Compassionate Self-responding Research Articles

To be or not to be: self-compassion and academic buoyancy in university

PurposeAcademic buoyancy refers to a student’s adaptive response to overcome common academic-related stress and challenges. Guided by social cognitive theory, we investigated the relation between students' academic buoyancy and their endorsement of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding.Design/methodology/approachStudents from a Minority-serving, Hispanic-serving public university (N = 112) completed an online survey assessing academic buoyancy (Martin and Marsh, 2008) and self-compassion (Neff, 2003). We conducted a hierarchical regression analysis with uncompassionate and compassionate self-responding as predictors and academic buoyancy as the outcome.FindingsCompassionate self-responding (i.e. self-kindness, common humanity and mindfulness) explained additional variance above and beyond what uncompassionate self-responding (i.e. self-judgment, isolation and overidentification) explained in the model. Uncompassionate self-responding components emerged as the strongest predictors of academic buoyancy.Originality/valueLimited research exists regarding the relation between self-compassion and academic buoyancy, especially in the higher education setting. This research indicates that student compassionate self-responding is associated with students’ adaptive response to overcoming academic setbacks, stress and challenges. The findings of the current research could have meaningful implications for university officials’ efforts in helping students overcome academic-related setbacks and achieve academic success in higher education. University offices, programs and communities can focus on compassionate self-responding to support students in overcoming common school-related setbacks. Programs could be developed to move students away from uncompassionate self-responding as a means of promoting buoyancy.

Role of self-criticism in postpartum mental health: a network analysis

PurposeA significant percentage of women experience psychopathological symptoms during the postpartum period, which can impact not only their mental health and well-being but also the relationship between mother and baby. However, studies investigating how specific psychological factors, such as self-compassion and self-criticism, contribute to the development and maintenance of these symptoms are scarce.MethodsThis cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship among compassionate self-responding (CSR), uncompassionate self-responding (USR), maternal mental health indicators, mother-infant bonding, and the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected online from 189 Brazilian women with infants aged 0 to 12 months. Participants completed measures of sociodemographic characteristics, Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS-BR-RSF-C), Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), and COVID-19–Impact on Quality of Life (COV19-QoL).ResultsThrough network analysis, our findings highlighted that postpartum depression played a central role in the structuring of variables in this system. Furthermore, USR, instead of CSR, emerged as the variable most strongly associated with levels of postpartum depression, which, in turn, was associated with mother-infant bonding.ConclusionMitigating levels of self-criticism in mothers may represent a pathway to prevent the development of postpartum depression, which, in turn, could impact the quality of the mother-infant relationship. Given the significance of the child’s early years for their emotional development, intervening early in maternal mental health may be a means to prevent mental disorders in the child as well.

Dual Effects of Self-Compassion on Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth: The Roles of Trauma-Related Shame and Guilt

Previous studies have shown that self-compassion can alleviate posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and promote posttraumatic growth (PTG). However, only a few studies explored the dual effects of its positive and negative components on PTSS and PTG. Also, the emotional mechanisms between self-compassion and PTSS/PTG remain unclear. Thus, with the three-wave longitudinal design, we examined the mediating role of trauma-related shame and guilt between self-compassion and PTSS/PTG among traumatized Chinese college students. 782 Chinese college students (467 females; M age = 18.98, SD = 1.37) who had experienced traumatic events within the previous six months of the initial assessment were included in the study. In the direct effect model, compassionate self-responding (CSR) negatively predicted PTSS and positively predicted PTG. In contrast, uncompassionate self-responding (USR) positively predicted both PTSS and PTG. In the indirect model, CSR negatively predicted PTSS through trauma-related shame and guilt, but also negatively predicted PTG through trauma-related guilt. USR positively predicted PTSS through trauma-related shame and guilt and positively predicted PTG through trauma-related guilt. Thus, CSR can benefit posttraumatic college students by alleviating PTSS and promoting PTG, and USR may also have an adaptive side. Still, we should focus on the maladaptive and adaptive sides of trauma-related emotions in the intervention of posttraumatic college students.

Perceived Parenting Style and Adolescent Self-Compassion: A Longitudinal, Within-Person Approach

ObjectivesCaregiver responses are important in shaping how children, and later adolescents, engage in their own self-compassionate responding and uncompassionate self-responding. However, longitudinal research exploring the relationship between parenting style and adolescent self-compassion is limited. We examined the degree to which psychologically controlling and supportive parenting styles were linked to changes in compassionate self-responding (CSR) and uncompassionate self-responding (USR), both contemporaneously and longitudinally. We further explored the extent that any effects were heterogeneous: Does parenting influence self-compassion for some adolescents but not others?MethodWe measured CSR, USR, parental support, and parental psychological control in a group of 2596 adolescents annually over 4 years (Grades 9 to 12 inclusive, Mages = 14.65 (T1) to 17.73 (T4) years).ResultsThe multi-level modelling analysis of individual relationships between parenting and self-compassion revealed relatively independent effects of perceived parenting on CSR and USR respectively. Individual changes in supportive parenting were more strongly associated with changes in CSR than with USR, and within-person changes in psychologically controlling parenting were more strongly associated with USR than with CSR. Further, the strength of these relationships was heterogeneous, with parenting having a larger effect on some than others. Longitudinally, controlling parenting predicted the development of USR.ConclusionsOverall, the link between parenting and adolescent self-compassion significantly varied, with some adolescents reporting a large change in self-compassion in years when parenting changed, and some reporting little to no change in self-compassion in years when parenting practices changed. The present study therefore highlights the importance of parenting in understanding self-compassion and the need for further research that seeks to identify factors that moderate the link between parenting and self-compassion.PreregistrationThis study is not preregistered.

Psychometric Properties of the Self-Compassion Scale in the Polish Population

The purpose of the present study was to adapt the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003) into Polish, to examine its validity and reliability, and to determine population norms for this tool. The study involved 604 adults (aged 18–85 years, 278 women and 326 men), constituting a representative sample of the Polish population in terms of gender, age, and place of residence. The adaptation procedure was carried out according to the rules of translation, demonstrating the fidelity of the translation of the original version of the questionnaire. The reliability of the measurement was tested using Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency method and test–retest method. The validity was assessed by analyzing correlation coefficients between SCS scores and the intensity of mindfulness (understood as a trait), resilience, empathic sensitivity with its subscales of perspective taking, personal distress and emphatic concern, and the level of depression and anxiety. Measurement stability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients applied to two consecutive measurements. The factor structure was verified using confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that the SCS in the Polish version has good psychometric properties, and the emerged factor structure indicates that the best fit and specification had a model with two general factors of CS (compassionate self-responding) and RUS (reduced uncompassionate self-responding) and three specific factors: self-kindness, shared humanity, and mindfulness.

Forgiveness and Flourishing: The Mediating and Moderating Role of Self-Compassion.

(1) Background: This study investigated the relationships between forgiveness, self-compassion, and flourishing, and examined the mediating and moderating role of self-compassion (self-warmth and self-cold) in the relationship between forgiveness and flourishing. (2) Methods: A sample of 300 Polish participants aged 18-57 (M = 23.53 years, SD = 5.82) completed the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Flourishing Scale; we used Spearman's rho correlations to assess the associations between the main analyzed variables and used PROCESS software to calculate moderation and mediation. (3) Results: The obtained data showed that forgiveness and self-compassion were positively related to flourishing. Self-warmth (positive dimension of self-compassion) mediated and moderated the link between forgiveness and flourishing. In contrast, self-coldness (negative dimension of self-compassion) did not mediate or moderate the association between forgiveness and flourishing. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that positive resources relate to and support one another. Compassionate self-responding is associated with positive resources; in contrast, uncompassionate self-responding is not significant for positive variables.

Embracing the Complexity of our Inner Worlds: Understanding the Dynamics of Self-Compassion and Self-Criticism

ObjectivesAlthough research in self-compassion has been rapidly growing, there is still substantial controversy about its meaning and measurement. The controversy centers on Neff’s popular Self- Compassion Scale (SCS) and the argument that compassionate self-responding (CSR) and uncompassionate self-responding (UCS) are a single dimension versus the argument that they are two semi-independent, unipolar dimensions, with UCS not reflective of “true” self-compassion.MethodsWe review the evidence for both positions and conclude that the data cannot yet resolve the debate.ResultsNeither position is proven to be right or wrong. We recommend the way forward is to let go of traditional factor analytic approaches and examine self-compassionate behavior as a dynamic network of interacting processes that are influenced by context. This leads us to three classes of testable hypotheses. The link between CS and UCS will depend on the timeframe of measurement, current circumstances, and individual differences.ConclusionsWe propose a middle ground to the SCS debate; rather than supporting the single total score, 2-factor score (CSR and UCS) or the 6-factor score (the six subscales of the SCS), we argue these constructs interact dynamically, and the decision of which scoring method to use should depend on the three testable contextual hypotheses.

The Differential Effects Fallacy in the Study of Self-compassion: Misunderstanding the Nature of Bipolar Continuums

This brief commentary highlights the faulty reasoning underlying claims that selfcompassion should not be conceptualized or measured as a unitary construct because compassionate self-responding (CS) and uncompassionate self-responding (UCS) are differential predictors of psychological outcomes. The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is a well-validated measure that has been used in thousands of studies on selfcompassion.Self-compassion forms a bipolar continuum ranging from UCS (selfjudgment, isolation, and over-identification) to CS (self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness), so that higher SCS scores represent increased CS and reduced UCS. Several scholars have argued that because CS and UCS display different strengths of association with various psychological outcomes, that CS and UCS should be examined separately and a total SCS score is invalid. This conclusion is assumed to be self-evident. However, there is no known logical, scientific or psychometric principle that supports the view that opposite ends of a bipolar continuum must have the same strength of association with outcomes in order to operate as a unitary construct. In fact, it is common for opposite ends of a continuum to be differential predictors of outcomes (e.g., coldness is a stronger predictor of frostbite than warmth).Unfortunately, this unexamined assumption has spread widely in the field of selfcompassion research, setting the field back and muddying the waters for researchers.This commentary sheds light on this false premise in the hope of clearing up confusion.

Self-Compassion Buffers the Psychological Distress from Perceived Discrimination Among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Emerging Adults: ALongitudinal Study.

ObjectivesThis longitudinal study among socioeconomically disadvantaged people examined self-compassion (SC) as a protective factor in the association between perceived discrimination and psychological distress, with a consideration of the specific contributions of aspects of self-compassion in its buffering effect, including compassionate self-responding (CS), reduced uncompassionate self-responding (RUS), or both (overall SC).MethodsData were collected from 528 socioeconomically disadvantaged Chinese university students through electronic questionnaires on perceived discrimination, self-compassion, and psychological distress (i.e., depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms) in two waves with a 1-year interval.ResultsOnly CS moderated the relationships between perceived discrimination and all three indicators of psychological distress; overall, SC and RUS did not play moderating roles in these relationships.ConclusionsCS buffered the impact of perceived discrimination on subsequent psychological distress. This suggests that the protective function of self-compassion might lie mainly in the role played by CS in psychopathological domains (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, rumination, negative affect) or in the stressor-psychological distress link.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12671-021-01810-6.

Protection versus risk? The relative roles of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding for eating disorder behaviors

Research demonstrates the protective role of self-compassion for eating disorder symptoms. However, studies investigating self-compassion most often use the Self-Compassion Scale, which aggregates the distinct but related constructs of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding. This study examined differential associations of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding with positive and negative affect and with a range of eating disorder behaviors (i.e., binge eating, purging, dietary restriction, and excessive exercise). Participants were 547 undergraduate students (59% women, Mage = 20.49, SDage = 1.83) who completed measures of self-compassion, trait affect, and eating disorder behaviors.Compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding were moderately negatively correlated (rs = −0.41 and −0.33, among women and men, respectively). Compassionate self-responding was more strongly related to positive affect, and uncompassionate self-responding was more strongly related to negative affect. Among women, uncompassionate self-responding was related to all eating disorder behaviors controlling for compassionate self-responding, whereas compassionate self-responding was not uniquely related to any eating disorder behavior. Among men, a similar pattern emerged, except that only compassionate self-responding related uniquely to excessive exercise. Results are consistent with studies showing that the presence of uncompassionate self-responding might outweigh the absence of compassionate self-responding in explaining psychopathology. Findings highlight the potential importance of primarily targeting uncompassionate self-responding in eating disorder interventions.

Self-compassion and emotional regulation as predictors of social anxiety.

Self-compassion and emotional regulation have been identified as constructive attitudes towards the self which can reduce emotional distress. This study is the first to examine the role of a self-compassionate attitude towards the self in reducing symptoms of social anxiety. The study also explored the role of emotional regulation strategies of cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression (ES) as mechanisms that mediate the impact of self-compassion on social anxiety. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was conducted on cross-sectional correlational data with MPlus version 6. A sample of 750 undergraduate students (378 men and 372 women) completed an online survey comprised of well validated self-report measures of social anxiety, emotional regulation and self-compassion. Structural equation modelling showed that self-compassion predicted lower social anxiety directly and indirectly through lower ES. Higher self-compassion also predicted higher CR. Contrary to expectation, CR did not predict lower social anxiety. Exploratory analyses of self-compassion divided into Compassionate Self-responding (CSR) and Refraining from Non-compassionate Responding (RUSR) identified RUSR as a predictor of lower social anxiety directly and indirectly via ES and CR. CSR had no direct effect on social anxiety but did so indirectly via CR. The findings provide preliminary evidence that self-compassion can play an important role in alleviating social anxiety and that emotion regulation through ES and CR are important mechanisms of that influence. Adopting a more compassionate attitude towards the self can reduce the symptoms of social anxiety Emotional regulation through reducing emotional suppression may be a mechanism whereby higher levels of self-compassion reduce symptoms of social anxiety. Although higher levels of self-compassion predict greater use of emotional regulation through cognitive appraisal, cognitive appraisal does not predict levels of symptoms of social anxiety The capacity to refrain from non-compassionate self-responding may reduce symptoms of social anxiety directly and indirectly through lower levels of emotional suppression and greater cognitive reappraisal (CR). However, compassionate self-responding only influences symptoms of social anxiety through CR.

Self-compassion as a mediator of the association between autistic traits and depressive/anxious symptomatology

In this study, we asked 164 undergraduate students to complete an online questionnaire. The questionnaire measured the students' levels of autistic traits, self-compassion, and experience of anxiety and depression. We were interested in knowing if self-compassion (defined as the extension of kindness to oneself when faced with challenges) had any influence on the relationship between autistic traits and experiences of anxiety and depression. The results of the study indicated that self-compassion may be an important factor influencing the relationship between autistic traits and mental health, with higher levels of self-compassion being related to more positive mental health outcomes. Although the findings should be considered preliminary in nature, they do suggest that self-compassion could potentially be a target for clinical intervention in people with elevated autistic traits and experience anxiety and/or depression.

The (non)Protective Role of Self-Compassion in Internalizing Symptoms: Two Empirical Studies in Adolescents Demonstrating Unwanted Effects of Using the Self-Compassion Scale Total Score

ObjectivesSeveral scholars have questioned the use of the total Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) score as an appropriate index for measuring self-compassion as a protective psychological trait.MethodsWe present two new studies to further examine the relationships between SCS or SCS-Short Form scores and symptoms of anxiety and depression in non-clinical samples of adolescents (Ns being 106 and 52).ResultsBoth studies showed that most of the variance in internalizing symptoms was explained by the uncompassionate self-responding (USR) components of the SCS and that the share of the compassionate self-responding (CSR) was fairly small. Moreover, when controlling for other relevant variables (study 1: neuroticism and extraversion; study 2: self-esteem and lack of self-esteem), the unique contribution of CSR in explaining variance was even completely abolished.ConclusionsWe argue that the inclusion of the USR components in the SCS (1) hinders the proper investigation of the protective role of self-compassion, (2) inflates the relationship with internalizing symptoms, and (3) obscures the (fair) comparison with other etiological factors of psychopathology. Within a context of internalizing problems, the SCS or SCS-SF can better be viewed as an index of vulnerability than as a measure of protection.

Above and beyond emotional suffering: the unique contribution of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding in chronic pain

Objectives Studies have shown that self-compassion plays a protective role against depression in women with chronic pain (CP). However, the majority of studies in CP have used the total score of the self-compassion scale (SCS), which have raised concerns due to potential overlap, not only between the uncompassionate self-responding factors and psychopathology, but also between self-compassion as a whole and other well-known psychological processes (e.g., mindfulness, acceptance, psychological flexibility). This calls for a more nuanced understanding of which components of (un)compassionate self-responding adds to better mental health in CP. Methods This study explores the unique contribution of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding to depressive symptoms in women with CP undergoing pain consultation (n=49). Results Correlation analyses suggest that compassionate self-responding only significantly correlates with progress in valued living, while the uncompassionate self-responding significantly correlates with pain fusion, pain avoidance, obstructions to valued living and depression. Multiple regression analysis showed that self-compassion contributes to depressive symptoms (R2=8%) above and beyond pain intensity and disability (R2=12%) and psychological (in) flexibility processes (R2=31%), and uncompassionate (but not compassionate) self-responding uniquely contributes to depressive symptoms (sr 2 =18%). Conclusions Findings suggest that uncompassionate self-responding is a stronger contributor to depression in CP than compassionate self-responding. Clinical implications are further discussed.

Self-compassion predicting pain, depression and anger in people suffering from chronic pain: A prospective study.

Self-compassion is associated with disability, pain-related anxiety as well as depression and anger in patients with chronic pain. However, the unique value of self-compassion versus other concepts such as psychological flexibility and self-esteem is unknown. The present study therefore aimed to clarify these relationships. Individuals with chronic pain (NCP=872) and without chronic pain (NNP=356) took part in a longitudinal study. Participants completed self-report instruments: Pain Disability Index (PDI), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), Pain Anxiety Symptom Scale (PASS-20), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Assessments were repeated after 8weeks. We found differences in baseline levels of all relevant variables except for anger-out and anger-control between people with and without chronic pain. Subsequently, we computed a path model analysis regarding individuals suffering from chronic pain (NCP), addressing the predictive value of reduced uncompassionate self-responding (RUS), compassionate self-responding (CS), avoidance (PIPS), cognitive fusion (PIPS) and self-esteem (RSES) regarding pain-related (PDI, PCS, PASS) and emotional variables (PHQ-9, STAXI). Avoidance predicted disability, catastrophizing, anxiety and depression. RUS predicted catastrophizing and pain-related anxiety. Self-esteem predicted depression. CS and cognitive fusion had no unique predictive value. The model explained 65.4%-72.1% of the variance in pain-related variables, 68.7% of the variance in depression and 38.7%-60.7% in the variance of anger-related variables. In conclusion, psychological flexibility, in terms of avoidance, seems to be more relevant for chronic pain than self-compassion. Future research should focus on subgroups and tailored-treatment approaches. SIGNIFICANCE: Applying a longitudinal design, this study examined the predictive value of self-compassion regarding pain, depression and anger. The relevance of self-compassion was compared to psychological flexibility and self-esteem. We can conclude that psychological flexibility, in terms of avoidance behaviour, is the most relevant predictor concerning pain.

Commentary on Muris and Otgaar (2020): Let the Empirical Evidence Speak on the Self-Compassion Scale

This commentary addresses Muris and Otgaar’s (2020) paper titled “The Process of Science: A Critical Evaluation of More than 15 Years of Research on Self-Compassion with the Self-Compassion Scale.” The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) is a multidimensional scale measuring self-compassion that includes subscales representing increased compassionate self-responding (CS)—self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness—and reduced uncompassionate self-responding (UCS)—self-judgment, isolation, and overidentification. Muris and Otgaar have proposed that a total SCS score should not be used because CS and UCS are separate and unrelated constructs. I propose that CS and UCS are distinct but related and that a total SCS score can validly be used. More than just asserting their viewpoint, however, Muris and Otgaar (2020) have made ad hominem attacks on any researchers who disagree with them as unscientific, irrational, or unethical. They claimed their position was irrefutable and that continued use of a total SCS score by researchers was evidence of bias. Although they acknowledged the need for empirical data confirming or disconfirming hypotheses generated by the different positions, they offered no confirmable hypotheses of their own and simply assumed the evidence supports their position. I lay out a series of ten hypotheses based on each position to test which is correct. The empirical evidence confirms the position that CS and UCS are related and that a total SCS score can be used, while disconfirming the position that CS and UCS are unrelated and that a total SCS score cannot be used.

Body Dissatisfaction and Bulimic Symptoms: Moderator Roles of Compassionate and Uncompassionate Self-Responding

Previous studies suggest that emotion regulation difficulties are influential in body dissatisfaction’s relationship with bulimic symptoms. Likewise, self-compassion, which is explained through the factors of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding, was also suggested to function as an effective emotion regulation strategy. However, research has not examined self-compassion’s moderating role in the link between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms or the unique contribution of self-compassion to bulimic symptoms that is independent from its overlap with emotion regulation difficulties. The current study investigated the unique moderator functions of self-compassion, in the form of compassionate and uncompassionate self-responding, and emotion regulation difficulties in the association between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms. Participants were 154 females (M (SD) age = 23.89 (4.66) years) who completed questionnaires assessing body dissatisfaction, self-compassion, emotion regulation difficulties, and bulimic symptoms. Analyses showed that compassionate self-responding factor of self-compassion was a unique buffer against the negative consequences of body dissatisfaction even when controlling for emotion regulation difficulties, while emotion regulation difficulties did not have a moderating effect when self-compassion was accounted for. Results revealed that body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with bulimic symptoms in women with low and middle levels of compassionate self-responding, but not with high levels of compassionate self-responding. Overall, results suggest that self-compassion buffers the negative impact of body dissatisfaction through mechanisms that are distinct from those of emotion regulation difficulties. These findings warrant further study of self-compassion to better understand its mechanisms of action.

Body image-related cognitive fusion and disordered eating: the role of self-compassion and sad mood.

The extent to which body image-related thoughts are endorsed and drive behaviors, a process known as Body Image-Related Cognitive Fusion (BI-CF), is an important contributor to disordered eating. Moreover, negative mood and negative self-referential processes (e.g., low self-compassion) have been reportedly associated with disordered eating; however, their associations with BI-CF are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate, among young adults, the association between (1) BI-CF and disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (2) BI-CF and self-compassion, and (3) whether sad mood influences BI-CF. Participants completed online questionnaires that assessed BI-CF, self-compassion, negative affect, cognitive reactivity and disordered eating (N = 601). A subsample (n = 51) underwent an in-lab session in which they were exposed to a validated psychological sad mood induction task followed by the assessment of BI-CF. 67.8% of variation in disordered eating was accounted for by BI-CF while controlling for covariates. Self-compassion was the strongest predictor of BI-CF levels, irrespective of other eating disorder or depression risk factors (p < 0.001). Increases in sad mood did not influence levels of BI-CF. The endorsement of body image-related thoughts seems to play an important role in disordered eating. Compassionate self-responding may have positive influences on reducing negative body image-related thoughts. Furthermore, BI-CF appears to be a relatively stable phenomenon, irrespective of change in mood state. Results offer implications for the improvements in prevention and intervention models targeted towards disordered eating through self-compassion and cognitive defusion. Part I:Level V, cross-sectional descriptivestudy. Part II: Level I, experimental study.

Stripping the Forest from the Rotten Trees: Compassionate Self-Responding Is a Way of Coping, but Reduced Uncompassionate Self-Responding Mainly Reflects Psychopathology

Stripping the Forest from the Rotten Trees: Compassionate Self-Responding Is a Way of Coping, but Reduced Uncompassionate Self-Responding Mainly Reflects Psychopathology