Compatibility Testing Research Articles

Study on Self-tuning of Robot Parameters for EMC Vehicle Steering Test

With the continuous advancement of electric vehicles and smart internet technologies, ensuring vehicle safety through electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing in complex electromagnetic environments has become increasingly critical. However, due to the significant variability in vehicle response characteristics under electromagnetic interference, traditional PID control methods for steering robots struggle to meet the high-precision requirements of such tests. In this study, a novel fuzzy PID parameter self-tuning method is proposed, leveraging a Sparrow Search Algorithm-Back Propagation (SSA-BP) neural network. This method optimizes the fuzzy controller's quantization factor by constructing a neural network system where the expected motor angle serves as the input and the quantization factor as the output. The quantization factor is then calibrated online through iterative training.The proposed approach enables the steering robot to achieve real-time, adaptive tuning of the PID parameters for the drive motor by adjusting the steering torque according to different vehicle characteristics, thereby enhancing the robot's anti-interference capability and robustness in EMC testing. The effectiveness of this method is validated through Matlab/Simulink simulations, experiments conducted on the Sensodrive platform, and tests performed in an EMC anechoic chamber. The results indicate that the method offers substantial improvements in control accuracy and anti-interference capabilities, highlighting its strong potential for practical application.

SBR elastomer response to renewable diesel blends: An experimental investigation

To investigate the impact of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) exposure to renewable fuels during handling and storage processes, compatibility tests were conducted on three different renewable fuel mixtures: 30% biodiesel, 40% biodiesel, and 30% biodiesel + 10% hydrogenated vegetable oil. These tests involved static immersion experiments conducted at room temperature for a duration of 1000 h, following the ASTM D471 standards. Before and after the immersion tests, the physical properties and visually assessed elastomers concentrations were investigated by varying the SBR content. Additionally, the post-immersion fuel properties were examined. The results showed that mass and volume swelling increased with the SBR-to-bound sulfur ratio. Enhanced mechanical strength was observed, particularly in cases with medium SBR content, which correlated with higher carbon black concentrations. The increasingly subtle morphological appearance was also captured via SEM. After immersion, fuel characterization showed that parameters such as acid number and water content remained stable without significant alterations.

Ultrafast Self‐Gelling, Adhesive, Anti‐Bacterial Coacervate‐Based Powders for Enhanced Hemostasis and Wound Healing

AbstractUncontrolled hemorrhage, especially in non‐compressible and deep wounds, remains a critical issue in emergency and surgical care. Existing hemostatic powders often lack rapid gelation, mechanical robustness, and adequate adherence, increasing the risk of rebleeding under high‐pressure blood flow. To address these limitations, PQPP, a novel self‐gelling hemostatic material composed of polyacrylamide/quaternized chitosan coacervates and polydopamine nanoparticles is developed. PQPP can rapidly absorb blood within 2 s, undergoes in situ gelation, and forms a robust adhesive hydrogel to effectively seal wounds. Its efficacy stems from the electrostatic adsorption and catechol functional groups of polydopamine nanoparticles. Importantly, PQPP exhibits high burst pressure resistance, excellent blood cell aggregation capability, outstanding biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies, including cytotoxicity and blood compatibility tests, as well as trials in mouse liver, heart, and vascular injury models, demonstrate PQPP's superior hemostatic performance under high‐pressure conditions without causing inflammation. With its rapid gelation, robust adhesion, and mechanical integrity, PQPP represents a promising hemostatic material for immediate wound management in surgical and emergency applications.

Remote Alkynylation of Aliphatic Amines.

Advancements in transition metal catalyzed C-H activation/functionalization cascades have allowed the synthetic chemist's toolbox to be significantly expanded. Despite this, protocols for the remote alkynylation of linear aliphatic amines still remain limited. Herein, a palladium-catalyzed directing-group approach to alkynylation of aliphatic amines is disclosed. The synthetic utility was demonstrated with a gram-scale reaction and a functional group compatibility test.

Load-and-go molecular diagnostics for human papilloma virus detection

The present study describes analytical and clinical performance of the HPV 16 & 18 assay for the detection of HPV specific DNA with near point-of-care utility. A room temperature compatible real time PCR test was developed for detection and discrimination of HPV 16/18 in a single tube. The test was integrated and validated on Compact series automated platform for analytical performance (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy). The clinical evaluation was performed on cervico-vaginal specimens. The analytical sensitivity data showed dynamic range from 50 IU/mL to 1´106 IU/mL using NIBSC international standard (19/224 for HPV16 and HPV18). The test was found to be highly specific for both the HPV targets with no cross reactivity against other HPV genotypes (high and low risk) and similar pathogens. The clinical performance on cervical sampling indicated up to 100% agreement with a comparator test method. The HPV 16 and 18 detection assay employing an integrated automated system offers low to high-throughput analysis with a cost-effective, pipette-free approach, eliminating the need for molecular infrastructure and technical expertise. This test named “HPV 16 and 18 detection kit” has been approved by Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (India) for commercial utility, and would have significant implications for mass screening of cervical cancer.

Systematic study on the influence of inductive chargers on active personal dosemeters

Electromagnetic compatibility testing plays an important role in the type testing of radiation protection dosemeters in view of technical developments and the associated increase in electromagnetic fields. Lately, the use of inductive charging devices has grown as a user-friendly type of charging mobile-phones. In this article, we investigate their impact on active personal dosemeters (APD). The measurements show a substantial additional dose reading of up to several tens of mSv when exposed to the field of an inductive charger for 20 s. According to the widely used Qi standard, the charging devices operate at frequencies of between 87 kHz and 205 kHz for power transfers between 5 W and 30 W. These parameters fall outside the scope of type-testing standards for APD. An update of the standards might therefore be necessary.

Formulation and Evaluation of Colon Specific Meloxicam Microcapsules for the Treatment of Arthritis

Objective: The main objective of the current study was to formulate and evaluate meloxicam-loaded microcapsules for colon-specific drug delivery using pH-dependent polymers. The emerging need for developing sustained release NSAIDs to minimize the dosing frequency was the main concern. Consequently, creating an oral sustained release formulation for the treatment of arthritis may be one method to get around this. Methods: Eudragit RS/RL-100 polymers were used in emulsion solvent evaporation processes to create Meloxicam (MLX) microcapsules. Compatibility tests (FTIR), surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), yield, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro dissolution studies were performed on the produced MLX microcapsules. Results: There was no interaction between the polymer and MLX, according to the IR spectra. The microcapsules were spherical in nature, which was confirmed by SEM. Normal frequency distribution MLX microcapsules were produced. The maximum drug entrapment efficiency of 94% was attained. The in vitro performance of MLX microcapsules demonstrated that the polymer concentration influenced sustained release. Furthermore, it was observed that the amount of polymer utilized regulated the release of the drug. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it was concluded that one of the most promising formulation methods for creating colon specific drug delivery systems for the treatment of arthritis is the production of MLX microcapsules.

Retraction Note: Improved electromagnetic compatibility testing for rail vehicles using a quantum-based 3D reconstruction algorithm

Retraction Note: Improved electromagnetic compatibility testing for rail vehicles using a quantum-based 3D reconstruction algorithm

A green approach for dyeing cotton fabrics using synthesized reactive disperse dyes and their mixtures under supercritical CO2 medium.

Dyeing natural fabrics using supercritical carbon dioxide is challenging, especially without essential color hues. This work demonstrated that two newly developed reactive disperse dyes with distinct colors and shades were generated, one of which featured from the anthraquinone family and the other yellow, containing a pyrazole moiety. These new dyes and their combinations were used to dye cotton fabric using supercritical carbon dioxide and the highest K/S values were achieved at 8.73 for the mixture of (blue dye: yellow dye 80:20), however the lowest K/S was observed at 7.71 for (blue dye: yellow dye 20:80). The new dyes' chemical compositions were identified using elemental and spectroscopic analyses. The effectiveness of these dyes and their mixtures for cotton dyeing was discussed. The dyed samples were tested for color fastness, and the results indicated that they had excellent color retention and were highly durable in washing. The increasing patterns in both dyeing rate and build-up curves show good compatibility. Furthermore, desirable shades of green can be achieved by mixing blue and yellow dyes at various ratios in supercritical CO2. The compatibility test involves calculating color difference index values for dyed cotton fabrics by utilizing various ratios of a binary mixture of dyes. Furthermore, the dyes under study and dyed samples displayed superior antibacterial properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria compared to certain antibiotics used as a control. These results aligned with the quality and eco-friendly standards required by the industry without the use of water.

Using Soluble CD38 to Overcome Daratumumab Interference in Pretransfusion Compatibility Testing

Background: CD38 is a protein highly expressed on myeloma (MM) cells that has been shown to be an effective target antigen for monoclonal antibody therapies, so treatment with anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies is a first line therapy for patients with MM. Although CD38 is weaker expressed on erythocytes anti-CD38 binds to CD38 on reagent RBCs and cause panreactivity in vitro and subsequent false positive reactions in indirect antiglobulin tests (IAT), antibody detection (screening) tests, antibody identification panels, and anti-human globulin (AHG) crossmatches. These findings suggest that the soluble CD38 method could improve transfusion safety for patients receiving anti-CD38 therapy, particularly in urgent clinical settings This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a new soluble CD38-based method in mitigating Daratumumab interference during pretransfusion compatibility testing." Methods: We evaluated the Grifols sCD38 method in 20 patients and compared it with the DTT method Results: In our experience the sCD38 method reduced testing time from 150 to 50 minutes and demonstrated 100% efficacy, compared to 90% with DTT. The sCD38 effectively mitigated the interference caused by anti-CD38 antibodies in 10 (100% efficacy) of patient samples tested while DTT was successful in only 9/10 (90% efficacy); no interference was observed in patients presenting anti erythrocyte antibodies. Moreover, there was no negative influence on DTT sensitive blood group systems such as KEL upon sCD38 treatment. Conclusions: In our Laboratory, in the year 2023, we processed 129 patients treated with anti-CD38. Therefore the reduction from 150 to 50 minutes in the time needed to perform tests for mitigation of anti-CD38 interference appears to be relevant with a recovery of approximately 210 technical-hours per year. Another highly appreciated operational aspect was the possibility of treating the patient's plasma and perform tests using automatic instruments (Erytra Grifols) available in our laboratory. In the evaluation of this new method, we did not observe failures in the mitigation of anti-CD38 interference. Furthermore, the results obtained in the samples that presented allo or auto antibodies were not affected by the treatment with sCD38. In our experience Grifols sCD38 assay is straightforward and quick to perform ant it is superior to DTT treatment in the mitigation of anti-CD38 antibody interference in MM patients treated with Daratumumab.

Unlocking traditional remedy: Gulkand-enhanced mucoadhesive gel for canker sore relief

This study focuses on the development and evaluation of mucoadhesive gel formulations containing different Gulkand and its extract with a specific emphasis on their potential for managing oral health conditions, including the discomforting issue of mouth ulcers. The formulations underwent a thorough analysis, encompassing the assessment of phenolic compounds responsible for antioxidant activity, in addition to comprehensive physical, chemical, and pharmacological evaluations to determine their suitability for commercial utilization. Mouth ulcers are a prevalent oral health concern that can cause significant discomfort and inconvenience. In this study, Gulkand extract exhibited remarkable characteristics with its high phenolic content and robust antioxidant activity. It demonstrated rapid drug release, positioning it as a promising new for addressing the immediate relief needs of individuals suffering from mouth ulcers. Conversely, gel formulation showcased a sustained release profile suggesting the potential for longer therapeutic benefits, presents an intriguing option for oral health applications, capitalizing on the antiulcer properties associated with liquorice. An innovative aspect of this study is the compatibility assessment, which employed antioxidant and phenolic content analysis to verify the harmonious interaction between herbal constituents and excipients. This approach introduces novel perspective on compatibility testing, particularly critical for formulations designed to alleviate oral discomfort effectively. Furthermore, stability studies are warranted to be evaluated prior to their potential for commercialization. The present study revealed the promising potential of the prepared mucoadhesive gels in managing not only mouth ulcers but also a spectrum of oral health conditions, holding broader implications for advancements in the field of medicine.

Frequencies and causes of ABO-incompatible red cell transfusions in France, Germany and the United Kingdom.

Prevention of ABO-incompatible red cell transfusions (ABO-it) requires accurate donor and patient identification and correct application of processes for transfusion safety. In France and Germany, a bedside identity check and ABO compatibility test are performed. In the UK, an identity check, often structured as a bedside checklist, is performed with or without electronic patient identification (ePID). To compare the efficacy of ABO-it bedside preventive measures, frequencies and causes of ABO-it between 2013 and 2022 were investigated in all three countries. Despite differing bedside safety measures, similar average ABO-it frequencies were observed in France (0.19 [SD:0.09]/100 000 issued red cell units) and in the UK (0.28 [SD:0.17]/100 000), whereas a higher frequency (0.71 [SD:0.23]/100 000) was observed in Germany which has similar bedside safety measures to France. ABO-it resulted mostly from erroneous patient identification and transfusion of a red cell unit intended for another patient. In France and Germany, all ABO-it were associated with incorrectly performed identity check and ABO compatibility test. In the UK, most ABO-it were associated with incorrectly performed identity checks. Current measures to prevent ABO-it are not fully effective. Further development and implementation of effective patient identification systems, including electronic information systems, across the entire transfusion process, should be considered.

Генетично разнообразие на Sclerotinia sclerotiorum в България

The mycelial compatibility of 154 isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, obtained from sunflower and rapeseed plant samples, collected from 2019 - 2021 from 17 locations in Northern and Southern Bulgaria, was studied. The studied isolates were grouped into 108 local MCGs, and 60.1% included only one isolate. The Shannon index (Ho) at the studied locations varied from 0.718 to 1.00. The total diversity in MCG resulting from variation among individuals in the population was 92.2%, and the proportion of total diversity in MCG due to variation among populations was 7.78%. The clonal index for all populations was 0.299. In two of the six compatibility tests between isolates from different locations, 10 additional groups were formed, and one of them (MCGs-1D5x2D4x1SH3x1Y8) included six isolates from four locations (Dropla – Tsaricheno - Rish 1-Straldzha) located in three regions of the country. The results show significant genetic diversity in S. sclerotiorum populations based on mycelial compatibility between isolates.

Immunocorrective effects of Tricor fenofibrate in the treatment of the early and intermediate stages of age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment, blindness and disability in the elderly. Treatment of end-stage AMD is extremely limited and requires invasive interventions. Currently, there is an active search for remedies aimed at preventing the degenerative process in the retina in the early stages of the disease. AMD is a multifactorial pathology, has common mechanisms with diseases associated with aging, metabolic shifts and hemodynamic disorders. The study of the effects of drugs already used to correct these disorders in the general clinic may also be of interest to ophthalmologists. The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of inflammatory markers of activation of the vascular endothelium and cytokines of the immune response in the tear fluid (TF) of patients with initial and intermediate stages of AMD against the background of the use of Tricor fenofibrate. 65 people were examined, divided into three groups according to the AREDS classification: group I – 20 people with early AMD (AREDS2), group II – 16 patients with intermediate AMD (AREDS3), 29 healthy elderly people without ophthalmopathology entered the age control group (AREDS1 – risk group). Patients of groups I and II received Tricor at a dose of 145 mg once a day for 9 months. Tear fluid (TF) was taken twice: before and immediately after the completion of the course of treatment. The determination of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-, sP-selectin and MCP-1/CCL2 in CS was performed by flow cytometry using a self-constructed multiplex panel from compatible simplex test kits Human FlowCytomixTM Simplex (Bender MedSystem GmbH, Germany); IL-1β, IL-2 IL-6 TNFα was determined within the framework of the Human Flow CytomixTM 15 Flex system (Bender MedSystem GmbH, Germany). Data processing was performed in the FlowCytomix Pro v 6.0 package (Bender Med Systems GmbH, Germany). According to the results of the study, a significant effect of Tricor fenofibrate was found on the initially high levels of local production of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, MCP-1/CCL2 and sICAM-1 in the AREDS2 group, which indicated a direct anti-inflammatory, vasoprotective effect in the treatment of the initial stage of AMD; a similar effect of the drug, but less pronounced, noted in the AREDS3 group. The ophthalmological examination data also indicated stabilization of visual functions and the clinical picture of the fundus, improvement of intraocular blood circulation in patients of the main groups. Thus, the use of Tricor can help prevent the degenerative process in the retina in the early stages of AMD development.

Effect of natural Frankincense extract on clay swelling inhibition in water-based drilling fluids

The effect of Frankincense extract (FE) as an environmentally friendly additive on the swelling inhibition of sodium bentonite in aqueous solution is presented. The inhibition potential of FE was assessed through sodium bentonite (Na-BT) sedimentation tests, rheological investigations, and immersion test. The results indicated that the inhibition property of FE is dependent on its concentration and its performance at 5 wt.% is comparable to potassium chloride at 3 wt.% as a commonly used inhibitor. FE increased the loading of Na-BT in deionized water (DI water) from 7.5 to 17.5 wt.% at 5 wt.% FE concentration. Furthermore, FE reduced the dispersion of Na-BT, resulting in an increase in Na-BT particle size from 1034 nm in DI water to 4294 nm at a 1 wt.% FE concentration. X-ray diffraction test and thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that FE can insert itself into the interlayer space of clay minerals. FE reduced the zeta potential of Na-BT from −24.3 mV in DI water to −5.21 mV at a 5 wt.% FE concentration. Additionally, the compatibility test proved that FE could also decrease the drilling fluid filtration and act as a fluid loss control agent.

Red blood cell alloimmunization in transfused patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: A single centre retrospective study

BackgroundHereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a genetic blood vessel disorder which may lead to chronic bleeding and red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Data on transfusion requirements and complications in HHT patients are sparse. Study Design and MethodsRetrospective chart review was conducted at St. Michael’s Hospital (SMH) in Toronto, Canada. All adults with a definite clinical diagnosis of HHT AND inpatient hospital visits between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2020 AND had undergone transfusion compatibility testing at SMH, were identified. Data were abstracted from electronic medical records. Simple descriptive statistics were used to analyze data. Institutional Research Ethics Board approval was obtained. Results63 HHT patients underwent compatibility testing and were subsequently transfused at SMH. Median patient age at data abstraction was 70 years (Interquartile Range [IQR]: 18) and 35 (56 %) were female. RBC alloantibodies were found in 23 transfused patients (36.5 %) and were predominantly directed against Rh and Kell antigens: Anti-E (65 %), Anti-K (39 %) and Anti-c (22 %) were most common. Excluding an outlier who received 611 RBC units during the study period, the mean number of RBC units transfused per HHT patient at SMH was 22.1 units (Standard Deviation: 40.9, IQR: 17). Six (9.5 %) transfused patients experienced at least one transfusion reaction. ConclusionRBC alloimmunization rate was 36.5 % in our cohort of transfused HHT patients; this is much higher than described in the general population and another transfused HHT cohort. The most commonly observed alloantibodies were Rh and Kell, supporting our policy of prophylactic phenotypic matching for these antigens for all transfused patients with HHT.

Pulsatilla suppository prevents recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in a rat model via the TLR/MyD88/NLRP3 signaling pathway

Fungal infection caused by Candida albicans is a serious health problem, and as drug resistance worsens, new sources for therapeutic compounds are needed. Traditional Chinese medicine represents a wealth of such sources, and can be designed as suppositories for the treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). This study aimed to develop a Pulsatilla suppository containing the n-butanol extract of Pulsatilla decoction (BEPD) to treat RVVC. A Pulsatilla suppository containing BEPD was prepared, and its performance, weight, drug content, dissolution time and percentage, stability, toxicology, and pharmacodynamics were evaluated. Biological compatibility tests and clinical evaluations were performed in female Sprague–Dawley rats. The Pulsatilla suppository melted completely within 30 min. In vitro anti-C. albicans activity, stability changes, and toxicology tests indicated stability and safety in the rats. Compared with RVVC model rats, high-dose BEPD suppository (40, 60 mg/kg) can significantly reduce the vaginal fungal load of rats, relieve neutrophil infiltration, reduce the content of TLR/MyD88 pathway-related proteins, and reduce the expression of inflammatory factors such as NLRP3, demonstrating the efficacy of the Pulsatilla suppository in RVVC.

Compatibility and stability of ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate injection mixed with fructose and glucose diluents and pilot study of long-term storage impurities by LC-MS/MS

Fructose injection is occasionally used to dilute ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate injection for patients who cannot receive glucose or sodium chloride injections in clinical settings. Since our PIVAS staff reported that discoloration occurred after ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate dissolved with fructose injection, this study aims to investigate the stability of ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate in fructose and glucose solutions. Ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate was purchased and diluted with fructose or glucose injection for compatibility testing. The solutions were maintained under various conditions for different periods of time, after which the concentration of ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate and other impurities was analyzed. The chemical structures of unknown impurities were further investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The analytical method was validated and was deemed to be suitable for the analyses in this study. Compatibility tests indicated that ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate is sensitive to temperature, illumination, and pH. When diluted with fructose or glucose, the concentration of ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate decreased over time. The contents of impurities increased accordingly. Additionally, an unknown impurity was identified, speculated to be a hydroxyl oxidation product of ademetionine based on the LC-MS/MS results. Both fructose and glucose injections can be used as diluents for ademetionine 1,4-butanedisulfonate, and the resulting mixture remains stable for up to 8 h after preparation.

Icariin-loaded chitosan/β-glycerophosphate thermosensitive hydrogel enhanced infection control and bone regeneration in canine with infectious bone defects.

Faced with infectious bone defects, the development of a thermosensitive hydrogel containing icariin (ICA) represents a promising therapeutic strategy targeting infection control and bone regeneration. In this study, we prepared and evaluated the physicochemical properties, in vitro and in vivo drug release, antimicrobial activity, anti-inflammatory properties, and bone repair effects of ICA/Chitosan/β-Glycerophosphate (ICA/CTS/β-GP) thermosensitive hydrogel. Our findings demonstrate that the ICA/CTS/β-GP thermosensitive hydrogel undergoes a liquid-to-gel transition at body temperature, which is crucial for maintaining local drug release at the defect site. Additionally, the hydrogel exhibited sustained release of ICA over 28days, showing high antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and good biocompatibility in blood compatibility tests. In a canine model of infectious bone defects, the ICA/CTS/β-GP thermosensitive hydrogel showed effective infection control and modulated inflammation, vascular formation, and bone factor expression, while also activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In conclusion, the ICA/CTS/β-GP thermosensitive hydrogel could control infection and repair bone tissue. Its antimicrobial and osteogenic properties provide hope for its clinical application.

Testing of compatibility among the fusarium isolates from tomato, brinjal and chilli in vitro

Testing of compatibility among the fusarium isolates from tomato, brinjal and chilli in vitro