Compensation Efforts Research Articles

Reduction of Reactive Power Compensation Efforts for Fusion Magnet Power Supplies Using Variable Series Capacitors

Reduction of Reactive Power Compensation Efforts for Fusion Magnet Power Supplies Using Variable Series Capacitors

Out-of-plane shake table tests on solid masonry walls with timber floors

Out-of-plane (OOP) collapse is one of the most observed damage types in masonry structures during strong earthquakes. OOP strength of a masonry wall depends on several parameters such as the dimensions of the wall, vertical restoring force, boundary conditions and material properties, which are parameters creating complex kinematics during an earthquake. Testing of OOP response of a masonry wall is thus a challenging task, also because additional to the complexities mentioned, the seismic forces triggering OOP are caused by inertia of the wall itself, a phenomenon that needs dynamic testing. All these facts make shake table tests of masonry walls for capturing the OOP response extremely relevant. This paper presents shake table tests on a total of four wall specimens, two of which were reference walls and the other two were strengthened solid masonry walls. The tested walls built to represent the characteristics of Groningen houses built before the Second World War and also the historical masonry structures in the region. The strengthening methods applied are the deep-mounted carbon strips embedded in flexible epoxy and helical bars applied in mortar beds. The shake table tests presented here show that OOP specimens not including the additional masses imposed by the floors may oversee important kinematic response characteristics of the walls. Furthermore, tests have also shown that even serious cracks caused by OOP response close when the shaking stops, which causes damage on the walls and significant decrease in the stiffness, but they are extremely difficult to be caught by human inspection. This has consequences in terms of ongoing damage inspection and compensation efforts taking place in the Groningen gas field. The strengthening methods applied to the two specimens have shown clear improvement in strength, and a partial improvement in progression of damage.

‘Seeking Justice, Not Charity’. Medical Experiment Victims’ Struggle with Purposefully Inadequate Compensation

Abstract Germany’s initial Wiedergutmachung process did little good for survivors of Nazi medical experiments who struggled with uniquely devastating circumstances. Unable to navigate the nascent post-war compensation bureaucracy, many were left with shockingly little financial assistance, or none at all. That was even the case for one of the victims, Haim Nahon, who had the leadership of the primary restitution agency personally fighting on his behalf. Despite the focus of the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany on communal relief and rehabilitation and not on individual compensation, Nahon’s plight was taken up by Benjamin Ferencz, Saul Kagan and other senior figures involved in Wiedergutmachung. Yet even their direct involvement in early compensation efforts, documented in this article in granular first-person accounts, could do little to help Nahon’s case. Nahon’s failed attempts to obtain “adequate” post-war compensation from Germany’s Ministry of Finance offer an unsettling case study of how willfully limited interpretations of the initial 1951 restitution fund had a lifelong cost for survivors of Nazi medical experiments.

The emotion paradox in the aging body and brain.

With age, parasympathetic activity decreases, while sympathetic activity increases. Thus, the typical older adult has low heart rate variability (HRV) and high noradrenaline levels. Younger adults with this physiological profile tend to be unhappy and stressed. Yet, with age, emotional experience tends to improve. Why does older adults' emotional well-being not suffer as their HRV decreases? To address this apparent paradox, I present the autonomic compensation model. In this model, failing organs, the initial phases of Alzheimer's pathology, and other age-related diseases trigger noradrenergic hyperactivity. To compensate, older brains increase autonomic regulatory activity in the pregenual prefrontal cortex (PFC). Age-related declines in nerve conduction reduce the ability of the pregenual PFC to reduce hyperactive noradrenergic activity and increase peripheral HRV. But these pregenual PFC autonomic compensation efforts have a significant impact in the brain, where they bias processing in favor of stimuli that tend to increase parasympathetic activity (e.g., stimuli that increase feelings of safety) and against stimuli that tend to increase sympathetic activity (e.g., threatening stimuli). In summary, the autonomic compensation model posits that age-related chronic sympathetic/noradrenergic hyperactivity stimulates regulatory attempts that have the side effect of enhancing emotional well-being.

Як Росія порушує міжнародне право через вторгнення до України

Abstract. Since February 24, 2022, russia has engaged in full-scale aggression against Ukraine. Despite the Russian army's failure to achieve the initial goals set by the Kremlin at the beginning of the invasion, the war against Ukraine has persisted for over 600 days. Tragically, it has resulted in the loss of almost 10 thousand civilian lives (excluding data from the occupied territories) and forced approximately 8 million citizens to flee Ukraine. The author emphasizes, that russia-Ukraine war opened a Pandora’s Box, because not only will it influence the parties of the conflict, but also it will definitely reshape the world in the next decades. The article explores the ways in which the Russian government violates international law through its attacks on Ukraine. Despite russia's attempts to justify its actions under self-defense or humanitarian intervention, the analysis finds these claims unsubstantiated, categorizing Russia's actions as aggression, war crimes, and potentially genocide. A crucial aspect is the manipulation of international law by russia to legitimize its actions. The article analyzes the concept of "authoritarian international law," where dictatorial regimes exploit legal norms for self-interest. Russia's narrative, framing the invasion as a special military operation and responding to alleged genocide, clearly constitutes an abuse of international legal principles. The article outlines the repercussions for Russia, including exclusion from international bodies and substantial sanctions. Legal measures, such as the International Court of Justice's provisional measures and a UN resolution demanding compensation, indicate a collective international response to hold Russia accountable. Despite these legal responses, the article acknowledges challenges in achieving justice. Russia's likely refusal to recognize jurisdiction and potential obstacles to compensation efforts prompt the proposal of a multilateral mechanism involving states controlling frozen Russian assets.

Translocation of deadwood in ecological compensation: A novel way to compensate for habitat loss

Restoration of degraded habitat is frequently used in ecological compensation. However, ecological restoration suffers from innate problems of long delivery times of features shown to be good proxies for biodiversity, e.g., large dead trees. We tested a possible way to circumvent this problem; the translocation of hard-to-come deadwood substrates from an impact area to a compensation area. Following translocation, deadwood density in the compensation area was locally equivalent to the impact area, around 20 m3 ha−1, a threshold for supporting high biodiversity of rare and red-listed species. However, deadwood composition differed between the impact and compensation area, showing a need to include more deadwood types, e.g., late decomposition deadwood, in the translocation scheme. To guide future compensation efforts, the cost for translocation at different spatial scales was calculated. We conclude that translocation of deadwood could provide a cost-efficient new tool for ecological compensation/restoration but that the method needs refinement.

Optimizing Wildlife Habitat Management in Socio-Ecological Systems: An Evolutionary Game Theory Approach

This paper focuses on the issue of balancing interests between stakeholders and ecosystems in the process of wildlife habitat conservation. By employing evolutionary game theory, an analysis framework for the socio-ecological system of wildlife habitats is constructed, comprising four main entities: central government, farmers, local government, and ecosystems. This framework explores the influencing factors of habitat protection strategies adopted by various stakeholders and the conditions required for the socio-ecological system to evolve towards an ideal state. In this paper, we analyze how the central government can design cost–benefit-based policy mechanisms, control the evolution of the socio-ecological system by altering conditions, and achieve a balance of interests among all parties involved in the habitat protection process. In this study, we find that the central government should establish disturbance monitoring indicators for human activities and ecological restoration, based on different compensation standards. Moreover, the hierarchical management of wildlife habitat according to different management levels can enhance the probability of the socio-ecological system evolving towards an ideal state, while achieving the sum of social costs. Additionally, shifting the compensation strategies for farmers and local governments from cost compensation to benefit compensation will reduce the harmful costs that the ecosystem imposes on the social system, thereby facilitating the realization of an ideal wildlife habitat protection and management model. Therefore, the central government should intensify compensation efforts and design reasonable compensation standards, transitioning the compensation function from cost recovery to income generation. Simultaneously, guidance should be provided to farmers for the rational utilization of forest resources to increase their income. The alignment of agricultural activities with habitat protection goals should be encouraged, and local governments should establish mechanisms for realizing the value of ecological products, making relatively implicit long-term social welfare explicit.

Large hydropower projects increase stressdespite compensation efforts: Evidence from the Brazilian Amazon.

Large hydropower projects continue to be built in developing nations, despite their known negative impacts. Large-scale energy projects strain local infrastructure and reduce access to infrastructure for households that live near them. Here we investigate the link between large-scale hydropower projects and stress. Our results suggest that these projects create stress through two mechanisms: strains on community resources and through the process of displacement. We also ask how compensation and resettlement programs condition these relationships. Using data from the Madeira river basin in the Brazilian Amazon, we find that hydropower projects increase stress by reducing access to energy, water, sanitation and land. Compensation provided was not sufficient to moderate this effect.

Impact of Dam Collapses on Violence in Minas Gerais, Brazil

The mining sector, over a number of centuries, has become a strong cultural attribute of Minas Gerais. Due to its mining reserves, the state has the biggest concentration of tailings dams built to retain mining waste. This led to large-scale accidents in the last decade – in Mariana (in October 2015) and in Brumadinho (in January 2019). These accidents have shifted the debate about mining in the region, and more widely changed the leading forces among society, bringing a new equilibrium to social relationships. The objective of this paper, as part of a monitoring effort, is to assess the impacts of these accidents on crime and violence as a new face of extractivism. The results can be used to design better responses in terms of welfare programs or compensation efforts, leading to a better and more responsible extractivism.

Distributed Stabilization of Signed Networks via Self-loop Compensation

The positive semidefiniteness of Laplacian matrices is a critical guarantee of the consensus of unsigned multi-agent networks, which is not valid for signed Laplacian matrices. In this paper, we first analyze the stability of signed networks by introducing a novel graph-theoretic concept called <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">negative cut set</i> , which indicates that the existence of negative edges in signed networks can easily render the network unstable. This fact hinders the applicability of consensus protocol on signed networks. To this end, inspired by the interplay between diagonal dominance and matrix stability, a local state damping mechanism is introduced using <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">self-loop compensation</i> , which is activated only for those agents who are incident to negative edges and can stabilize signed networks in a distributed manner. Quantitative connections between self-loop compensation and the stability of the compensated signed network are established for a tradeoff between compensation efforts and the stability/consensus of signed networks. The optimality of self-loop compensation is discussed. Furthermore, we extend our results to directed signed networks where the symmetry of signed Laplacian is not free. The correlation between the stability of the compensated dynamics obtained by self-loop compensation and eventually positivity is further discussed. Simulation examples are given to demonstrate the theoretical results.

Relationship quality matters: How restaurant businesses can optimize complaint management

This research investigates the effectiveness of complaint management according to company–client relationship quality (RQ). Interactional recovery efforts are critical for efficient complaint management in the hospitality management (restaurant) context; this study addresses the potential compensatory interaction effects of interactional recovery efforts (personal apology vs. impersonal apology via email) and two types of compensatory recovery efforts (voucher vs. refund), as well as their intensity (full vs. partial). A robust cut-off effect emerges, such that a minimum level of interactional effort influences the effectiveness of compensation efforts. Furthermore, RQ influences complaint management effectiveness: For loyal, high-RQ customers, interactional recovery effort (personal apologies) is more important, regardless of compensation intensity (full vs. partial) or type (voucher vs. refund). High- (low) RQ customers are more (less) likely to accept vouchers than refunds; vouchers symbolize their willingness to continue relationships. Thus, interactional effort allows firms to decrease the intensity of customer compensation required.

Crop and Livestock Depredation by Wild Animals: The Case of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve, India

People worry about crop and livestock destruction by wild animals in the nearby protected region, which might lead to opposition to the preservation of a protected area. We surveyed 360 households from 30 villages in the eco-sensitive region of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve in the period of December 2021 to May 2022 to assess the annually loss in the crops by the wild animals and livestock attacked by the wild animals. One-way variance followed by DMRT post hoc was used to analyse losses in crop. It was observed that farmers getting losses, in Rabi season farmers get much loss in the mustard crop, and in Kharif season farmers get loss in maize crop due to wild animals in the form of crop raiding foraging, and eating. 335 number of incidents happened with livestock in the last five years among them 155 got injured and 180 were killed by wild animals, majority of incidents happened with goat followed by calves and buffalo. Our compara tive analysis helps to further ongoing conservation and compensation efforts by shedding light crops and livestock that influence conflict loss and tolerance.

Contrasting responses of large carnivores to land use management across an Asian montane landscape in Iran

Land-use change has led to substantial range contractions for many species. Such contractions are particularly acute for wide-ranging large carnivores in Asia’s high altitude areas, which are marked by high spatiotemporal variability in resources. Current conservation planning for human-dominated landscapes often takes one of two main approaches: a “coexistence” (land sharing) approach or a “separation” (land sparing) approach. In this study, we evaluated the effects of land-use management on a guild of large carnivores in a montane ecosystem located in northeastern Iran. We used interview surveys to collect data on Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor and grey wolf Canis lupus and modeled the areas occupied by these species in a Bayesian framework. After accounting for imperfect detection, we found that wolves had a higher probability of occupying the study area than leopards (82%; 95% CI 73–90% vs. 63%; 95% CI 53–73%). Importantly, each predator showed contrasting response to land-use management. National Parks (i.e. human-free areas) had a positive association with leopard occupancy (αNational Park = 2.56, 95% CI 0.22–5.77), in contrast to wolves, which displayed a negative association with National Parks (αNational Park = − 1.62, 95% CI − 2.29 to 0.31). An opposite pattern was observed for human-dominated areas (i.e. Protected Areas and Communal Lands), where occupancy was higher for wolves but lower for leopards. Our study suggests that to protect these large carnivores, a combination of land sharing and land sparing approaches is desirable within Iran montane landscapes. Any recovery program for big cats in Iranian mountains, and likely similar mountainous landscapes in west Asia, should take into account other sympatric carnivores and how they can affect adjacent human communities. For example, conflict mitigation and compensation efforts are required to include the guild of large carnivores, instead of solely targeting the charismatic big cats.

Animal-based foods have high social and climate costs.

Despite the importance of animal-based agricultural greenhouse gas emissions as drivers of climate change, the climate costs of such emissions have not yet been quantified in an integrated way. Using a macroeconomic-climate framework, we coupled global agricultural and industrial economies to estimate these costs at a regional level. To be consistent with end-of-century temperature increases of 1.5-3 °C, we found that every 10-percentage-point increase in agricultural emissions required a compensating 1.5-percentage-point reduction in industrial emissions-the 'emissions opportunity cost' of animal-based foods. Alternatively, if agricultural emissions were not offset in the industrial sector, diets high in animal protein contributed US$72 per person per year in additional climate damage-approximately half of the annual climate damage produced by the average passenger vehicle in the United States. Our analysis revealed geographic heterogeneity in climate costs by diet and food type, suggesting opportunities for mitigation policies while recognizing food insecurity risks.

Pupillometry and Hindsight Bias: Physiological Arousal Predicts Compensatory Behavior

According to violation–compensation models of cognitive conflict, experiences that violate expected associations evoke a common, biologically based syndrome of aversive arousal, which in turn motivates compensation efforts to relieve this arousal. However, while substantial research shows that people indeed respond with increased arousal to expectancy violating events, evidence for the motivating role of arousal is rarely found. In two within-subjects studies (N = 44 and N = 50), we demonstrate evidence for the motivating role of arousal in this violation–compensation process among university students. Using pupillometry and the hindsight bias phenomenon, we show that people respond with greater arousal when presented with expectancy violating information. In turn, we show that the pupillary response is positively related to the amount of hindsight bias being displayed. These findings provide further insights into the process underlying the hindsight bias and, crucially, support key predictions following from threat–compensation models.

Evaluating China’s Environmental Management and Risks Avoidance Policies and Regulations on Offshore Methane Hydrate Extraction

Methane hydrates (hereinafter, MH), for many reasons, are widely recognized as a form of sustainable energy due to their environmentally friendly nature. MH, while burning, produce fresh water, which could in turn offer one possible solution to worldwide shortages of water. MH also maintains the capacity to change the landscape of the global energy supply. According to recent scientific evaluations, the potential global supply of MH is even higher than the total storage of traditional crude oil and conventional natural gas. However, its offshore extraction process could be linked to both catastrophic and non-catastrophic events that may contribute to global warming and climate change, cause harm to human health and life, endanger the flora and fauna, and threaten the very global environment as a whole. Therefore, from a legal viewpoint, an efficient and effective system of civil liability rules seem crucial to control the risks, and to compensate the victims to which damages may occur. This article takes into consideration China’s legal framework in assessing the risks connected to MH offshore extraction. Such a choice for examination is justified by China’s leading position for implementing the technology necessary for extracting MH. This analysis shows that China’s current legal instruments are still far from fully equipped to prevent the risks associated with the offshore extraction of MH, as well as to offer effective remedies for the victims once any damages have occurred. Therefore, more efficient measures and remedies should be considered (or even imposed) to address the specific risks of offshore methane hydrate extraction. Indeed, in the past few decades, China’s environmental protection laws and regulations have mainly focused on the environmental risks that may occur during the process of extracting conventional resources; however, they do not address methane hydrates specifically. This presents a legal challenge for environmental protection laws. The potentially catastrophic events that may occur as a result of the offshore MH extraction processes in particular present a legal challenge for environmental protection laws in China and across the globe. Thus, this article focuses on how to prevent these risks before they even occur, followed by a careful attempt to address compensation efforts for any damages caused by said catastrophes.

When mistakes affecting one’s own group result in compensation: Evidence of a compensatory own goal effect

ObjectivesAlthough sports team members often value their teams highly, they sometimes make mistakes and thereby unintentionally put their teams at a disadvantage. Thus, they should be motivated to compensate for their mistake to resolve this discrepancy. To test this hypothesis, we studied whether professional soccer players compensate for their own goals by scoring regular goals in the same game (Study 1) and possible processes underlying such compensation efforts (Study 2). DesignIn Study 1, we compared how frequently prior own goal scorers scored a regular goal in the same game to (a) their expected goal scoring frequencies and (b) their probabilities to score a regular goal following a regular goal by the opposing team. In Study 2, we investigated four possible processes underlying the expected compensatory efforts. MethodWe analyzed all own goals from the first fifty years of the German Bundesliga (N = 889) and possible ensuing regular goals by the own goal scorer. Moreover, we surveyed amateur soccer players about four motives: group performance, individual performance, individual public image, and group public image. ResultsFollowing their own goals, professional soccer players are particularly likely to score regular goals in the same game (i.e., a compensatory own goal effect). Presumably, they primarily do so to secure a good group performance, but the other motives also play a role. ConclusionsGroup members who make highly visible mistakes are motivated to compensate for the disadvantage they caused. Presumably, they mainly do so to secure a good team performance.

Practical Evaluation of Droop and Consensus Control of Distributed Electric Springs for Both Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Microgrid

Electric spring (ES) was originally proposed as a distributed demand-side management (DSM) technology for stabilizing power distribution network in the presence of intermittent power generation without using communication. This paper explores the practical use of consensus control for a cluster of ESs through a WiFi communication layer for new functions not previously realized in practice. This approach can be considered as a form of DSM for smart grid technology. A novel consensus control is introduced to enable distributed ES circuits to provide local voltage and system frequency regulations in a microgrid with shared responsibility of active and reactive power compensation. The practical implementation details of consensus control for a cluster of ESs are addressed. New plug-and-play functions of ESs are practically demonstrated for the first time under consensus control. Practical results indicate that droop control (without communication) and consensus control (with communication) are complementary. Under normal condition when the communication network is available, distributed ESs can perform with shared power compensation efforts based on consensus control. If the communication network fails, ESs can revert to perform under droop control.

Hubungan Asupan Makanan Berisiko Dan Aktivitas Fisik Dengan Kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe II Di Kota Kupang

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious threat to health development and ranked 6th as a cause of death. About 1.3 million people die from diabetes and 4% die before age 70 (Infodatin, 2014). In the province of East Nusa Tenggara, this disease ranks 19th has increased to 3 times compared to 2007. Cases of diabetes mellitus in the city of Kupang vary greatly in each age group wherein 2014 the proportion of the highest cases was at age 65-75 years totaling 780 people (Kupang City Health Profile, 2014). High energy intake from pure carbohydrates will stimulate insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells as compensation to increase blood sugar levels. At a certain level, compensation efforts will not be able to compensate for insulin resistance so insulin insufficiency will arise with glucose intolerance (Waspadji et al., 2003). Polikandrioti and Dokoutsidou (2009), said obesity and lack of physical activity are also directly closely related to insulin resistance as is the characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study was to analyze the relationship between risky food intake and physical activity with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. observational study with a case-control design. The population is 52,965 people living in the city of Kupang. The total number of samples was 234 people who met the inclusion criteria, consisting of 117 cases of type 2 diabetes and control group of 117 people who did not have type 2 diabetes mellitus taken in 2 stages: the first stage was to determine the cluster of research areas, and second consecutive sampling was taken. The measuring instrument used is the questionnaire International Physical Activity Activity Test (IPAQ), format Food Recall 24 hours and semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questioner (FFQ), Food Model, Waist ruler/tape measure. Data were analyzed using a Chi-Square test to see the relationship between; food intake is at risk with visceral obesity, visceral obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus, food intake at risk with type 2 diabetes mellitus. To see the relationship between body activity with visceral obesity and body activity with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus using Pearson Chi-Square. The results of an analysis of the bivariate energy intake test for the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, had an OR of 2.543 with 95% CI = 1.4-4.3 and (p-value 0.001). Fat intake for type 2 diabetes mellitus has an OR of 1.530 with 95% CI = 0.9-2.5 and (p-value 0.142). Fiber intake for type 2 diabetes mellitus has OR 0.760 with 95% CI = 0.4-1.2 and (p-value 0.370). Visceral obesity in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has an OR 2.510 with 95% CI = 1.4-4.2 and (p-value 0.001). Energy intake for the incidence of visceral obesity has OR 28,292 with 95% CI = 13,3-59,8 and (p-value 0,000). Fat intake for the incidence of visceral obesity had OR 23.435 with 95% CI 11.4-47, 8 and (p-value 0.000). Fiber intake on the incidence of visceral obesity has OR 4.959 with 95% CI = 2.7-8.8) and (p-value 0,000). In the case group, the results of statistical tests of activity on visceral obesity found a p-value of 0.246 which means that physical activity was not associated with the incidence of visceral obesity. While the control group statistical test results obtained p-value 0.000 means that there is a relationship between physical activity and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The Perils of State Developmentalism from Above: Local Impacts of the Gibe-3 Hydropower Project Regime, Southern Ethiopia

In a context of renewed interest in the idea of state-led developmentalism and the current aggressive resurgence of related dams’, especially in Africa, this study aims to explore the local implications of such large dam construction processes through the analysis of the Gibe-3 dam project as a case study. Drawing upon fieldwork, this paper makes a detailed analysis of how decision making practices in planning of the dam project and compensation efforts have been conducted and what consequences these have had on the local communities.