Comparison Of Different Measurement Methods Research Articles

SaaS Service Combinatorial Trustworthiness Measurement Method Based on Markov Theory and Cosine Similarity

With the rapid progress of information technology, cloud computing and cloud services are widely accepted and applied to all aspects of social life. In the cloud computing environment, SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) services have become the main form of software services. For SaaS services, evolutionary and iterative development methods have become the main methods of software system construction. For systems with high trustworthiness, the independent trustworthiness of each SaaS service has a great impact on the overall status. However, SaaS services with high independent trustworthiness do not always build highly trusted software systems. The combinatorial trustworthiness between SaaS services is as important as the independent trustworthiness of each SaaS service. This paper takes combinatorial trustworthiness between SaaS services as the research object. Combinatorial trustworthiness measurement method based on Markov and cosine similarity theory is proposed. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through simulation experiments. Applicable scenarios, advantages, and disadvantages of the proposed method are shown through the comparison of different measurement methods. The proposed method provides theoretical and technical support for users to select SaaS services suitable for their application scenarios, build cloud service systems, and monitor the operation status of cloud service systems.

Metacarpal Arc Motion: Comparison of Different Measurement Methods

Introduction The range of motion of the carpometacarpal (CMC) joints is difficult to assess in clinical practice.Materials and Methods The purpose of this study was to measure a precise range of motion measurement of the metacarpal arc during maximum palmar flexion of the fifth CMC joint in healthy persons with three different methods: optical, electrogoniometrical, and sonographical.Results The metacarpal arc motion measured with the optical technique was 24.9 degrees (standard deviation [SD]: 6.2 degrees), with the electrogoniometric technique was 24.3 degrees (SD: 3.6 degrees) and with sonography was 25.1 degrees (SD: 3.5 degrees), with no differences between left and right hand for all methods.Conclusion This study shows that different techniques can be used for the measurement of the metacarpal arc motion. With these techniques, it is possible to assess the metacarpal arc in patients with fractures to the CMC joints to evaluate posttraumatic function und rehabilitation progress. This study shows level of evidence as III.

Formaldehyde Emissions from Wooden Toys: Comparison of Different Measurement Methods and Assessment of Exposure.

Formaldehyde is considered as carcinogenic and is emitted from particleboards and plywood used in toy manufacturing. Currently, the flask method is frequently used in Europe for market surveillance purposes to assess formaldehyde release from toys, but its concordance to levels measured in emission test chambers is poor. Surveillance laboratories are unable to afford laborious and expensive emission chamber testing to comply with a new amendment of the European Toy Directive; they need an alternative method that can provide reliable results. Therefore, the application of miniaturised emission test chambers was tested. Comparisons between a 1 m3 emission test chamber and 44 mL microchambers with two particleboards over 28 days and between a 24 L desiccator chamber and the microchambers with three puzzle samples over 10 days resulted in a correlation coefficient r2 of 0.834 for formaldehyde at steady state. The correlation between the results obtained in microchambers vs. flask showed a high variability over 10 samples (r2: 0.145), thereby demonstrating the error-proneness of the flask method in comparison to methods carried out under ambient parameters. An exposure assessment was also performed for three toy puzzles: indoor formaldehyde concentrations caused by puzzles were not negligible (up to 8 µg/m3), especially when more conservative exposure scenarios were considered.

Comparison of different measurement methods for a nacelle-based lidar power curve

In this study, different methods are used to determine a nacelle-based lidar power curve. The methods used have already been published in other studies. However, these studies differed in environmental conditions, rated power, hub height, rotor diameter and in the evaluation criteria of the power curve. In this study, the published methods for the determination of nacelle-based lidar power curves will be used and evaluated with uniform criteria. The basis for this is provided by measurements of ground- and nacelle-based lidar and met mast measurements at an IEC-conform site. The results show that some methods significantly reduce scattering in the performance curve and that the choice of measurement distances used has a significant influence on the quality of the results.

Investigation of difference of fundamental diagrams in pedestrian flow

In this paper the difference of fundamental diagrams in pedestrian flow is investigated. A new measurement method in which the moving back is considered as negative contribution to pedestrian flow is proposed based on previous study. Firstly the comparison of different measurement methods is made and small discrepancy in the fundamental diagrams of the same experiment is observed. In order to remove the effect of different measurement methods on final results, we compare the fundamental diagrams of Chinese and German experiments by using the same measurement method and surprisingly large difference is found. From the analysis of experimental video, it is observed the motivation and competitiveness of participants in two experiments are quite different, which plays a dominant role on the large difference between fundamental diagrams. To make it more tenable, we further analyze two German experiments (Hermes experiment and BaSiGo experiment) in which the participants have the same average age. The free velocity is adopted to measure pedestrian’s motivation in the experiment and the analysis results confirm that the discrepancy of motivation and competitiveness of participants in different experiments leads to the large difference in the fundamental diagrams. The study may be helpful to understand the effect of pedestrian behavior on global flow and microscopic dynamics.

Topography of selectively laser melted surfaces: A comparison of different measurement methods

Selective laser melting (SLM) of metals produces surface topographies that are challenging to measure. Multiple areal surface topography measurement technologies are available, which allow reconstruction of information rich, three-dimensional digital surface models. However, the capability of such technologies to capture intricate topographic details of SLM parts has not yet been investigated. This work explores the topography of a SLM Ti6Al4V part, as reconstructed from measurements by various optical and non-optical technologies. Discrepancies in the reconstruction of local topographic features are investigated through alignment and quantitative assessment of local differences. ISO 25178-2 areal texture parameters are computed as further comparison indicators.

Comparison of different measurement methods of odour and odorants used in the odour impact assessment of wastewater treatment plants in Poland.

The aim of this study was to compare sensory and analytical methods used to measure odour and odorants concentrations for odour impact assessment on municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). A range of sources and odour or odorants concentrations were used to compare the methods. Four different odours and odorants measurement methods were compared: field olfactometry using Nasal Ranger® field olfactometer, dynamic olfactometry according to PN-EN 13725:2007 standard, colorimetric assays (hydrogen sulphide, ammonia) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods (methanethiol, ethanethiol, dimethyl sulphide). Mechanical-biological and mechanical-biological-chemical WWTPs were chosen. Receptor points were selected inside of 'closed' facilities of the technological line (screening rooms, mechanical thickening and dewatering building) and downwind at 'open' facilities (collection chambers, sand trap, mechanical thickeners) which were the most significant regarding the potential for odour nuisance. By the research, it is not possible to specify explicit dependencies between results obtained from different research methods used in the odour impact assessment of WWTPs. A strong correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient was equal R = 0.79) was determined only once between odour concentrations measured by dynamic olfactometry and methanethiol concentrations in the screen room at the WWTP No. 3.

Multimodality Assessment of Ascending Aortic Diameters: Comparison of Different Measurement Methods

Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been widely used to monitor aortic diameters, with no consensus as to the best measurement approach. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish the best measurement methods by two-dimensional (2D) TTE, MDCT, and MRI to achieve comparable aortic diameters. One hundred forty patients with severe aortic valvular disease or aortic dilatation were prospectively evaluated using 2D TTE and MDCT (n=70) or MRI (n=70). The aorta was measured at three different levels: sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta. Three different measurements were made by 2D TTE-inner edge to inner edge, leading edge to leading edge (L-L), and outer edge to outer edge-and then compared with the inner edge-to-inner edge and outer edge-to-outer edge measurements of cusp-to-cusp and cusp-to-commissure diameters by MDCT or MRI. Inter- and intraobserver variability was analyzed. Aortic diameters by 2D TTE, MDCT, and MRI showed excellent inter- and intraobserver variability usingall conventions. Significant underestimation was observed of all aortic diameters assessed by 2D TTEusing the inner edge-to-inner edge convention compared with those obtained by MDCT or MRI (P<.0001). However, excellent accuracy was observed by 2D TTE when the L-L convention was used and compared with the internal diameter by MDCT and MRI (mean differences, 0.6±2.6mm [P=.158] for MDCT and 0.4±3.5mm [P=.852] for MRI). Cusp-to-cusp diameters were slightly larger than cusp-to-commissure diameters. The diameter by 2D TTE using the L-L convention correlated best with the noncoronary cusp-to-right coronary cusp diameter determined by both MDCT and MRI. Aortic root and ascending aortic diameters measured by 2D TTE using the L-L convention showed accurate and reproducible values compared with internal diameters assessed by MDCT or MRI. This approach permits a multimodality follow-up of patients with aortic diseases and avoids disparities in measurementsobtained by different conventions.

A Comparison of different measurement technologies for plant’s height and diameter determination

The measurement of a plant growth without interrupting its natural growth is essential since its diameter and height are related to the development of a tree as well as the water contents. Many studies have found that the variation of the diameter and height of plant stem has a prominent correlation ship with water status, temperature, light and humidity. Evaluation of these aspects by variation of plant stem is suitable for automatic monitoring in a long period of time. Thus due to foresaid factors automatic irrigation approach is of utmost importance these days. A comparison of different measurement methods used for the discovery of plant's parameters like height and diameter has been discussed in detail in this paper. The advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are comprehensively dealt in this study.

Comparison of different measurement methods for transmittance haze

Transmittance haze is increasingly important to the LCD and solar cell industry. Most commercial haze measurement instruments are designed according to the method recommended in the documentary standards like ASTM D 1003 (ASTM 2003 Standard Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics), JIS K 7361 (JIS 1997 Plastics—Determination of the Total Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Materials—Part 1: Single Beam Instrument) and ISO 14782 (ISO 1997 Plastics—Determination of Haze of Transparent Materials). To improve the measurement accuracy of the current standards, a new apparatus was designed by the Center for Measurement Standards (Yu et al 2006 Meas. Sci. Technol. 17 N29–36). Besides the methods mentioned above, a double-beam method is used in the design of some instruments. There are discrepancies between the various methods. But no matter which method is used, a white standard is always needed. This paper compares the measurement results from different methods, presents the effect of the white standard, and analyses the measurement uncertainty.

Measurements of pulmonary vein ostial diameter and distance to first bifurcation: A comparison of different measurement methods

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the agreement between axial, multiplanar reformatted (MPR) and semi-automated software measurements of pulmonary vein ostial diameters and distance to the first bifurcation. CT examinations of the thorax were retrospectively reviewed in 150 consecutive patients. The pulmonary vein ostial diameter and distance to the first bifurcation of the four main pulmonary veins were independently measured. The three measurement methods were compared using a Bland–Altman test. There was no significant variation between pulmonary vein ostial diameter measurements for the superior pulmonary veins across the three measurement methods. There was significant variation between the semi-automated program and both the axial ( p = 0.001) and MPR ( p < 0.001) measured diameters for the right inferior pulmonary vein ostial diameter and between the MPR and semi-automated program measurements ( p = 0.02) for the left inferior pulmonary vein ostial diameter. There was no significant variation between the pulmonary vein distance to first bifurcation measurements for any pulmonary vein across the three measurement methods. However, from a clinical perspective, differences were negligible; therefore, the clinician may confidently use any of the three measurement methods presented.

Comparison of different measurement methods of airborne dust pollution within the city of Budapest

Comparison of different measurement methods of airborne dust pollution within the city of Budapest

424Small bowel volume in pelvic radiotherapy: A comparison of different measurement methods

424Small bowel volume in pelvic radiotherapy: A comparison of different measurement methods