Comparison Of Energy Intensity Research Articles

Base Station Energy Use in Dense Urban and Suburban Areas

Growing energy consumption is a global problem. The information and communications technology (ICT) industry is in a critical role as an enabler of energy savings in other sectors. However, the power consumption of the ICT sector also needs to be addressed, to contribute to the overall reduction of power consumption and carbon emissions. A new era has begun as the fifth generation (5G) mobile data connection rollouts are advancing globally and are expected to reach a 10% share of end-user devices and connections by 2023. The available references on energy consumption in global mobile networks are rather old and highly averaged – only estimates of energy consumption relative to data volumes are available. There is an information gap regarding the energy consumption of emerging 5G and advanced 4G technologies. Therefore, it has been difficult to understand the actual electricity consumption differences between generations and spatially aggregated electricity consumption once these generations are combined to offer capacity and coverage. This article fills this gap by providing a reference on the energy consumption of base transceiver stations for reported mobile data usage for different Radio Access Technologies; 3G, 4G and 5G respectively. To the best of our knowledge, there is no reference to scientific research on the comparison of energy intensity per square kilometer for 3G, 4G and 5G mobile radio technologies, using actual operator data. The objective of this research was to improve the understanding of the actual energy consumption of different Radio Access Technologies (RAT). The results also give insight to decision makers on when to modernize the operator radio access network. The article reports on the results of field measurements on data and visitor volumes and shares of different RATs. The research contains two statistical RAT combination cases, one representing the European average and the other Finnish mobile networks. The analyses were done for dense urban (DU) and suburban (SU) areas.

Decoupling energy use and economic growth: Counter evidence from structural effects and embodied energy in trade

Decoupling economic growth from energy consumption is a wide spread attempt to decarbonize economic activities and increase energy security. Almost all members of the European Union have decoupled the two since 2005 as measured by a steady decline in energy intensity, the ratio of final energy consumption and gross domestic product. Economic growth, energy efficiency and structural changes have all contributed to changes in energy intensity of economic activities at the national level. In this article, the authors analyze to what extent decoupling can be attributed to each of these three factors and in particular structural effects, namely deindustrialization and tertiarization, which shifts energy consumption abroad and re-imports it as embodied energy in products.We quantify the effects of structural changes, economic growth and energy efficiency measures as well as embodied energy in trade at the level of economic activities. The methodological approach combines decomposition and input-output analysis to address boundary cases where monetary trade surpluses meet energy trade deficits. Switzerland provides a case in point with the added hurdle of low data availability per economic activity over time.The results show that the share of embodied energy in imports has reached 81% of final energy consumption in economic activities. A comparison of energy intensities with and without embodied energy in trade shows that decoupling is more virtual than actual. Shifting energy intensive activities abroad improves domestic performance but worsens both overall energy use and security by relying on more indirect energy consumption. Energy indicators should therefore be adjusted to avoid potentially conflicting policy objectives between energy intensity and security as well as trade.

Global overview of industrial energy intensity

Given the need to reduce the CO 2 emissions coming from the manufacturing sector, it is important, for planning purposes, to know which countries and which manufacturing sub-sectors have the greatest potential for reducing energy use. Using data from the International Atomic Energy Agency and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the authors estimate trends in global decoupling of energy use and manufacturing value added, compare energy-use intensity in six country groups and estimate the potential for reducing energy use and CO 2 emissions under two scenarios and compare selected sub-sector energy intensity and estimate the potential for reducing energy use CO 2 emissions. The comparison of energy intensities across country groups and among countries suggests that there still remains significant potential to reduce energy use and associated CO 2 emissions. The analysis of four sub-sectors in developing and transition economies also shows similar but varied potential for reducing energy use and associated CO 2 emissions.

04/02170 Comparison of energy intensities in European Union countries. Results of a structural decomposition analysis: Alcántara, V. and Duarte, R. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (2), 177–189

04/02170 Comparison of energy intensities in European Union countries. Results of a structural decomposition analysis: Alcántara, V. and Duarte, R. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (2), 177–189

Comparison of energy intensities in European Union countries. Results of a structural decomposition analysis

This work proposes an input–output structural decomposition analysis model to identify the sources of the differences in the energetic intensities of the European Union countries. Given an economic structure, a determined composition of the final demand and determined direct energy intensities by countries, the work studies to what extent these factors explain the difference in aggregate energy intensities that are observed for different European Union countries. On the basis of this information, indicators are constructed by sectors and countries that allow us to identify the role that each sector or country plays as an energy consumer. The results show that the aggregate/total energy differences in Europe are strongly influenced by the direct energy intensity effect and by the demand effect, without the different economic structures of the countries being an important factor in the explanation of these differences. The metallurgical and manufacturing products sectors are identified as the most intensive in the aggregate energy intensity.

98/01783 The US/Japan comparison of energy intensity. Estimating the real gap: Nagata, Y. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7–9), 683–691

98/01783 The US/Japan comparison of energy intensity. Estimating the real gap: Nagata, Y. Energy Policy, 1997, 25, (7–9), 683–691

Energy intensity in the manufacturing sector: Canadian and international perspective

This paper examines the causes of the differences in the average energy intensity for the manufacturing sector for ten countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The industrial composition of the manufacturing sector cannot explain the intensity differences. The intercountry difference in trade patterns is also a minor factor. The major reason for the difference appears to be the nature of processing carried out in each country. The pulp and paper industry was selected, as an example, for an in-depth analysis. Countries such as Canada and the Scandinavian nations, who concentrate on primary processing (pulp and paper production), have a higher energy intensity for this industry than those countries who focus mainly on secondary production, such as paper products and printing. The main conclusion drawn from this result is that an international comparison of energy intensity, at the aggregate level, produces misleading conclusions with respect to energy efficiency and the quality of technology used in a particular country. An analysis at the sub-industry level should be undertaken to gain an insight into these issues.

A comparison of energy intensities: 1963, 1967 and 1972

In this document we develop a compatible sector, constant dollar, commodity-based set of economic flow (Use and Make) matrices for the years of 1963, 1967 and 1972. These matrices then are used to produce energy intensities for the three years. Energy intensities are the measure of the direct and indirect energy (in physical units) required to make a unit of produced good or service. These intensities are compared, and possible reasons for differences are discussed.