Comparison Of England Research Articles

Educational trends in cohort fertility by birth order: A comparison of England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland

Educational trends in cohort fertility by birth order: A comparison of England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on deprivation-level differences in cardiovascular hospitalisations: a comparison of England and Denmark using the OpenSAFELY platform and National Registry Data

ObjectivesTo examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on deprivation-related inequalities in hospitalisations for cardiovascular disease (CVD) conditions in Denmark and England between March 2018 and December 2021.DesignTime-series studies in...

Regional variation in hospitalisation and mortality in heart failure: comparison of England and Lombardy using multistate modelling

Heart failure (HF) is a common, serious chronic condition with high morbidity, hospitalisation and mortality. The healthcare systems of England and the northern Italian region of Lombardy share important similarities and have comprehensive hospital administrative databases linked to the death register. We used them to compare admission for HF and mortality for patients between 2006 and 2012 (n = 37,185 for Lombardy, 234,719 for England) with multistate models. Despite close similarities in age, sex and common comorbidities of the two sets of patients, in Lombardy, HF admissions were longer and more frequent per patient than in England, but short- and medium-term mortality was much lower. English patients had more very short stays, but their very elderly also had longer stays than their Lombardy counterparts. Using a three-state model, the predicted total time spent in hospital showed large differences between the countries: women in England spent an average of 24 days if aged 65 at first admission and 19 days if aged 85; in Lombardy these figures were 68 and 27 days respectively. Eight-state models suggested disease progression that appeared similar in each country. Differences by region within England were modest, with London patients spending more time in hospital and having lower mortality than the rest of England. Whilst clinical practice differences plausibly explain these patterns, we cannot confidently disentangle the impact of alternatives such as coding, casemix, and the availability and use of non-hospital settings. We need to better understand the links between rehospitalisation frequency and mortality.

Law, order and plunder at sea: a comparison of England and France in the fourteenth century

AbstractThis article addresses the management of maritime plunder and conflict in the waters of England and France in the fourteenth century. It argues that during this century a fundamental change occurred. Around 1300, maritime conflict was handled by recourse to the strictly civil law merchant and law maritime, or by Marcher law. However by the 1350s and 1360s the kings of England and France, moved by contemporary political events and theories of sovereignty at sea, created courts of Admiralty that challenged the previous systems’ jurisdiction. These initiatives eventually paved the way for the criminalisation of private maritime conflict.

Regulating the Risks of Domestic Greywater Reuse: A Comparison of England and California

Regulating the Risks of Domestic Greywater Reuse: A Comparison of England and California

A More Marxist Foucault?

This article analyses Foucault’s 1972–3 lecture course,La société punitive. While the course can certainly be seen as an initial draft of themes for the 1975 bookSurveiller et punir (Discipline and Punish), there are some important differences. The reading here focuses on different modes of punishment; the civil war and the social enemy; the comparison of England and France; and political economy. It closes with some analysis of the emerging clarity in Foucault’s work around power and genealogy. This is a course where Foucault makes use of Marxist language and categories, engages with historical materialism, and offers a complementary and at times corrective focus.

Global challenges in addressing the social determinants of smoking and obesity: comparison of England with six emerging economies

BackgroundThe prevalence rates of obesity and smoking are increasing globally and behave like epidemics. There is evidence that the social distribution of risk factors changes as countries develop, with risk spreading down the social gradient over time. However, how or why this occurs is not clear, and there is a scarcity of consensus between academic disciplines over interventions to address these epidemics, particularly for obesity. Multicountry studies can help to elucidate how the social gradient of risk factors changes over time, identify target groups, and generate hypotheses regarding the causes of these epidemics, including how individual-level factors interact with large-scale economic change. This study examines income inequalities in these two key non-communicable disease risk factors (smoking and obesity), comparing England with six middle-income countries to identify common and specific patterns. MethodsWe used nationally representative data from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 2009 (n=3740), and the WHO Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health 2010 (SAGE). SAGE is unique in providing standardised data for six low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs): China (n=14 888), Ghana (n=5565), India (n=12 198), Mexico (n=2737), Russia (n=4670), and South Africa (n=4225). In both studies, body-mass index (BMI) was calculated from anthropometric measurements as weight/height2 and smoking was based on self-reported smoking status (present smoker: yes or no). Income was derived from household earnings (HSE) or wealth (SAGE), which is a reasonable alternative to income in LMICs. Individuals were classified into income quintiles on the basis of their country-specific distribution of income. Relative and absolute inequalities in total household income for smoking (present or non-smoker) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) were calculated, respectively, as the age-adjusted relative index of inequality and the slope index of inequality (RII and SII) by sex and country for adults aged at least 18 years. FindingsIn terms of obesity, England was the only country where poor women were at a disadvantage, with a large magnitude of relative inequality in obesity (RII 1·90, 95% CI 1·41–2·59; p<0·0001), and there was no gradient of inequality in obesity for men. By contrast, in the lower income countries, both men and women who were poor were at lower risk of obesity, showing higher food insecurity. In terms of smoking, poor men and women were at a disadvantage in all countries, with England displaying the highest magnitude of relative inequality (RII 3·4, 95% CI 2·7–4·1; p<0·0001 in women and RII 3·10, 95% CI 2·27–4·21; p<0·0001 in men). The results for all the countries are supplied in the appendix. The study was limited by the cross-sectional nature of the data, and different country non-response rates might have introduced bias. We did not explore the role of possible confounders, such as marital status and number of children, or the role of national culture in this analysis; however, the aim of the study was to identify overall patterns that have not been documented previously. InterpretationAlthough the specific pattern of inequality in obesity among women in England suggests that strategies might need to be tailored to a high-income setting, the similarity in patterns of inequality in smoking across countries suggests that the social determinants are universal. Why smoking levels are higher among the poor across a sample of countries with very different levels of economic development needs further investigation. An alarming implication is that the smoking gradient seems to reverse before the obesity gradient, suggesting that low-income groups might forego essential needs (food) before non-essential needs (cigarettes). This raises questions as to the potentially harmful nature of the global consumer environment. FundingThe first author completed the work under funding from the Wellcome Trust (Research Training Fellowship grant number WT088536MA). SAGE surveys are funded by WHO. HSE is funded by the Health and Social Care Information Centre, UK.

Towards an understanding of judicial denunciation: Relating theory to practice by comparing the perceptions of English and Danish lower court judges when sentencing minor theft offenders

The influence of judicial denunciation during sentence summation and how this equates with wider criminal justice attempts to change offending behaviour through re-education and re-moralization appears to be important. However, there is no coherent academic agreement as to what judicial denunciation means and how this may relate to its interpretation and application by judges in practice. Through a small comparison of judicial perceptions in two distinct legal cultures there were common hints provided as to what denunciation may mean when applied to theft offenders. However, the limited data gathered were insufficient to develop a firm link to any one specific sentencing principle, policy or social theory. It would appear that if we are to better understand judicial denunciation during sentence summation we must master both the plurality of theoretical understandings and philosophical thoughts available and gather significantly more qualitative data in order to test what judicial denunciation may mean. The comparison of England and Denmark was only a slight nudge in the right direction, but it remains an attempt nonetheless to keep the ball rolling and inspire future academic enquiry into this important research area.

Help from spouse and from children among older people with functional limitations: comparison of England and Finland

ABSTRACTFuture increases in need of old-age care warrant research on receipt of informal care among older people in different policy and cultural contexts. Separating informal care into help provided by spouse and by children may shed more light on dynamics of informal help, important in alleviating the demands on the formal sector. Using nationally representative data from England and Finland, we performed logistic regression analyses to study receipt of help from spouse and children among community-dwelling persons aged 70+ years with functional limitations. In both countries, women and those with more functional limitations had higher odds of receiving spousal and filial help. In England – but not in Finland – those receiving formal public help had lower odds of receiving spousal help than those with no formal help. Those with low education received more filial help in England, but no association was found between formal and filial help. In Finland, the effect of education was not significant but those receiving formal help had higher odds of also receiving filial help. The results suggest that in a liberal market-led state, the role of children may be to help their parents living alone and with low financial resources. In the context of a generous welfare state, children may function more as active agents bridging the gap between their parents and formal services.

The Body Embarrassed? Rethinking the Leaky Male Body in Eighteenth-Century England and France

According to early modern European medical theory, men could menstruate vicariously through various bodily orifices. Although some medical men thought that the flow was pathological, others believed it brought significant health benefits. However, as the ability to control one's body and mind became central to eighteenth-century definitions of manhood, leaky male bodies became increasingly problematic. The understanding of male bodily flows was complicated by age and class. As such, it is important to examine ‘male menstruation’ within the broader context of masculinity and other flows. Looking at medical literature alongside experiences of sufferers, this article considers the extent to which male bleeding (particularly haemorrhoids) was considered desirable in the eighteenth century. A comparison of England and France also reveals regional differences, with male menstruation being seen more positively in France than in England.

Pedagogy – how is it influenced in primary schools? A comparative study of literature about pedagogical influences in primary schools in England and Poland, with a focus on English primary schools

This article is a critical review of recent literature comparing pedagogical influences in primary schools in England and Poland. It identifies curriculum, assessment, leadership, teacher perceptions and personal fears as immense influences on pedagogy and considers how these factors influence pedagogy. Comparison of England's prescriptive approach with the child-directed methods operating in Poland suggests how teachers can take ownership of the curriculum and its delivery for the benefit of their pupils. The literature shows teachers need empowerment and some measure of autonomy to be sensitive to the needs of children and be able to change their practice so that effective learning can occur.

Learning to label letters by sounds or names: A comparison of England and the United States

Learning about letters is an important foundation for literacy development. Should children be taught to label letters by conventional names, such as /bi/ for b, or by sounds, such as /bə/? We queried parents and teachers, finding that those in the United States stress letter names with young children, whereas those in England begin with sounds. Looking at 5- to 7-year-olds in the two countries, we found that U.S. children were better at providing the names of letters than were English children. English children outperformed U.S. children on letter-sound tasks, and differences between children in the two countries declined with age. We further found that children use the first-learned set of labels to inform the learning of the second set. As a result, English and U.S. children made different types of errors in letter-name and letter-sound tasks. The children’s invented spellings also differed in ways reflecting the labels they used for letters.

The Transition from School to Work in the Early 1990s: A comparison of England, Wales and Scotland

This paper compares the transitions of young people who entered the labour market by the age of 18-19 in England, Wales and Scotland in the early 1990s. It uses cohort survey data to compare the dynamics of labour-market entry, destinations at age 18-19 and the factors associated with employment and with occupational level. Comparative theories of transition predict that the processes and outcomes of transition will not differ much between England, Wales and Scotland, and these are broadly supported by our data. We find a number of relatively small variations between the countries, but these do not amount to a clear and theoretically consistent pattern of differences. We find several features that are common to the three systems, many of which appear to represent a distinctively 'British' pattern of transition.

Cancer survival rates and GDP expenditure on health: a comparison of England and Wales and the USA, Denmark, Netherlands, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Switzerland in the 1990s

Health funding is central to public health planning and clinical practice, hence this comparison of GDP health expenditure and five year post-diagnostic cancer survival rates of England and Wales with the USA and eight European countries. The three lowest proportional GDP health expenditures over the period 1980–1990 were Denmark, England and Wales, and Spain. The USA had the highest proportional GDP expenditure, followed by France, Germany, and The Netherlands. Overall the USA had the best cancer survival rates in the 14 sites reviewed, followed by Switzerland, The Netherlands, and Germany. The least successful were Spain, England and Wales, and Italy. In respect to the high incidence cancers, colorectal, lung, and female breast cancers, England and Wales survival rates were the poorest of all ten countries, followed by Denmark and Spain. Higher GDP health expenditure and longer survival rates for each gender were significantly correlated indicating a possible association between fiscal input and clinical outcomes, which poses problems for the development of effective public health. Public Health(2000) 114, 336–339

Vaccination policy against smallpox, 1835-1914: a comparison of England with Prussia and Imperial Germany.

There are three identifiable phases in comparing vaccination policy in England, Prussia and Imperial Germany. (1) Prior to the 1870's the tradition of medical police in Prussia resulted in the vaccination of the population being treated as a State responsibility earlier than in England and provided an appropriate administrative framework. The administrative pressure that could be exerted persuaded the Prussian authorities that legislation to make vaccination compulsory was unnecessary. In contrast, England and Wales lacked both the tradition and administrative structures of a medical police. Legislation (1840, 1853) for free and universal infant vaccination was followed by radical ideological and administrative innovation. (2) From 1875 to 1889 both countries provided free and compulsory vaccination for all. In England this was limited to infants; in Germany including Prussia, it included the re-vaccination of children. (3) After 1889 England and Germany began to diverge more sharply. In England vaccination rates fell and after 1898 conscientious objectors were excused from having to have their children vaccinated. Germany retained compulsory vaccination and rates in the two countries increasingly diverged. England came to rely on the local public health administration for the surveillance and containment of smallpox, including selective vaccination of contacts. Despite these differences smallpox mortality dropped sharply in both countries, although in Germany somewhat earlier. The English reliance on surveillance and containment prefigures that of the WHO in the eradication of smallpox in the Third World. It suggests that the emphasis on the importance of high levels of mass vaccination in the German literature should perhaps be revised.

Individual Autonomy and Comprehensive Education

AbstractThe welfare states in developed societies have led to significant individuali‐sation of social experience. The relative success of the welfare state programme has mitigated the determining effects of social structure on life chances (even though not by any means eradicating these effects). In reaction to this, citizens of these states have sought to exercise greater agency in determining their social lives. The specifically educational aspects of the changing role of social structure are illustrated in detail for the instance of comprehensive education in Britain, a collective reform which has had as one of its main effects a strengthening of individual agency. The process of individualisation cannot, therefore, be interpreted as straightforwardly associated with either a conservative or a progressive politics: strengthening individual choice was an original aim of social democracy. A comparison of England and Scotland provides a particularly revealing instance of the complexity of the political debate, in that the New Right has been dominant in the one but almost entirely absent at a popular level in the other, and yet in both a similar new culture of education has developed, involving both individual autonomy and a continuing attachment to public provision to insure that autonomy.

Rick Szostak. &lt;italic&gt;The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France&lt;/italic&gt;. Buffalo, N.Y.: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1991. Pp. xi, 331. $44.95

Rick Szostak. The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France. Buffalo, N.Y.: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1991. Pp. xi, 331. $44.95 Get access Szostak Rick. The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France. Buffalo, N.Y.: McGill-Queen's University Press. 1991. Pp. xi, 331. $44.95. David R. Ringrose David R. Ringrose University of California, San Diego Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 98, Issue 4, October 1993, Pages 1238–1239, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/98.4.1238 Published: 01 October 1993

The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France.

The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France.

Reviews : Rick Szostak, The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France, Montreal, Kingston and London, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991; xii + 331 pp.; £37.95

Reviews : Rick Szostak, The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France, Montreal, Kingston and London, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991; xii + 331 pp.; £37.95

The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France, by Rick Szostak

<i>The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France</i>, by Rick Szostak