 1Hz body tremor both under static and dynamic conditions.

Correction of random angular displacements of optical beams

An analysis is made of the possibility of correction of random angular displacements of the energy center of gravity of an optical beam (traveling in a turbulent atmosphere) by tracking the random angular position of the center of gravity of the image of a reference beam. The reference beam may be provided by an auxiliary source or it may represent part of the reflected original beam. It is shown that variance of the residual random angular displacements of the center of gravity of a beam can be reduced, under certain conditions, to not more than 25% of the same variance in the absence of correction. In particular, it is found that the proposed correction method is sufficiently effective for apertures smaller than the external scale of the turbulence. The time constant of the loop for the compensation of random displacements should be less than the ratio of the initial beam size to the average wind velocity.