Compensation Characteristics Research Articles

Six Pulse Type Segmented Thyristor Controlled Reactor with Fixed Capacitor for Reactive Power Compensation

This article presents a Six Pulse Type Segmented Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) integrated with a Fixed Capacitor (FC) for reactive power compensation. The primary objective is to improve voltage stability and power factor in electrical networks, addressing issues related to reactive power imbalance and harmonic distortion. The proposed configuration combines the advantages of segmented TCR and FC, providing a flexible and efficient approach to reactive power management. The novelty of this work lies in the segmentation of the TCR, which enhances the dynamic control of reactive power by allowing more precise regulation and reduced harmonics compared to conventional TCR systems. This segmented approach also minimizes switching losses and thermal stress on thyristors, leading to enhanced reliability and longevity of the system. Additionally, the integration of a fixed capacitor optimizes the overall power factor correction, contributing to improved system efficiency. Key findings from simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the Six Pulse Type Segmented TCR with FC significantly reduces reactive power, stabilizes voltage levels, and effectively suppresses harmonics within permissible limits, adhering to IEEE standards. The system shows a marked improvement in power quality, making it a viable solution for industrial applications where reactive power control is critical. This innovative approach not only provides superior compensation characteristics but also offers a scalable and adaptable framework for modern power systems, highlighting its potential to enhance operational performance and energy efficiency in various electrical grids.

The Amount and Pattern of Reciprocal Compensations Predict Performance Stability in a Visually Guided Finger Force Production Task.

Previous work suggests that synergistic activity among motor elements implicated in force production tasks underlies enhanced performance stability associated with visual feedback. A hallmark of synergistic activity is reciprocal compensation, that is, covariation in the states of motor elements that stabilizes critical performance variables. The present study examined if characteristics of reciprocal compensation are indicators of individuals' capacity to respond adaptively to variations in the resolution of visual feedback about criterion performance. Twenty healthy adults (19.25 ± 1.25years; 15 females and five males) pressed two sensors with their index fingers to produce a total target force equivalent to 20% of their maximal voluntary contraction under nine conditions that differed in the spatial resolution of real-time feedback about their performance. By combining within-trial uncontrolled manifold and sample entropy analyses, we quantified the amount and degree of irregularity (i.e.,non-repetitiveness) of reciprocal compensations over time. We found a U-shaped relationship between performance stability and gain. Importantly, this relationship was moderated by the degree of irregularity of reciprocal compensation. Lower irregularity in reciprocal compensation patterns was related to individuals' capacity to maintain (or minimize losses in) performance under changes in feedback resolution. Results invite future investigation into how interindividual variations in reciprocal compensation patterns relate to differences in control strategies supporting adaptive responses in complex, visually guided motor tasks.

IR Physician Compensation at U.S. Medical Schools: Trends and Segments

PurposeTo assess recent U.S. medical school trends in compensation for academic interventional radiology (IR) faculty and compensation characteristics based on rank, gender, and race/ethnicity. MethodsData for IR and diagnostic radiology (DR) faculty compensation were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), which annually surveys U.S. medical schools. IR faculty compensation data were analyzed from 2017 to 2023 with regard to rank, gender, and race/ethnicity and compared with DR faculty compensation. ResultsAAMC Faculty Salary Survey data for 2023 included responses for 874 IR faculty members, including 21 instructors, 457 assistant professors, 208 associate professors, 130 full professors, 42 chiefs, and 16 chairs. Median compensation increased by a rate of 5.0% per year for instructors and 3.0%–3.6% per year for all other ranks. Surveyed median and 25th and 75th percentile compensation for IR faculty were consistently greater than those of DR faculty at all ranks except chairs. From 2020 to 2023, this difference in compensation trended downward. Compensation for women was lower than men, with a gender pay difference of $35,000 (8.4%), $33,000 (7.5%), $26,000 (5.1%), and $32,000 (6.2%) for instructors, assistant, associate, and full professors, respectively, in 2023. In 2023, compared with White assistant professors, Asians made 94 cents, Black/African Americans made 97 cents, and Hispanic/Latinx/Spanish-origin physicians made 95 cents on the dollar, at the same rank. ConclusionsIR faculty compensation has barely kept pace with inflation over recent years, overall increasing with rank, and overall higher than for DR counterparts.

Some reentrant and compensation characteristics of a defective mixed-spin Ising bilayer graphene-like structure

Some reentrant and compensation characteristics of a defective mixed-spin Ising bilayer graphene-like structure

Executive Compensation, Executive Character, Tax Avoidance: Does Independent Commissioner Matter?

This study looks at the impact of executive compensation and character on tax avoidance. This study also looks at the moderating influence of the proportion of independent commissioners in this connection. This study uses secondary data from financial statements from consumer products businesses listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2017 and 2021, retrieved from www.idx.co.id. The overall sample size for this study was 85 observations, as determined via purposive sampling. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate panel data. This research concludes that executive compensation is positively related to tax avoidance, while executive character does not affect tax avoidance. Furthermore, the proportion of independent commissioners succeeded in reducing the positive influence of executive compensation on tax avoidance, while the role of independent commissioners did not have a role in reducing the positive influence of executive character on tax avoidance. This research is expected to be a means for the Indonesian Tax Authority to create policies for profiling company compensation characteristics for executives as an initial indicator of tax avoidance activities carried out by companies.

Compensation characteristics and hysteresis loops of a fullerene-like (XY)540: a Monte Carlo study

Compensation characteristics and hysteresis loops of a fullerene-like (XY)540: a Monte Carlo study

Multi-depth imaging head-up display using broadband composite holographic optical elements

In order to address the problem of limited imaging planes in the depth direction of traditional automotive head up displays (HUDs), we proposed a kind of HUD with multi-depth imaging capability using broadband composite holographic elements, which can simultaneously project driving information in far, middle, and near depth planes. The system integrates a micro LED digital projector, a composite dispersion compensation element (CDCE) and a composite holographic combiner (CHC) into a compact structure. The images output from a single micro LED projector are projected to different depth planes by the CDCE and CHC. Dispersion blurring of holographic optical elements (HOEs) using broadband incoherent LED illumination is solved by the dispersion compensation characteristics between the holographic elements. This HUD system is capable of projecting high-resolution images on depth planes of z = 2.3 m, z = 0.55 m, and z = 0.3 m, respectively, with the resolutions of 11.57 lp/mm, 13.2 lp/mm, and 15.4 lp/mm with a 6.5° horizontal field of view. Using LED as light source, the system not only avoids speckle noise and safety hazards from laser, but also reduces illumination costs and expands the applicability of HOEs. Meanwhile, the HUD system has high transparency and effective virtual and real information integration ability, which has promising application prospects.

Corporate Governance Indicators and Innovation in the Chinese Market

The importance of innovation as an indispensable driving force for the development of a quality economy, for the sustainability of national economies and for the support of enterprises in breaking through development bottlenecks cannot be overstated. Innovation is a key growth strategy for all businesses. It is centered on the chief executive officer (CEO) and is directly related to the cognitive level and decision-making preferences of executives. Based on the principal-agent theory and Upper Echelons Theory, this paper constructs a model to evaluate the impact of CEOs on corporate innovation using a sample of Chinese listed companies from 2008 to 2022. Based on China's political and economic system, this paper selects six relevant characteristics of CEOs, including gender, age, educational background, tenure, compensation and political affiliation to decide whether the CEO is suitable for the firm. At the same time, this paper also measures corporate innovation standards by the number of patents filed by the company, and thus finds that the CEO index has a positive and significant impact on corporate innovation. In addition, in order to address the endogeneity issue, the paper also applies a series of robustness tests, including alternative measures of firm innovation and alternative models (Poisson models), and finds that the results are consistent with the main regression results. Finally, the paper provides empirical evidence as a means of demonstrating the key driving role played by CEOs in corporate innovation. The implications of the above findings for corporate governance, including board shareholders and policymakers, are clear.

Integrated-optic chromatic dispersion compensator with completely passive operation and wide operational bandwidth

I report on a fiber chromatic dispersion compensator comprising an array of 100 fixed delay lines sandwiched by a pair of arrayed-waveguide grating-type wavelength filters. The requisite delay for the dispersion compensation is allocated to each demultiplexed wavelength component after the first wavelength filter, and the wavelength components are again multiplexed at the second filter. The flexible capability of delay pattern arrangement enables us to realize various fixed dispersion compensation characteristics. I show transmittance and relative delay time characteristics of a multichannel dispersion compensator for short-distance wavelength division multiplexing communication, and its application to dispersion compensation for a pulse amplitude modulation four signal. I also demonstrate the realization of a dispersion slope compensator for a dispersion-shifted fiber with this configuration.

How does full-cost insurance for wheat affect pesticide use? From the perspective of the differentiation of farmers' production scale

Theoretically, agricultural insurance influences farmers' use of pesticides by changing the expected income of agricultural production. Full-cost insurance, with high guarantee and high compensation characteristics, may significantly affect farmers' pesticide use. First, this paper constructs a production function to characterize and compare the marginal incomes of insured and uninsured farmers under risk uncertainty and analyses how insured farmers can increase marginal income by increasing or reducing factor inputs. Considering scale differentiation, it discusses pesticide use strategies different types of farmers may adopt to maximize household utility. Second, using survey data of the pilot counties of full-cost insurance for wheat in Henan Province, China, the simultaneous equation model is used for empirical testing. The results reveal the following: (i) Farmers' insurance participation and pesticide application behaviour are not mutually independent. (ii) For the whole sample, full-cost insurance for wheat has a significant pesticide reduction effect. (iii) However, considering scale differentiation, pesticide application decreases significantly among insured ordinary farmers but does not change significantly among insured large-scale farmers. Third, policy measures are proposed to activate the green development function of agricultural insurance.

A novel fractional-order dead-time compensating controller for the wireless networks

Wireless technology is becoming increasingly critical in industrial environments in recent years, and the popular wireless standards are WirelessHART, ZigBee, WLAN and ISA100.11a, commonly used in closed-loop systems. However, wireless networks in closed-loop control experience packet loss or drops, system delay and data threats, leading to process instability and catastrophic system failure. To prevent such issues, it is necessary to implement dead-time compensation control. Traditional techniques like model predictive and predictive PI controllers are frequently employed. However, these methods’ performance is sluggish in wireless networks, with processes having long dead times and set-point variations, potentially affecting network and process performance. Therefore, this paper proposes a fractional calculus-based predictive PI compensator for wired and wireless networks in the process control industries. The proposed technique has been simulated and evaluated on industrial process models, including pressure, flow, and temperature, where measurement and control are carried out wirelessly. The wireless network’s performance has been evaluated based on packet loss, reduced throughput, and increased system latency. The proposed compensator outperformed traditional methods, demonstrating superior set-point tracking, disturbance rejection, and delay compensation characteristics in the performance evaluations of the first, second, and third-order systems. Overall, the findings indicate that the proposed compensator enhances wireless networks’ performance in the process control industry and improves system stability and reliability by reducing almost half of the overshoot and settling an average of 8.3927% faster than the conventional techniques in most of the systems.

Integrated Optimum Design of a Torsion Spring-Compensated Automotive Engine Hood Linkage Mechanism

A torsion spring-assisted automotive hood linkage with joint friction is statically balanced for its entire range of motion. The four-bar linkage dimensions are to be synthesized. Coulomb friction at the joints can assist in the balancing. The magnitude of friction at the joints are unknown, and so are the torsion spring characteristics. All the aforementioned unknowns are determined in an integrated procedure such that the linkage dimensions, joint friction as well as the torsion spring are all designed optimally together in one go. The objective is to require the lowest force to close and to open the engine hood, with the entire design procedure to be performed in just one-step. Only three specifications are known: The mass characteristics (weight and center of gravity location) of the hood, the two acceptable regions of the hinge locations either on the engine hood or on the car body, as well as, the closed and opened positions of the engine hood. Thirty different design configurations (scenarios) are investigated and the results are discussed. The optimal results for a torsion spring-assisted hood linkage when compared to a similar tension spring-assisted linkage, show much better load compensation characteristics: The magnitudes and fluctuations of the external lifting force are smaller. Moreover, problem specification for a torsion spring system is also simpler.

Balanced Dual-Side LCC Compensation in IPT Systems Implementing Unity Power Factor for Wide Load Range and Misalignment Tolerance

Misalignment tolerance and wide load range capability are necessary for a practical inductive power transfer (IPT) system. In pursuit of high-performance, input unity power factor and high efficiency are expected. In this paper, a balanced design method of dual-side LCC compensation is proposed to achieve input unity power factor over wide misalignment and load ranges. With the proposed method, dual-side LCC compensation is in a balanced state where zero phase angle frequencies coincide with designed voltage gain frequencies under coupling and load variations. Unity power factor can be implemented while maintaining voltage gain with frequency control. Possible output power versus frequency characteristics of this balanced dual-side LCC compensation are categorized and fully analyzed. One of them, with strong power regulation capability and high misalignment adaptability, is selected as the design target. Coil currents are optimized using a surplus degree of design freedom while selecting parameters. Unity power factor and coil current optimization ensure low losses in devices and coils, which benefits system efficiency. Thus, a wide load range, high misalignment tolerance, nearly zero reactive power, and high efficiency can be simultaneously implemented. The proposed method is verified on a 2.1kW prototype. The coil size of both primary and secondary sides is 600mm <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">×</i> 600mm, and the air gap is 150mm. Load power varies from 10% to 100% within the coupling range from 0.15 to 0.35. Nearly unity power factor is realized under various working conditions. The maximum dc-dc efficiency reaches 96.4%.

Compensation Characteristics of Spinal Sagittal Malalignment According to Pelvic Incidence in Elderly Patients with Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis.

Compensation characteristics of spinal sagittal malalignment according to pelvic incidence (PI) have yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the difference in compensatory segments according to PI in elderly patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (DLSS). This retrospective study included 196 patients (143 females, 53 males) suffering from DLSS with an average age of 66.73 years in our department. Sagittal parameters were obtained on the whole spinal lateral radiograph, including T1-T12 slope (T1S-T12S), Cobb angle (CA) of the functional units of the thoracic spine, thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), PI, the ratio of PT to PI (PT/PI), PI minus LL mismatch (PI-LL), sagittal vertical axis (SVA). Patients were divided into the low and high PI groups according to the median value of PI. With reference to the value of SVA and PI-LL, each PI group was further grouped into the balance subgroup (SVA < 50 mm, PI-LL ≤10°), hidden imbalance subgroup (SVA < 50 mm, PI-LL > 10°), and imbalance subgroup (SVA ≥50 mm). Independent samples t-test/Mann-Whitney U test, one-way ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test, and Person correlation analysis were utilized for statistical test. The median value of PI was 47.65°. 96 and 100 patients were assigned to low and high PI groups, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that the T8-T12 slope and T10-T12 slope were associated with PI-LL in the high and low PI groups, respectively (all, p < 0.01). For segmental lordosis, T8-9 to T11-12 CA and T10-11 to T11-12 CA were associated with PI-LL in the high and low PI groups, respectively (all, p < 0.01). In the high PI cohort, T8-12 CA and PT increased significantly from the balance to imbalance subgroups (both, p < 0.05). In the low PI cohort, T10-12 CA and PT first increased and then decreased from the balance to imbalance subgroups (both, p < 0.05). T8-12 was the main compensatory segment of the thoracic spine in patients with high PI, while it was T10-12 in patients with low PI. In addition, the compensation potential of the lower thoracic spine and pelvis in patients with low PI was inferior to those with high PI.

Rotating cantilever-based low-frequency double-fiber grating acceleration sensor.

Acceleration sensors play an important role in bridges, dams, seismic monitoring, geological exploration, and more. Aiming at the problem that it is still difficult to accurately measure low-frequency vibration signals with low-frequency acceleration sensors, a high-sensitivity, wide-low-band fiber Bragg grating (FBG) acceleration sensor incorporating a rotating cantilever and springs was proposed. A sensor mechanics model was built, and its key parameters were analyzed theoretically and optimized in size. ANSYS Workbench was used for simulation analysis, and the physical sensor was developed while a low-frequency test platform was established for performance tests. The experimental results suggested that the natural frequency of the sensor was 78Hz, the operating frequency band was 1-55Hz, the sensitivity was 1127.2 pm/g, the transverse interference immunity was less than 5.45%, and the dynamic range was 86.45 dB. With high sensitivity, wide low frequency band, and excellent temperature compensation characteristics, the designed sensor could provide a reference for the design of like FBG acceleration sensors.

High-Temperature and High-Pressure Fiber Microsphere Fabry–Perot Sensor Based on Vernier Effect and FBG

A pressure and temperature sensor based on dual Fabry-Perot interferometers (F-PIs) using Vernier effect and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in hollow silica microsphere-cavity (HSMC) structure is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. The sensor consists of a F-P cavity formed by inserting the FBG into the HSMC and a reference F-P cavity. Two structures are connected by a 50% coupler to generate the Vernier effect. The change of external pressure will change the length of the microsphere F-P cavity. Utilizing the characteristics that FBG is temperature sensitive and not effected by pressure, the simultaneous detection of temperature and pressure can be realized by demodulating equation. With a pressure sensitivity of 49.5nm/MPa and a temperature sensitivity of 14.3pm/°C, the sensor is achieved pressure detection at 300°C ranging from 0 to 0.8 MPa. The sensor has the characteristics of temperature compensation, high production efficiency, low cost, strong robustness, self-encapsulation and so on. It has a broad prospect in the field of high temperature and high pressure detection.

Design of High-Precision Infrared Photoelectric Sensor and Its Adoption in Soft Package Counting Management in Workshop

As an imperative part of information technology, photoelectric information technology is widely applied in smart phones, mobile computers, portable electronic products, medical care, and industrial technology. In this research, a high-precision infrared photoelectric sensor is designed, which utilizes XDU3093 chip as a built-in photoelectric sensor. The chip has the characteristics of high-power supply rejection ratio and temperature compensation. Then, the focus is on the design of infrared driving module and infrared detection module. Among them, the pulse current of the infrared drive module is more than 100 mA, and the output current is in the form of square wave. To control noise, an isolation circuit between the infrared drive and other modules is set. Infrared detection involves photoelectric sensor. The nwell diode in CMOS process is utilized as photosensitive diode, and at the same time, the surface of the diode is coated to ensure that only infrared light can generate photocurrent through coating. In the experiment, the infrared driver is simulated, and the results show that the driver module can effectively amplify the collected infrared signals, and the detection accuracy reaches 0.2 V. The simulation of infrared detection suggests that there is a linear relationship between photocurrent and background infrared illumination, and the photocurrent decreases with the increase of distance. The designed infrared photoelectric sensor is applied in the soft package counting link of workshop management. The infrared photoelectric acquisition signal is converted into an analog voltage signal, which is processed by the voltage conversion circuit and then transferred to the single chip microcomputer and software module. After the data is uploaded to the upper computer through the serial port, it shows that the number of soft packages can be accurately identified in the workshop soft package counting link based on the designed infrared photoelectric sensor.

Comparison Between 180° and 360° Double Helix Capacitance Sensors for Measuring Water Holdup of Horizontal Oil–Water Stratified Flows

Flows of two immiscible liquids in horizontal pipes are often encountered in the petroleum industry. The complicated flow structures, which appear in horizontal oil–water two-phase flow, bring a great challenge to flow measurement. In this article, to investigate the feasibility of the double helix capacitance sensors for measuring the water holdup of the horizontal oil–water two-phase flow, the finite-element method (FEM) is applied to analyze the sensitivity distributions of the sensors with the helical angles of 180° and 360°. Then, a horizontal oil–water two-phase flow test system is built. An experimental study is performed to compare the water holdup measurement characteristics of the two different double helix capacitance sensors. Overall, the 180° double helix capacitance sensor is found to have better characteristics in the measurement of water holdup. The conclusion is supported by the sensor sensitivity compensation characteristics analysis with the FEM. Based on the measurement of water holdup, an experimental correlation is established between the water holdup and the water cut, and better results are obtained in the water cut prediction.

Sublattice Magnetizations of Ultrathin Ferrimagnetic Lamellar Nanostructures between Cobalt Leads

In this work, we model the salient magnetic properties of the alloy lamellar ferrimagnetic nanostructures [Formula: see text] between [Formula: see text] semiinfinite leads. We have employed the Ising spin effective field theory (EFT) to compute the reliable magnetic exchange constants for the pure cobalt [Formula: see text] and gadolinium [Formula: see text] materials in complete agreement with their experimental data. The sublattice magnetizations of the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] sites on the individual hcp atomic (0001) planes of the Co–Gd layered nanostructures are computed for each plane and corresponding sites by using the combined EFT and mean field theory (MFT) spin methods. The sublattice magnetizations, effective site magnetic moments, and ferrimagnetic compensation characteristics for the individual hcp atomic planes of the embedded nanostructures, are computed as a function of temperature, and for various stable eutectic concentrations in the range [Formula: see text]. The theoretical results for the sublattice magnetizations and the local magnetic variables of these ultrathin ferrimagnetic lamellar nanostructured systems, between cobalt leads, are necessary for the study of their magnonic transport properties, and eventually their spintronic dynamic computations. The method developed in this work is general and can be applied to comparable magnetic systems nanostructured with other materials.

Compensation profiles among private sector employees in Sweden: Differences in work-related and health-related outcomes.

How experiences and perceptions of pay and pay setting relate to employees' job performance, willingness to remain in the organization, and health has been the subject of much debate. Previous research has typically used a variable-centered approach to investigate associations between different pay-related factors and such outcomes. In contrast, we used latent profile analysis to explore combinations of compensation characteristics (pay level, perceived horizontal pay dispersion, and procedural quality, i.e., transactional leadership and procedural pay-setting justice), combining relevant theories on the subject. Based on a nationally representative sample of private sector employees in Sweden (N = 1,146), our study identified six compensation profiles. Our key findings show, first, that higher levels of pay were generally associated with better performance, lower turnover intention, better self-rated health, and lower work-related exhaustion, especially when combined with perceptions of high procedural quality. Second, in terms of perceived horizontal pay dispersion, the results indicate that pay compression may be associated with beneficial outcomes, particularly when combined with high procedural quality. Third, procedural quality was generally associated with favorable work-related and health-related outcomes, although such positive effects may be contingent upon pay level and perceived horizontal pay dispersion. In conclusion, while pay level, perceptions of horizontal pay dispersion, and procedural quality may all matter for employee outcomes, it is important to consider their combinations.