Compatible Condition Research Articles

Rare incompatible stimuli evoke visual mismatch negativity in a flanker task.

In the flanker task, the behavioral performance for incompatible stimuli is worse in the mostly compatible (rare) condition than in the equiprobable condition. Furthermore, incompatible stimuli evoke visual mismatch negativity (VMMN) when comparing the rare and equiprobable conditions. Compatible and incompatible stimuli differ in terms of their shape and type. This study aimed to examine whether VMMN evoked by rare incompatible stimuli were associated with the shape or type of the stimulus. In a modified version of the flanker task, stimuli were manipulated by two shapes (typical or peculiar) and two types (compatible or incompatible): typical compatible stimuli (< < < < < and > > > > >), typical incompatible stimuli (> > < > > and < < > < <), peculiar compatible stimuli (+ < < < + and + > > > +), and peculiar incompatible stimuli (+ > < > + and + < > < +). In the rare condition, typical incompatible, peculiar compatible, and peculiar incompatible stimuli were presented with a probability of 10%, whereas all the stimuli were presented equally in the equiprobable condition. Right posterior negativity from 200 to 250ms was significantly more negative in the rare condition than in the equiprobable condition for typical and peculiar incompatible stimuli; however, this difference was not observed for peculiar compatible stimuli. VMMN was significantly more negative for typical and peculiar incompatible stimuli than for peculiar compatible stimuli, and was not significantly different between typical and peculiar incompatible stimuli. These findings suggest that VMMN for incompatible stimuli is associated with the type rather than the shape of the stimulus.

The embodiment of power as upward/downward movement in Chinese-English bilinguals

AbstractUsing an action compatibility task, we investigated whether POWER is embodied in terms of upward and downward movement in two languages (first and dominant language: Chinese; second language: English). Chinese-English bilinguals were asked to quickly and accurately categorize power-related words (e.g., “boss,” “intern”) as “powerful” or “powerless.” The response to indicate that the word was “powerful” required an upward movement in the compatible condition, while the response to indicate “powerless” involved a downward movement. These responses were reversed in the incompatible condition (“powerful”-downward/“powerless”-upward). When the response actions were compatible rather than incompatible, participants were faster to categorize the words. Furthermore, the action compatibility effect was observed in both languages, but surprisingly the action compatibility effect was larger in their L2. The findings support the psychological reality of the “POWER IS UP” conceptual metaphor that is active when participants process language in both their primary and secondary languages.

Type (K) Compatible Mappings and Common Fixed Points in Complete Cone S-metric Spaces

Objective: This research work is an attempt to explore common fixed points for four self-maps that are pairwise type ( ) compatible in a complete cone -metric space. Method: We have applied a contractive condition together with a weaker condition, compatible of type (K) to establish fixed points that are common for four self-maps. Findings: Some already existing results in the literature have been generalized, expanded upon, and new fixed point results have been obtained in cone S-metric spaces. To back up our conclusions, a suitable example is provided. Novelty: By adopting an appropriate contractive condition, we have proven the existence of a unique common fixed point for four maps in a cone -metric space, despite the weak compatible condition. MSC 2020: 47H10, 54H25. Keywords: Normal Cone, Partial Ordering, Cone S-metric Space, Compatible Mappings of Type (K), Common Fixed Point

Combinatorics of essential sets for positroids

Positroids are a family of matroids introduced by Postnikov in the study of non-negative Grassmannians. Postnikov identified several combinatorial objects in bijections with positroids, among which are bounded affine permutations. On the other hand, the notion of essential sets, introduced for permutations by Fulton, was used by Knutson in the study of the special family of interval rank positroids. We generalize Fulton's essential sets to bounded affine permutations. The bijection of the latter with positroids, allows the study of the relationship between them. From the point of view of positroids, essential sets are maximally dependent cyclic intervals. We define connected essential sets and prove that they give a facet description of the positroid polytope, as well as equations defining the positroid variety. We define a subset of essential sets, called core, which contains minimal rank conditions to uniquely recover a positroid. We provide an algorithm to retrieve the positroid satisfying the rank conditions in the core or any compatible rank condition on cyclic intervals.

Fixed Point Results for Hybrid Rational Contractions under a New Compatible Condition with an Application

In this scholarly discourse, we present proof of the existence of unique fixed points in b-metric spaces for hybrid rational contractions. Moreover, we establish a common fixed point theorem for four self-mappings, assuming S-compatibility for two pairs of self-mappings within the framework of b-metric spaces. As a practical demonstration of the aforementioned results, we apply them to a type of integral equation and derive a theorem that guarantees the existence of solutions.

Automatic imitation of speech is enhanced for non-native sounds

Simulation accounts of speech perception posit that speech is covertly imitated to support perception in a top-down manner. Behaviourally, covert imitation is measured through the stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) task. In each trial of a speech SRC task, participants produce a target speech sound whilst perceiving a speech distractor that either matches the target (compatible condition) or does not (incompatible condition). The degree to which the distractor is covertly imitated is captured by the automatic imitation effect, computed as the difference in response times (RTs) between compatible and incompatible trials. Simulation accounts disagree on whether covert imitation is enhanced when speech perception is challenging or instead when the speech signal is most familiar to the speaker. To test these accounts, we conducted three experiments in which participants completed SRC tasks with native and non-native sounds. Experiment 1 uncovered larger automatic imitation effects in an SRC task with non-native sounds than with native sounds. Experiment 2 replicated the finding online, demonstrating its robustness and the applicability of speech SRC tasks online. Experiment 3 intermixed native and non-native sounds within a single SRC task to disentangle effects of perceiving non-native sounds from confounding effects of producing non-native speech actions. This last experiment confirmed that automatic imitation is enhanced for non-native speech distractors, supporting a compensatory function of covert imitation in speech perception. The experiment also uncovered a separate effect of producing non-native speech actions on enhancing automatic imitation effects.

To run or not to run? Differences in implicit attitudes towards running: An EEG study

ObjectiveTo understand the reasons for individuals do or do not exercise, we examined differences in implicit (affective and instrumental) attitudes between runners and non-runners. MethodsIn conjunction with electroencephalography (EEG) technology, 31 participants completed the affective and instrumental implicit associations test (IAT). ResultsBehavioural results showed that runners had more positive implicit (affective and instrumental) attitudes than non-runners. EEG results further explained the underlying mechanisms for the differences, namely that runners had higher cortical functional connectivity in the compatible condition than in the incompatible condition, while non-runners had the opposite results. ConclusionsHigher levels of neural processing efficiency were required for runners to perceive affective expectations towards running. Furthermore, ERP indicators (N1 amplitudes of incompatible tasks) can be used as valid criteria for potentially predicting exercise. This contributed to understanding why individuals do or do not exercise. Further research should focus on the effects of implicit attitudes towards exercise.

Similarities of SNARC, cognitive Simon, and visuomotor Simon effects in terms of response time distributions, hand-stimulus proximity, and temporal dynamics.

The spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) and Simon effects are attributed to the same type of conflict according to dimensional overlap (DO) theory: the congruency of task-irrelevant spatial information and the selected response (e.g., left or right). However, previous studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding the relationship between the two effects, with some studies reporting an interaction while others did not. This discrepancy may be attributed to the use of different types of Simon effects (visuomotor and cognitive Simon effects) in these studies, as the spatial codes associated with these two types of Simon effects are distinct (exogenous and endogenous, respectively). The aim of this study was to address these inconsistencies and gain a better understanding of the similarities and differences in spatial representations generated by spatial location, semantic information, and numerical information. We attempted to classify the relationships among the SNARC and Simon effects. Specifically, the visuomotor Simon, cognitive Simon, and SNARC effects were compared from three perspectives: the response time (RT) distribution, hand-stimulus proximity, and temporal dynamics (with the drift diffusion model; DDM). Regarding RTs, the results showed that the visuomotor Simon effect decreased with increased values of RT bins, while the cognitive Simon and SNARC effects increased. Additionally, the visuomotor Simon effect was the only effect influenced by hand-stimulus proximity, with a stronger effect observed in the hand-proximal condition than in the hand-distal condition. Regarding the DDM results, only the visuomotor Simon effect exhibited a higher drift rate and longer non-decision time in the incompatible condition than in the compatible condition. Conversely, both the SNARC and cognitive Simon effects exhibited an inverse pattern regarding the drift rate and no significant difference in non-decision time between the two conditions. These findings suggest that the SNARC effect is more similar to the cognitive Simon effect than the visuomotor Simon effect, indicating that the endogenous spatial-numerical representation of the SNARC effect might share an underlying processing mechanism with the endogenous spatial-semantic representation of the cognitive Simon effect but not with the exogenous location representation of the visuomotor Simon effect. Our results further demonstrate that the origin of spatial information could impact the classification of conflicts and supplement DO theory.

Spreading dynamics of a diffusive epidemic model with free boundaries and two delays

AbstractA delayed reaction-diffusion system with free boundaries is investigated in this paper to understand how the bacteria spread spatially to larger area from the initial infected habitat. Under the assumptions that the nonlinearities are of monostable type and the initial values satisfy some compatible condition, we show that the free boundary problem is well-posed and discuss the long-time behaviour of solution (including spreading and vanishing) in terms of the spatial-temporal risk index. Furthermore, to determine the spreading speed of free boundaries when spreading occurs, we first study the distribution of roots of a transcendental equation containing a polynomial of degree four and then establish the existence and uniqueness of monotone solution to a delay-induced nonlocal semi-wave problem by employing the approximation method, lower-upper solutions technique and Schauder fixed point theorem. It is shown that time delays slow down the spreading of bacteria.

Estimating the permeability of fractured rocks using topological characteristics of fracture network

The variability and inter-influence of individual geometric parameters make permeability evaluation of fractured rocks based on fracture geometric characteristics challenging. Therefore, three independent topological parameters, fracture mean density (εmean), network connectivity (nseg), and the average number of fractures intersecting with inlet and outlet boundaries per meter (Cmean) were proposed to describe the geometric characteristic of fractured rock, and a prediction model of permeability was established in terms of these topological parameters and fracture aperture. The relationship between topological parameters, aperture, and permeability was analyzed according to more than 300 models generated by the Monte Carlo method considering different fracture densities, lengths, and orientations. Fitting these results, a multivariate regression equation with a correlation coefficient larger than 0.91 was constructed for prediction permeability. We also found that nseg and e play a more important role in permeability when compared to εmean and Cmean. For fractured rocks of different topological sub-domains, a method physically simplifying them to a fracture of equivalent hydraulic conductivity is proposed, and then assembling them based on the mass conservation and compatible hydraulic pressure condition. The derivation between permeability obtained by prediction model and numerical simulation is less than 2%, verifying the prediction model.

Stable, entropy-pressure compatible subsonic Riemann boundary condition for embedded DG compressible flow simulations

One approach to reducing the computational cost of simulating transitional compressible boundary layer flow is to adopt a near body reduced domain with boundary conditions enforced to be compatible with a computationally cheaper three-dimensional RANS simulation. In such an approach it is desirable to enforce a consistent pressure distribution which is not typically the case when using the standard Riemann inflow boundary conditions. We therefore revisit the Riemann problem adopted in many DG based high fidelity formulations.Through analysis of the one-dimensional linearized Euler equations it is demonstrated that maintaining entropy compatibility with the RANS simulation is important for a stable solution. It is also necessary to maintain the invariant for the Riemann outflow boundary condition in a subsonic flow leaving one condition that can be imposed at the inflow boundary. Therefore the entropy-pressure enforcement is the only stable boundary condition to enforce a known pressure distribution. We further demonstrate that all the entropy compatible inflow Riemann boundary conditions are stable providing the invariant compatible Riemann outflow boundary condition is also respected.Although the entropy-pressure compatible Riemann inflow boundary condition is stable from the one-dimensional analysis, two-dimensional tests highlight divergence in the inviscid problem and neutrally stable wiggles in the velocity fields in viscous simulations around the stagnation point. A two-dimensional analysis about a non-uniform baseflow assumption provides insight into this stability issue (ill-posedness) and motivates the use of a mix of inflow boundary conditions in this region of the flow.As a validation we apply the proposed boundary conditions to a reduced domain of a wing section normal to the leading-edge of the CRM-NLF model taken out of a full three-dimensional RANS simulation at Mach 0.86 and a Reynolds number of 8.5 million. The results show that the entropy-pressure compatible Riemann inflow boundary condition leads to a good agreement in pressure distribution.

Improved algorithm for determining cable saddle pre-offsets considering the coupling effect of tower and splay saddles

By analysing the mechanical and geometrical relations between the main cable, tower, and splay saddles, and considering the coupling effect of the tower and splay saddles, an improved algorithm is proposed to determine the cable saddles pre-offsets of suspension bridges. The equilibrium relationship of the cable saddles, the compatible deformation condition, and the basic equation of the main cable shape are considered to establish several coupled non-linear equations up to 19, and the tower and splay saddle pre-offsets are obtained by solving the above equations with the Newton–Raphson method. This paper presents the initial value selection principle and the constraint conditions for solving the cable saddle pre-offsets of the plane cable suspension bridge and the calculation process ensures convergence. The calculation example demonstrates that the improved algorithm without an exact initial value can achieve excellent convergence.

Neural Dynamics Underlying Cognitive Control Modulated by Reinforcement Learning of Irrelevant Stimulus-Response Associations.

Human behavioral studies have shown that reward has multifaceted (motivational, learning, and emotional) effects on cognitive control. Past studies have extensively explored the neural underpinning of the motivational effect of reward on cognitive control, but less is known on the other components. The present study investigates the learning effect of reward on cognitive control with a novel paradigm reinforcing task-irrelevant stimulus-response (S-R) associations. We manipulated the contingency of irrelevant spatial stimulus-response-reward between participants (n = 54) in an orthogonal Simon task during EEG recording. The behavioral results showed that the orthogonal Simon effect in RTs and error rates increased or reversed when performance-contingent reward always followed spatially compatible or incompatible trials. The EEG results showed that the initial incorrect activation of the lateralized readiness potential, reflecting response preparation based on irrelevant spatial S-R associations, was present in the incompatible or compatible condition when reward always followed compatible or incompatible trials. Meanwhile, the P3b amplitude also showed a similar pattern of increase or reversal depending on the contingency of irrelevant stimulus-response-reward. These findings suggest that the brain used reward-strengthened irrelevant spatially compatible or incompatible S-R associations to predict responses. Moreover, the frontocentral N2 amplitude and theta band (4-8 Hz) power showed similar reward-related increase or reversal in the conflict effect, suggesting that there was conflict when the response predicted by the reward-strengthened irrelevant S-R associations was different from the correct response. Taken together, these results suggest that reinforcement learning of irrelevant spatial S-R associations can modulate cognitive control.

Understanding Imitation in Papio papio: The Role of Experience and the Presence of a Conspecific Demonstrator.

What factors affect imitation performance? Varying theories of imitation stress the role of experience, but few studies have explicitly tested its role in imitative learning in non-human primates. We tested several predictions regarding the role of experience, conspecific presence, and action compatibility using a stimulus-response compatibility protocol. Nineteen baboons separated into two experimental groups learned to respond by targeting on a touch screen the same stimulus as their neighbor (compatible) or the opposite stimulus (incompatible). They first performed the task with a conspecific demonstrator (social phase) and then a computer demonstrator (ghost phase). After reaching a predetermined success threshold, they were then tested in an opposite compatibility condition (i.e., reversal learning conditions). Seven baboons performed at least two reversals during the social phase, and we found no significant difference between the compatible and incompatible conditions, although we noticed slightly faster response times (RTs) in the compatible condition that disappeared after the first reversal. During the ghost phase, monkeys showed difficulties in learning the incompatible condition, and the compatible condition RTs tended to be slower than during the social phase. Together, these results suggest that (a) there is no strong movement compatibility effect in our task and that (b) the presence of a demonstrator plays a role in eliciting correct responses but is not essential as has been previously shown in human studies.

Rota-Baxter operators on Turaev's Hopf group (co)algebras I: Basic definitions and related algebraic structures

We find a natural compatible condition between the Rota-Baxter operator and Turaev's (Hopf) group-(co)algebras, which leads to the concept of Rota-Baxter Turaev's (Hopf) group-(co)algebra. Two characterizations of Rota-Baxter Turaev's group-algebras (abbr. T-algebras) are obtained: one by Atkinson factorization and the other by T-quasi-idempotent elements. The relations among some related Turaev's group algebraic structures (such as (tri)dendriform T-algebras, Zinbiel T-algebras, pre-Lie T-algebras, Lie T-algebras) are discussed, and some concrete examples from the algebras of dimensions 2,3 and 4 are given. At last we prove that Rota-Baxter Poisson T-algebras can produce pre-Poisson T-algebras and Poisson T-algebras can be obtained from pre-Poisson T-algebras.

Nonlinear eccentric bending and buckling of laminated cantilever beams actuated by embedded pre-stretched SMA wires

This paper presents a theoretical approach to analyze the eccentric bending and buckling of laminated cantilever beams actuated by embedded pre-stretched SMA wires. Two mechanisms are involved: phase transition of the SMA wires and the nonlinear bending of the laminated beam. On the basis of material model for shape memory alloy during the phase transition in thermal field proposed by Brison, constitutive relations of the SMA hybrid laminated beams are established to interpret the relationship among the recovery stress, the internal stress, the thermal temperature and the thermal expansion. Governing equations in terms of the slope function and the horizontal displacement are derived according to von-Kaman geometrically nonlinear relationships. The nonlinear bending deformation of the SMA hybrid laminated beams is analyzed by considering the deflection due to eccentric bending moment as an initial imperfection and is solved using perturbation approach. A compatible condition is proposed to ensure consistent deformation between the SMA wires and the laminated beams. By developing Matlab program, parametric studies are carried out to investigate the effect of the pre-strain, the volume fraction and the location of the SMA wires on the deflection, the critical temperature, the recovery stress and the internal stress of the SMA hybrid laminated beams. The efficiency and accuracy of the analytical solutions were expounded by comparing with the results from finite element analysis. It is found that buckling may or may not occur in the SMA hybrid laminated beam relying on the value of the pre-strain of the SMA wires.

MODULATION EFFECT OF MOTOR ACTIVITY ON LIMBIC AREAS: AN FMRI STUDY

Neural activation of the motor cortex has been consistently reported to be evoked in the emotion processing of facial expressions, but it is poorly understood whether and how the motor system influences the activity of limbic areas during participants’ perceived emotional expressions. In this study, we proposed that motor activations evoked by emotional processing influence the activations in limbic areas such as amygdala during the perception of facial expressions. To examine this issue, a masked priming paradigm was adopted in our fMRI experiment, which could modulate the activation within the motor cortex when healthy participants perceived sad or happy facial expressions. We found that the first presented stimulus (masked prime) in each trial reduced the activations in the premotor cortex and inferior frontal gyrus when the movement of facial muscles implied by the arrows on the prime stimulus was consistent with that implied by the target face expressions (compatible condition), but increased the activations in these two areas when the movements implied by the arrows and the target face expressions were inconsistent (incompatible condition). The superior temporal gyrus, middle cingulate gyrus and amygdala also showed similar response tendency to that in motor cortex. Moreover, psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis showed that both right middle cingulate gyrus and bilateral superior temporal gyrus were closely linked to the premotor cortex with inferior frontal gyrus during the incompatible trials compared with the compatible trials. Together with this result and the significant activation correlations between the motor cortex and the limbic areas, this work revealed the modulation effect of motor cortex on brain regions related to emotion perception, suggesting that motor representation of facial movements can affect emotion experience. Our results provide new evidence for the functional role of motor system in the perception of facial emotions, and could contribute to the understanding of the deficit in social interaction for patients with autism or schizophrenia.

Spectral flow for pair compatible equipartitions

We show that a recent spectral flow approach proposed by Berkolaiko–Cox–Marzuola for analyzing the nodal deficiency of the nodal partition associated to an eigenfunction can be extended to more general partitions. To be more precise, we work with spectral equipartitions that satisfy a pair compatible condition. Nodal partitions and spectral minimal partitions are examples of such partitions. Along the way, we discuss different approaches to the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operators: via Aharonov–Bohm operators, via a double covering argument, and via a slitting of the domain.

The Embodiment of Power as Forward/Backward Movement in Chinese and English Speakers

ABSTRACT In two experiments, we examined whether POWER is embodied in terms of horizontal forward and backward movement using an action compatibility task. Participants were asked to categorize power-related words (e.g., “boss”, “intern”) aseither “powerful” or “powerless” as quickly and accurately as possible. In the compatible condition, the response to indicate that the word was “powerful” involved a forward movement and the response to indicate “powerless” involved a backward movement. Under incompatible conditions, these responses were reversed (“powerful”-backward/“powerless”-forward). In both experiments, participants were faster to categorize the words when the response actions were compatible than incompatible. Furthermore, this compatibility effect was observed for both Chinese (Mandarin) speakers categorizing Chinese words and English speakers categorizing English words. These data suggest that the psychological reality of a “POWER IS MOVING FORWARD” conceptual metaphor in both language groups, which we argue is based on an extension of the “SOURCE-PATH-GOAL” schema.

Real-time interpolation of global ionospheric maps by means of sparse representation

In this paper, we propose a method for the generation of real-time global ionospheric map (RT-GIM) of vertical total electron content (VTEC) from GNSS measurements. The need for interpolation arises from the fact that the ionospheric pierce point (IPP) measurements from satellites to stations are not distributed uniformly over the ionosphere, leaving unfilled gaps at oceans or poles. The method we propose is based on using a high-quality historical database of post-processed GIMs that comprises more than two solar cycles, calculates the GIM by weighted superposition on a subset of the database with the compatible solar condition. The linear combination of GIMs in the database was obtained by minimizing a $$\ell _2$$ distance between VTEC measurements at the IPPs and the VTECs from the database, adding a $$\ell _1$$ penalization on the weights to assure a sparse solution. The process uses a Sun-fixed geomagnetic reference frame. This method uses the atomic decomposition/least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), which will be denoted as atomic decomposition interpolator of GIMs (ADIGIM). As the computation is done in milliseconds, the interpolation is performed in real time. In this work, two products were developed, denoted as UADG and UARG, the UADG in real time and UARG with a latency of 24 h to benefit from the availability of a greater number of stations. The altimeter JASON3 VTEC measurements were used as reference. The quality of interpolated RT-GIMs from day 258 of 2019 to 155 of the year 2020 is compared with other RT/non-RT GIM products such as those from International GNSS Service (IGS), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC) and others. The RT ADIGIM performance proved to be better, nearly as good as the rapid or final GIMs computed retrospectively with delays of hours to days. Besides, the non-RT ADIGIM quality is as good or better than most GIM products. The oceanic regions have been included in the assessment which showed that ADIGIM interpolation gives the best estimation (referred to JASON3). The developed method, UADG, will constitute the next-generation UPC RT-GIM, and also UARG will improve the current product UQRG (the current UPC rapid GIM product computed retrospectively) due to its complementary information.