Comparison Of Representations Research Articles

A comparison of representations in grammar-guided genetic programming in the context of glucose prediction in people with diabetes

The representation of individuals in Genetic Programming (GP) has a large impact on the evolutionary process. In previous work, we investigated the evolutionary process of three Grammar-Guided GP (GGGP) methods, Context-Free Grammars GP (CFG-GP), Grammatical Evolution (GE) and Structured Grammatical Evolution (SGE), in the context of the complex, real-world problem of predicting the glucose level of people with diabetes two hours ahead of time. We concluded that representation choice is more impactful with a higher maximum depth, and that CFG-GP better explores the search space for deeper trees, achieving better results. Furthermore, we find that CFG-GP relies more on feature construction, whereas GE and SGE rely more on feature selection. Additionally, we altered the GGGP methods in two ways: using ϵ-lexicase selection, which solved the overfitting problem of CFG-GP and helps it to adapt to patients with high glucose variability; and with a penalization of complex trees, to create more interpretable trees. Combining ϵ-lexicase selection with CFG-GP performed best. In this work, we extend on the previous work and evaluated the impact of initialization methods in the quality of solutions. We found that they have no significant impact, even when the change of representation has.

Computational vectorelectrocardiography: comparison of representations according to McPhee-Parungao and Frank

Aim: to compare amplitude-temporal and vectorcardiographic (VCG) parameters calculated through most commonly used matrix transformations.Materials and methods. Preliminary literature search revealed Kors and inverse Dower transformation to be the most commonly used matrices for converting ECG‑12 into Frank VCG. Trunov-Aidu matrix appeared to be the only one for deriving VCG in the McFee-Parungao lead system.The study included 1250 ECGs of patients at the National Medical Research Center of Cardiology with various cardiovascular diseases: arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, post-infarction cardiosclerosis, aortic stenosis. For each patient, using the above transformations, three VCGs with an intact and three VCGs with an inverted direction of the Z axis (according to Ozol) were obtained. The comparison was carried out based on the main amplitude-temporal indicators of P-QRS-T, as well as on VCG parameters: spatial QRS-T angle, QRS loop area, QRS integral vector, fractional integrals P and QRS. A total of 9 pairwise comparisons of 134 indicators were carried out for each synthesized VCGResults. The strongest (r > 0.9 or r < -0.9) significant (p < 0.001) linear correlation was found between the spatial metrics: P, QRS, T wave loop lengths, QRS loop area, QRS-T angle, ventricular gradient, and QRS shared integrals. Significant relationship between projection parameters and P-QRS-T amplitude and duration was observed in some cases. The largest number of correlations was noted between parameters calculated in McFee-Parungao and Frank lead system derived by Kors.Conclusions. Strong linear relationship was found between the VCG parameters determined through Kors, Dower and Trunov-Aidu matrix transformations, which indicates the equivalence of the results obtained through these matrices.

Predicting Cognitive Functioning for Patients with a High-Grade Glioma: Evaluating Different Representations of Tumor Location in a Common Space

Cognitive functioning is increasingly considered when making treatment decisions for patients with a brain tumor in view of a personalized onco-functional balance. Ideally, one can predict cognitive functioning of individual patients to make treatment decisions considering this balance. To make accurate predictions, an informative representation of tumor location is pivotal, yet comparisons of representations are lacking. Therefore, this study compares brain atlases and principal component analysis (PCA) to represent voxel-wise tumor location. Pre-operative cognitive functioning was predicted for 246 patients with a high-grade glioma across eight cognitive tests while using different representations of voxel-wise tumor location as predictors. Voxel-wise tumor location was represented using 13 different frequently-used population average atlases, 13 randomly generated atlases, and 13 representations based on PCA. ElasticNet predictions were compared between representations and against a model solely using tumor volume. Preoperative cognitive functioning could only partly be predicted from tumor location. Performances of different representations were largely similar. Population average atlases did not result in better predictions compared to random atlases. PCA-based representation did not clearly outperform other representations, although summary metrics indicated that PCA-based representations performed somewhat better in our sample. Representations with more regions or components resulted in less accurate predictions. Population average atlases possibly cannot distinguish between functionally distinct areas when applied to patients with a glioma. This stresses the need to develop and validate methods for individual parcellations in the presence of lesions. Future studies may test if the observed small advantage of PCA-based representations generalizes to other data.

Métodos de identificação humana post mortem no IML – Centro de Perícias Renato Chaves nos anos de 2016 e 2017

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo traçar o perfil das formas de identificação e/ou reconhecimento post mortem mais ocorrentes no IML de Marabá/PA nos anos de 2016 e 2017. Trata-se de um estudo científico, transversal, nominal do tipo observacional, de caráter descritivo, voltado para análises documentais de laudos periciais no Centro de Perícias Renato Chaves nas quais foram identificação antropológica, documental e em última instância a identificação por DNA. Os dados foram analisados mediante gráficos de dispersão (ANOVA) e uma representação de comparação das médias (teste de Tukey) no software R Studio®. Foram analisados 735 laudos do ano de 2016 e 758 laudos de 2017. Em 2016 os métodos de identificação/reconhecimento mais utilizados foram Para identificação por meio de documentos do cadáver e identificação por meio de documentos combinados com reconhecimento familiar; a identificação por DNA correpondeu a 3,12%. Em 2017 os métodos mais utilizados também foram documentos do cadáver e identificação por meio de documentos combinados com reconhecimento familiar; análise por DNA correpondeu 6,20%. As formas de identificação post mortem mais ocorrentes no IML de Marabá/PA foram as que fazem uso da fotografia sinalética, datiloscopia e bioantropologia; a identificação post mortem por análise de DNA foi significativamente baixa.

Multimodal- Stylistic Representation of Comparison in Airtel Nigeria 4G Visual Commercials

In semiotics, a code of communication which is a set of conventions used for meaning making can be spoken language, written language or an image. Modes of communication are used to accomplish a desired effect in daily social interaction. This social interaction can be found in the communication between the advertiser and the consumer, and the writer and the reader. This study analyses some of these modes used in the Airtel Nigeria 4G visual commercials and examines how the advertisers make use of the concept of the composition of elements in a multimodal text which bases on the idea that the advertisers and the viewers are abreast with what information is mutually known and understood. This view is explicitly shown in the composition of elements, words and images, combine aesthetics and persuasion through meaningful elements that form a coherent text of code-specific structures that produce meaning. The study follows the survey research design and the data is analysed following four steps of assigning incidents to frames, elaborating frames, relating themes to frames and interpreting the data as a coherent structure. The study concludes that the advertisers of Airtel Nigeria 4G visual commercials make ample use of metaphors associating 3G with negative frames and 4G with positive frames, drawing inspiration from gargets used daily by their audience. They vividly and successfully create a demarcation between 3G and 4G, persuading consumers to go for the Airtel Nigeria 4G products.

Classification of Hyperspectral Image Based on Task-Specific Learning Network

Hyperspectral image classification, which is a crucial task for various remote sensing applications, can achieve qualified performance under a conventionalized assumption, i.e., there are sufficient samples in every concerned class. However, in field investigation, collecting enough samples for every class is extremely difficult, which results in defective training sets with insufficient or imbalanced samples and deteriorates the classification performance dramatically. In order to address this issue, we propose a hyperspectral image classification method based on a task-specific learning network. The proposed network works under an episode-based framework, which learns general knowledge from the tasks with sufficient samples by metalearning and relation learning and then inference specific knowledge for the tasks with few samples by parameters adjustment and representation comparison. In particular, a task-specific feature learner is designed to learn unbiased features, and a comparison-based classifier is utilized to adapt the minority classes. As a result, the proposed method can obtain a qualified overall accuracy over all samples with a comparative averaged accuracy over all classes. Extensive experiments on three real hyperspectral images show that our method can achieve state-of-the-art performance under both the few-shot and imbalanced training set settings.

Representation of women plenary speakers at the American Academy of Neurology Annual Meeting.

To determine whether women have been equitably represented among plenary speakers at the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Annual Meeting by counting and categorizing speakers and comparing outcomes to AAN membership and US neurology workforce data. Lists of plenary speakers between 1958 and 2019 (62 years) were obtained from the AAN. The primary outcome measures were numbers and proportions of men and women in aggregate and among physicians. We identified 635 plenary speakers, including 148 (23.3%) women. Specifically, women made up 14.6% (19 of 130) of presidential and 25.5% (129 of 505) of nonpresidential plenary session speakers. The inclusion of women plenary speakers was meaningfully higher (h = 0.33; difference 14.9%; 95% confidence interval 4.2%-26.7%) for nonphysicians (27 of 74 [36.5%]) than physicians (121 of 561 [21.6%]). Although at zero levels for Annual Meetings held between 1958 and 1990 and at mostly low but varying levels thereafter, the representation of women and women physicians has been at or above their proportions in the AAN membership and US neurology workforce since 2017. Comparison of representation by plenary session name revealed an unequal distribution of women, with women physicians concentrated in the Sidney Carter Award in Child Neurology presidential session. Historically and recently, women and women physicians were underrepresented among AAN plenary speakers. As the AAN has taken active steps to address equity, women have been included in more representative proportions overall. However, notable gaps remain, especially in specific prestigious plenary sessions, and further research is needed to determine causality.

Tumor Segmentation using Optimize Evidential C-Means at Brain MRI Images

The accurate treatment of tumor is the major key for diagnosis and therapy, so the development in an area of image processing provide greater contribution in order to detect the tumors in human brain. A medical imaging technique such as MRI is generally used to capture the human brain images. In this paper, we addressed a PbET that is very effective process for reasoning and modelling with the presence of imprecise information and uncertainty. In the PbET function, we will propose an Optimize Evidential C-Means (OECM) approach for the delineation of Gliomas tumor in a MRI brain images. An OECM approach is integrated with spatial regularization and LM for the tumor segmentation in MRI brain image, where the LM is consider to measure the distance for better representation of comparisons between surrounding voxels and the clustering distortion. In order to validate our proposed model, we compared with different brain tumor segmented approach in terms of dice coefficient and sensitivity.

Mental Illness and the Monstrous Mother: A Comparison of Representation in The Babadook and Lights Out

Abstract

Computer graphics: principles and practice

1. Introduction. Image Processing as Picture Analysis. The Advantages of Interactive Graphics. Representative Uses of Computer Graphics. Classification of Applications. Development of Hardware and Software for Computer Graphics. Conceptual Framework for Interactive Graphics. 2. Programming in the Simple Raster Graphics Package (SRGP)/. Drawing with SRGP/. Basic Interaction Handling/. Raster Graphics Features/. Limitations of SRGP/. 3. Basic Raster Graphics Algorithms for Drawing 2d Primitives. Overview. Scan Converting Lines. Scan Converting Circles. Scan Convertiing Ellipses. Filling Rectangles. Fillign Polygons. Filling Ellipse Arcs. Pattern Filling. Thick Primiives. Line Style and Pen Style. Clipping in a Raster World. Clipping Lines. Clipping Circles and Ellipses. Clipping Polygons. Generating Characters. SRGP_copyPixel. Antialiasing. 4. Graphics Hardware. Hardcopy Technologies. Display Technologies. Raster-Scan Display Systems. The Video Controller. Random-Scan Display Processor. Input Devices for Operator Interaction. Image Scanners. 5. Geometrical Transformations. 2D Transformations. Homogeneous Coordinates and Matrix Representation of 2D Transformations. Composition of 2D Transformations. The Window-to-Viewport Transformation. Efficiency. Matrix Representation of 3D Transformations. Composition of 3D Transformations. Transformations as a Change in Coordinate System. 6. Viewing in 3D. Projections. Specifying an Arbitrary 3D View. Examples of 3D Viewing. The Mathematics of Planar Geometric Projections. Implementing Planar Geometric Projections. Coordinate Systems. 7. Object Hierarchy and Simple PHIGS (SPHIGS). Geometric Modeling. Characteristics of Retained-Mode Graphics Packages. Defining and Displaying Structures. Modeling Transformations. Hierarchical Structure Networks. Matrix Composition in Display Traversal. Appearance-Attribute Handling in Hierarchy. Screen Updating and Rendering Modes. Structure Network Editing for Dynamic Effects. Interaction. Additional Output Features. Implementation Issues. Optimizing Display of Hierarchical Models. Limitations of Hierarchical Modeling in PHIGS. Alternative Forms of Hierarchical Modeling. 8. Input Devices, Interaction Techniques, and Interaction Tasks. Interaction Hardware. Basic Interaction Tasks. Composite Interaction Tasks. 9. Dialogue Design. The Form and Content of User-Computer Dialogues. User-Interfaces Styles. Important Design Considerations. Modes and Syntax. Visual Design. The Design Methodology. 10. User Interface Software. Basic Interaction-Handling Models. Windows-Management Systems. Output Handling in Window Systems. Input Handling in Window Systems. Interaction-Technique Toolkits. User-Interface Management Systems. 11. Representing Curves and Surfaces. Polygon Meshes. Parametric Cubic Curves. Parametric Bicubic Surfaces. Quadric Surfaces. 12. Solid Modeling. Representing Solids. Regularized Boolean Set Operations. Primitive Instancing. Sweep Representations. Boundary Representations. Spatial-Partitioning Representations. Constructive Solid Geometry. Comparison of Representations. User Interfaces for Solid Modeling. 13. Achromatic and Colored Light. Achromatic Light. Chromatic Color. Color Models for Raster Graphics. Reproducing Color. Using Color in Computer Graphics. 14. The Quest for Visual Realism. Why Realism? Fundamental Difficulties. Rendering Techniques for Line Drawings. Rendering Techniques for Shaded Images. Improved Object Models. Dynamics. Stereopsis. Improved Displays. Interacting with Our Other Senses. Aliasing and Antialiasing. 15. Visible-Surface Determination. Functions of Two Variables. Techniques for Efficient Visible-Surface Determination. Algorithms for Visible-Line Determination. The z-Buffer Algorithm. List-Priority Algorithms. Scan-Line Algorithms. Area-Subdivision Algorithms. Algorithms for Octrees. Algorithms for Curved Surfaces. Visible-Surface Ray Tracing. 16. Illumination And Shading. Illumination Modeling. Shading Models for Polygons. Surface Detail. Shadows. Transparency. Interobject Reflections. Physically Based Illumination Models. Extended Light Sources. Spectral Sampling. Improving the Camera Model. Global Illumination Algorithms. Recursive Ray Tracing. Radiosity Methods. The Rendering Pipeline. 17. Image Manipulation and Storage. What Is an Image? Filtering. Image Processing. Geometric Transformations of Images. Multipass Transformations. Image Compositing. Mechanisms for Image Storage. Special Effects with Images. Summary. 18. Advanced Raster Graphic Architecture. Simple Raster-Display System. Display-Processor Systems. Standard Graphics Pipeline. Introduction to Multiprocessing. Pipeline Front-End Architecture. Parallel Front-End Architectures. Multiprocessor Rasterization Architectures. Image-Parallel Rasterization. Object-Parallel Rasterization. Hybrid-Parallel Rasterization. Enhanced Display Capabilities. 19. Advanced Geometric and Raster Algorithms. Clipping. Scan-Converting Primitives. Antialiasing. The Special Problems of Text. Filling Algorithms. Making copyPixel Fast. The Shape Data Structure and Shape Algebra. Managing Windows with bitBlt. Page Description Languages. 20. Advanced Modeling Techniques. Extensions of Previous Techniques. Procedural Models. Fractal Models. Grammar-Based Models. Particle Systems. Volume Rendering. Physically Based Modeling. Special Models for Natural and Synthetic Objects. Automating Object Placement. 21. Animation. Conventional and Computer-Assisted Animation. Animation Languages. Methods of Controlling Animation. Basic Rules of Animation. Problems Peculiar to Animation. Appendix: Mathematics for Computer Graphics. Vector Spaces and Affine Spaces. Some Standard Constructions in Vector Spaces. Dot Products and Distances. Matrices. Linear and Affine Transformations. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors. Newton-Raphson Iteration for Root Finding. Bibliography. Index. 0201848406T04062001

Structure-Dimensional Analysis—An Experimental Approach to Culture in Sport Organisations

This paper introduces Structure-Dimensional Analysis (SDA) as an innovative approach to understanding the representation of culture-related knowledge in sport organisations. In the study, sport managers from both the for-profit (FPO) and the non-profit (NPO) sectors were presented with a range of concepts that characterize culture in sport organisations. After the results were subjected to a hierarchical cluster analysis, a dimensional examination of the cluster concepts was undertaken by means of a factor analysis. Finally, an intra- and inter-individual comparison of representations was carried out using an invariance analysis. Thus, individual knowledge structures were revealed which allow both comparisons between individual managers as well as group comparisons between different sectors. The results of this study indicate a significant difference in culture-related cognitive structures between the FPO and the NPO sectors and support the assumption that different mental representations of culture exist in different kinds of organisations. Invariant structures and group-specific culture representations can be shown in the inter-individual comparison.

The comparison of representation of 「emperor」 among China and Japan

The comparison of representation of 「emperor」 among China and Japan

Mathematical Structure: Knowledge, Representation and Interpretation

The main theme of this article is to show the abstraction processes of mathematics allow hierarchies of structure, in which for example a ‘comparison’ becomes an object and so allows for methods of comparison themselves to be compared. Further, a representation of an object need not be unique, and the comparison of representations is important for our understanding and use of an abstraction process.

Avaliação da concordância dos métodos de pesagem direta de alimentos em creches - São Paulo - Brasil

Nos primeiros anos de vida, é essencial para o crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança uma alimentação adequada. Uma alimentação bem planejada pela creche deve fazer parte das metas do Estado e do município dentro de suas políticas públicas, havendo a necessidade da existência de métodos que avaliem, de forma rápida e simples, o consumo alimentar. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância dos dados de consumo alimentar pelo "método da pesagem direta de alimentos-individual" e "método da pesagem direta de alimentos-total". MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Os dados foram obtidos em três creches pelos métodos "pesagem direta de alimentos-individual" e "pesagem direta de alimentos-total" servidos às crianças. Quantificou-se a porção em gramas dos alimentos, assim como as sobras alimentares. A comparação foi feita só por gramas (quantidade consumida). Utilizou-se o coeficiente de concordância de acordo com o Modelo de Lin e a metodologia descrita por Bland & Altman para a representação gráfica na comparação dos métodos. RESULTADOS: A concordância observada na comparação do "Método da pesagem direta de alimentos-individual" com "Método da pesagem direta de alimentos-total" foi de ro = 0,676. CONCLUSÃO: A comparação entre o "Método da pesagem direta de alimentos-individual" e o "Método da pesagem direta de alimentos-total" nas creches apresenta baixa concordância. Não se recomenda, portanto, a utilização do "Método da pesagem direta de alimentos-total" para avaliar o consumo alimentar das crianças em creches.

Towards integrated design evaluation: Validation of models

This paper professes the importance of the evaluation activity, particularly during the conceptual phase of the engineering design process. It provides a review of a range of complementary models and reports on research aimed at modelling the evaluation of conceptualdesigns,leading to the proposal of a general framework enabling the combination of separate models into a possible future integrated design evaluation tool. The philosophy underpinning the development of such a tool is that no one model or method should be relied upon during the evaluation activity. Rather, an approach that triangulates the outputs from a number of models should be employed to achieve robust evaluation of competing design concepts and in the retrieval of design cases and data from a supporting knowledge base. To support this approach, three competing theoretical models enabling the concept-specification and pair-wise comparison elements of evaluation activity are compared and validated against a common data set. The results indicate that a consistent output may be expected from such models. This is clearly essential if a valid and reliable generic tool is to emerge. An approach to design case retrieval using design representation comparison is also introduced and contrasted with retrieval via design criteria comparison.

Metaphors of Security: A Comparison of Representation in Defence Discourse in Post-Cold-War France and Britain

In this paper I examine the different types of metaphoric representation in French and English within the domain of security and defence in Europe. The analysis takes the form of a comparison of the metaphors used in press reports of two summit meetings dealing with issues of security (Nato in London, July 1990, and CSCE in Paris, November 1990). It is argued that even though some metaphors occur in both languages, there are some marked differences between the way security and Europe itself are conceptualized metaphorically in French and English, and that these differences have implications for negotiating the changing political and military relationships between the countries of post-cold-war Europe.