Comparative Sentences Research Articles

Mining Comparative Opinions in Portuguese: A Lexicon-based Approach

The constant expansion of e-commerce, recently boosted due to the coronavirus pandemic, has led to a massive increase in online shopping, made by increasingly demanding customers, who seek comments and reviews on the Web to assist in decision-making regarding the purchase of products. In these reviews, part of the opinions found are comparisons, which contrast aspects expressing a preference for an object over others. However, this information is neglected by traditional sentiment analysis techniques and it is not applicable for comparisons, since they do not directly express positive or negative sentiment. In this context, despite efforts in the English language, almost no studies have been done to develop appropriate solutions that allow the analysis of comparisons in the Portuguese language. This work presented one of the first studies on comparative opinion in Portuguese. Four main contributions are (1) A hierarchical approach for detecting comparative opinions, which consists of an initial binary step, which subdivides the regular opinions from the comparatives, to further categorize the comparatives into the five opinion groups: (1) Non-Comparative; (2) Non-Equal Gradable; (3) Equative, (4) Superlative; and (5) Non-Gradable. The results are promising, reaching 87% of Macro-F1 and 0.94 of AUC (Compute Area Under the Curve) for the binary step, and 61% of Macro-F1 in multiple classes; (2) An lexicon algorithm to detect the entity expressed as preferred in comparative sentences, reaching 94% of Macro-F1 for Superlative; (3) Two new datasets with approximately 5,000 comparative and non-comparative sentences in Portuguese; and (4) a lexicon with words and expressions frequently used to make comparisons in the Portuguese language.

Category Mapping of Emergency Supplies Classification Standard Based on BERT-TextCNN

In recent years, the escalation in emergency occurrences has underscored the pressing need for expedient responses in delivering essential supplies. Efficient integration and precise allocation of emergency resources under joint government–enterprise stockpiling models are pivotal for enhancing emergency response effectiveness and minimizing economic repercussions. However, current research predominantly focuses on contract coordination and cost-sharing within these joint reserve modes, overlooking significant discrepancies in emergency supply classification standards between government and enterprise sectors, as well as the asymmetry in cross-sectoral and cross-regional supply information. This oversight critically impedes the timeliness and accuracy of emergency supply responses. In practice, manual judgment has been used to match the same materials under differing classification standards between government and enterprise reserves. Still, this approach is inefficient and prone to high error rates. To mitigate these challenges, this study proposes a methodology leveraging the BERT pre-trained language model and TextCNN neural network to establish a robust mapping relationship between these classification criteria. The approach involves abstracting textual representations of both taxonomical classes, generating comparable sentence vectors via average pooling, and calculating cosine similarity scores to facilitate precise classification mapping. Illustrated with China’s Classification and Coding of Emergency Supplies standards and Global Product Classification standards, empirical validation on annotated data demonstrates the BERT-TextCNN model’s exceptional accuracy of 98.22%, surpassing other neural network methodologies such as BERT-CNN, BERT-RNN, BERT-BiLSTM, etc. This underscores the potential of advanced neural network techniques in enhancing emergency supply management across diverse sectors and regions.

Analysis and Mining of Arabic Comparative Sentences: A Literature Review

Analysis and Mining of Arabic Comparative Sentences: A Literature Review

The syntactic function of comparative units: to get to the truth

Determining the syntactic status of comparative constructions is one of the most controversial issues in the Ukrainian linguistics. Distinguishing between comparative phrases and incomplete subordinate comparative sentences is actively debated. Various linguists offer opposing points of view to the same issue. The aim of the work is to clarify the syntactic functions of comparative constructions (both conjunctive and non-conjunctive) within simple and complex sentences. The material of the study embraced about 200 comparative units, selected from the novel “Nekhvoroshch (verbena)” by Liubov Ponomarenko. Descriptive and comparative methods, elements of functional and component analysis, as well as the method of quantitative calculations were used to perform the research. The article analyses domestic linguists’ points of view to the syntactic functions of comparative constructions. Having analysed the comparative units in Liubov Ponomarenko’s texts, the author presented the list of numerous syntactic functions of conjunctive and non-conjunctive comparatives within a simple sentence (comparative subjects and predicates, attributes, objects and circumstances denoting action mode, measure, degree, and reason, etc.), as well as the structure of subordinate comparatives in complex subordinate sentences (complete or incomplete clauses, the possibility of supplementing the missing member by “borrowing” it from the main part). The article focuses on the most controversial issues of distinguishing comparative constructions and offers the author’s vision of the problem. When determining the status of a comparative unit, the author analyses its structure, semantics, degree of prevalence, the possibility of replacing it with instrumental case, and if there is one of the main parts in a comparative construction, the imaginary substitution of the eliminated subject or predicate is used. The article supports the consideration that phraseological comparisons with the sentence structure perform the common function that is determined by the meaning of this phraseological unit.

Can we assess whether Ukrainians flourish? The Ukrainian translation of the flourishing scale

The aim of this study was to translate the Flourishing Scale, which is a brief 8-item measure, into Ukrainian and examine its construct validity. The Flourishing Scale has been previously validated into various languages, including Russian. While Ukrainian is a distinct language with its unique characteristics, it shares some similarities with Russian due to historical and geographical connections. These similarities encompass words with similar or related meanings, comparable sentence structures, and certain cultural references and idiomatic expressions. Accordingly, the Ukrainian version of the Flourishing Scale was developed based on the Russian version. The translation process involved two proficient researchers fluent in Ukrainian, English, and Russian. Following the committee approach, one researcher conducted the initial translation, while the other ensured the accuracy and linguistic equivalence of the translated items. The eight items were pilot-tested with Ukrainian-speaking adult participants. Results from confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the Ukrainian version of the Flourishing Scale showed evidence of construct validity and reliability, thereby resulting in a tool that can be used with Ukrainian adults to further examine their flourishing.•The Flourishing Scale was translated into Ukrainian and pilot-tested to assess it psychometric properties.•Results indicated good construct validity and reliability of the Ukrainian version of the Flourishing Scale.

Eye-movement reveals word order effects on comparative sentences in older adults using a verb-final language.

This study aimed to examine age-related differences in the comprehension of Korean comparative sentences with varying word orders by employing both offline and online measures, and to investigate how variations in word order affect sentence processing across different age groups. A total of 52 monolingual native Korean speakers, 26 young adults, and 26 older adults, completed a sentence-picture-matching task under two word order conditions: comparative-first and nominative-first. Offline measures included accuracy and response time, while an online method involved eye-tracking within the Visual World Paradigm. Data analyses were performed using linear and generalized linear mixed-effects models. Older adults demonstrated lower accuracy and longer response times compared to younger individuals. Distinctive fixation patterns were observed, particularly in the sentential-final phrase, across different age groups. Specifically, nominative-first sentences elicited greater target advantage scores among younger adults, whereas older adults showed higher scores in comparative-first sentences. The study highlights the potential of comparative sentences in elucidating age-related changes in sentence comprehension. These differences were evident not only in offline tasks but also in real-time processing, as evidenced by eye-tracking data. The findings suggest distinct processing strategies employed by young and older adults and underscore the importance of considering both syntactic and semantic cues in sentence comprehension.

Cемантико-функційна характеристика порівнянь в есеї Оксани Забужко «Найдовша подорож»

Today, more and more Ukrainian writers are turning to the essay genre, as it is this genre that makes it possible to respond more quickly to the changes taking place in society. According to O. Taranenko, one of the most important pictorial means of language expression is comparison. Therefore, the purpose of the proposed article is to analyze the semantic, structural and functional features of comparisons in Oksana Zabuzhko’s essay «The Longest Journey». In the analyzed work, comparisons are presented in various grammatical forms, such as: degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbialized word forms of the instrumental case with a comparative meaning, adverbs, as well as comparative phrases and complex sentences with a subordinate comparative. Using adverbialized word forms of the instrumental case, the writer supplements them with bright meanings, thereby creating certain positive or negative images in the reader's mind according to the author's intention. Comparative phrases and complex sentences with a subordinate comparative are most widely presented in the analyzed essay, which present a wide corpus of comparison objects, among which we can distinguish such thematic groups as «Man», «Artifacts», «Medical terms», «Animal world», «Intertextual vocations», «Names of the elements». With the help of comparisons, Oksana Zabuzhko analyzes the presented facts, gives them an assessment, and also interests the recipient in the information, creates in his mind certain positive or negative images of individual personalities, described events and phenomena, involves the reader in interaction, empathy and search for solutions to the problematic issue.

사인증여(死因贈與)의 철회 - 대상판결: 대법원 2022. 7. 28. 선고 2017다245330 판결 -

Although Korean Civil Code's article 562 notes that "The provisions on legacy shall apply mutatis mutandis to a gift that becomes effective due to the death of a donor." under the title of mortis causa, there are no specific regulations on which codes get mutatis mutandis applied. Thus this part entirely depends on interpretation, and there has been a theoretical dispute over whether article 1108 regarding arbitrary withdrawal of a will without the consent of the legatee can be applied mutatis mutandis to mortis causa. The dominant opinion is that mortis causa is a contract and must not be allowed to applied mutatis mutandis with the regulations on withdrawal of legacy. On the other hand, judicial precedents have not taken a clear position on this; however, contrary to the dominant view, the civil code's article 1108 on the withdrawal of will approved the mutatis mutandis application theoretically for the first time in the target judgment. Considering the intent of mortis causa and legacy, it is hard to acknowledge the difference between the two in that the donor's final intention regarding the attribution of one's property must be respected. Nevertheless, dominant view in Korea has been that the regulations on mortis causa should not be applied mutatis mutandis with article 1108 according to the legislator's decision in the section of the contract of legacy. However, considering the purpose of the enactment, the reason why regulations on mortis causa were placed in the section of the contract was that even if it was concluded in the form of a gift contract, it corresponds to a legacy and should be put as a care provision in order to show difference from legacy. If so, the remaining argument is the precedence in the comparative sentence between the beneficiary's right to expect and the donor's respect for the donor's final intention, which is judged to be more respectful of the donor's final intention, considering that the legacy and the mortis causa have the same purpose. Considering these points, it was very reasonable to haved judged that the target judgment applied mutatis mutandis with article 1108 on the withdrawal of the legacy is allowed to withdraw mortis causa unless there were special circumstances.

Comparison of Four Types of Interrogative Sentences in Chinese and Arabic Language (A Grammatical Study) Grammar

An interrogative sentence is a common sentence used in daily life and communication. The main purpose of an interrogative sentence is to ask questions that the inquirer does not yet know and expects to be answered. There are many types of interrogative sentences in Chinese, mainly categorized into four types, namely general interrogative sentences, special interrogative sentences, selective interrogative sentences, and repeated interrogative sentences. While each type of interrogative sentence has its unique grammatical form and way of answering, there exist similarities among them. Question marks should be added at the end of interrogative sentences, and the tone at the end of the sentence should also go high in pitch. The topic of Arabic and Chinese interrogative sentences has been discussed and studied by many linguistic experts and researchers with many rare research results achieved. Based on previous articles on interrogative sentences, as well as the researchers’ in-depth study of Arabic and Chinese interrogative sentences, but there are very few comparative studies on Chinese and Arabic interrogative sentences. Therefore, to analyze and compare interrogative sentences in these two different languages more comprehensively, researchers will summarize, compare and analyze interrogative sentences in Chinese and Arabic. This paper first adopts a descriptive method to collect information and articles about Chinese and Arabic interrogative sentences, thus laying the quantitative foundation for the research content. The information collected in this article is mainly from grammar textbooks and books written by prominent linguists in Chinese and Arabic, journals published by linguists and researchers, and doctoral and master's theses. The paper then studies various types of interrogative sentences in Chinese and Arabic as the focus, with special attention paid to the similarities and differences presented by the two languages. Keywords: Arabic interrogative sentence, Chinese interrogative sentence, interrogative tool, comparative interrogative sentence, question type.

Using sentence processing speed and automaticity to predict L2 performance in the productive and receptive tasks

Abstract We investigated the predictive capacity of second language (L2) sentence processing speed measured using reaction time (RT) and automaticity captured using the coefficient of variation (CV) on the accuracy of L2 use in receptive and productive tasks. A total of 74 Chinese English-L2 learners completed a maze task, an elicited imitation task (EIT), and a timed grammaticality judgment task (TGJT) using comparable sentences. RT and CV from the maze task were used to predict the use of L2 morphological markers in the EIT and TGJT. The findings revealed that there were no significant effects of RT and CV in the EIT. However, in the TGJT, the effect of CV was significant. These results highlight the predictive power of L2 processing automaticity in the receptive task involving L2 morphological use.

Sentiment Analysis of Online Product Review using Deep Learning in Distributed Sensor Networks

Recently, sentiment analysis has been a major business practice for an organization that helps analyze online reviews of different products. An organization can understand the customer's perception of their organizational products by analyzing reviews. On the other hand, this analysis process also helps to understand the customer's emotions about the organizational products. In this process, deep learning and distributed sensor networks play crucial roles in analyzing emotions. Five different steps of this analysis will provide accurate information about the customers' emotions on products. This analysis will help increase the product's value by understanding the customer's perception of where negative feedback improves the products. Through the help of this analysis, an organization will get several benefits that enrich its organizational image. On the other hand, this analysis process will face polarity issues, tone issues, comparative sentence analysis issues, and understanding idioms and emojis issues. The implementation of live API and proper sentiment analysis tools help to increase the effectiveness of this analysis.

Passive Sentences and Abstract Agents in German School Books

Abstract Although the competent handling with passive is acquired before school entrance, its comprehension is considered to be challenging in school books. According to a corpus linguistic analysis, passive is more frequent in school books than in texts from leisure contexts. Moreover, the agent differs semantically depending on context: Human agents appear predominantly in all contexts, but the proportion of abstract systemic agents are significantly higher in school books for biology and chemistry than in school books for history or in texts from leisure contexts. Furthermore, a survey shows that students do not perceive the general use of passive as challenging, but those sentences with abstract systemic agents are assessed as more challenging than comparable sentences with human agents. This leads to the assumption that challenges in reception of school books arise neither only from grammatical structure nor from global linguistic functions. Semantical and functional differences from specific constructions are fundamental to locate potential language-based challenges in school books. Consequently, the joint reflection of concrete formal and functional aspects should be considered in the development of diagnostic instruments as well as in the operationalisation of the language of schooling. Furthermore, cross-linguistic comparisons can sensitise for conspicuous use of structures and support a language-sensitive teaching in both languages.

Differential language performance of Mandarin-speaking children with and without hearing loss

ABSTRACT The current study investigated the differential item functioning (DIF) on language assessment between Mandarin-speaking children with and without hearing loss (HL). Particularly, it explored the differences between the children in specific linguistic aspects. A total of 253 Mandarin-speaking children, aged three to six years old, participated, including 140 children without HL and 113 with HL. All children took the Revised Preschooler Language Assessment (RPLA) to assess their language ability. The RPLA items were categorized into different linguistic aspects, including semantics, syntax and pragmatics. The DIF analysis was conducted and the results revealed several statistically significant DIF items favouring children with and without HL, showing both the advantages and difficulties faced by children with HL. Items that favoured children with HL included directional words (semantics), comparative sentences (syntax), analogies (semantics), producing complete sentences (pragmatics/syntax), and retelling stories (pragmatics). Items that favoured children without HL included wh-questions (semantics), sentences containing connectives (syntax), logical words (semantics), comprehension of long paragraphs (semantics), and identifying semantic features (semantics). The results shed light on the advantages, which may benefit children with HL due to early intervention. In addition, suggestions on the difficulties were also provided, which these children may encounter compared to their hearing counterparts.

An Analysis of Comparison Results between Differential Comparative Sentences in Korean and Chinese through Image Schema and Container Schema : Focusing on Expressions in Korean Equivalent to ‘小’ in Chinese

An Analysis of Comparison Results between Differential Comparative Sentences in Korean and Chinese through Image Schema and Container Schema : Focusing on Expressions in Korean Equivalent to ‘小’ in Chinese

К ВОПРОСУ О ПАРЦЕЛЛЯЦИИ ПРИДАТОЧНОГО В СЛОЖНОПОДЧИНЕННОМ СРАВНИТЕЛЬНОМ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ

В статье поднимается вопрос определения роли парцеллируемых конструкций в художественном тексте. Отмечаются ступени их проникновения из разговорного стиля. Особое внимание уделяется проблеме актуального членения предложения, которое рассматривается, согласно точке зрения В.В. Виноградова, как грамматически оформленная по законам данного языка целостная единица речи, являющаяся главным средством формирования, выражения и сообщения мысли. Парцеллированные конструкции анализируются на примерах сложноподчиненных сравнительных предложений. Это связано с тем, что на языковом уровне они едины, на речевом же разделяются. А когда возможно в потоке речи раздробить предложение, оформленное как высказывание, на самостоятельные по информативности части, тогда и возникает вероятность появления парцеллируемости предложений. Отделение придаточной части от главной усиливает смысловую составляющую каждой из них, при этом первая характеризуется обобщенным высказыванием, а вторая становится вполне самостоятельной и, следовательно, по смыслу более заметной. В качестве анализируемого речевого материала были взяты лирические тексты разных временных периодов. В собранных примерах цель парцелляции определяется актуализацией отделяемой части. Отметим, что отчленяемые фрагменты в некоторых случаях наделяются структурными и семантическими признаками предложения. Это подтверждает интонационная и частично структурная самостоятельность. Выбранные примеры сравнительных сложноподчиненных предложений показывают, что парцеллированными компонентами являются предложения, которые, согласно классификации А.К. Федорова, относятся к собственно-сравнительным и собственно-уподобительным. Также в статье определяются границы понятий «присоединение» и «парцелляция», выделяются особенности членения внутри сравнительного придаточного в сложноподчиненном предложении. Актуализация становится более активным процессом, вследствие этого можно говорить о выделении самостоятельного понятия парцелляции (скандирования) и отделении его значения от присоединения. Это связано с пониманием того, что парцелляция заранее планируется, а присоединение добавляет к ранее сказанному новое высказывание. На примере сложноподчиненных предложений подчеркивается уникальность приема парцелляции, которая делает письменную речь более емкой и динамичной. The article raises the question of determining the role of parceled structures in a literary text. The stages of their penetration from the colloquial style are noted. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the actual division of the sentence, which we consider, according to the point of view of V.V. Vinogradov, as grammatically formatted according to the laws of this language as an integral unit of speech, which is the main means of the formation of formation. Parcelled constructions are analyzed using examples of complex comparative sentences. This is due to the fact that at the linguistic level they are one, while at the speech level they are separated. And when it is possible in the stream of speech to split a sentence, designed as an utterance, into independent parts in terms of information content, then there is a possibility of the appearance of parceling of sentences. The separation of the subordinate clause from the main part strengthens the semantic component of each of them, while the first is characterized by a generalized statement, and the second becomes completely independent, and, therefore, more noticeable in meaning. Lyric texts of different time periods were taken as the analyzed speech material. In the collected examples, the purpose of the parceling is determined by the actualization of the detachable part. Note that the detached fragments in some cases are endowed with structural and semantic features of the sentence. This is confirmed by intonational and partly structural independence. Selected examples of comparative complex sentences show that parceled components are sentences that, according to the classification of A.K. Fedorov, belong to the proper-comparative and proper-likeness. Also, the article defines the boundaries of the concepts of "accession" and "parceling", highlights the features of division within a comparative clause in a complex sentence. Actualization becomes a more active process, as a result of which we can talk about the allocation of an independent concept of parcellation (chanting) and the separation of its meaning from joining. This is due to the understanding that the parceling is planned in advance, and the attachment adds a new statement to the previously said. Using the example of complex sentences, the author emphasizes the uniqueness of the parceling technique, which makes written speech capacious and dynamic.

An Emotion-Based Rating System for Books Using Sentiment Analysis and Machine Learning in the Cloud

Sentiment analysis (SA), and emotion detection and recognition from text (EDRT) are recent areas of study that are closely related to each other. Sentiment analysis strives to identify and detect neutral, positive, or negative feelings from text. On the other hand, emotion analysis seeks to identify and distinguish types of feelings such as happiness, surprise, grief, disgust, fear, and anger through the expression of texts. We suggest a four-level strategy in this paper for recommending the best book to users. The levels include semantic network grouping of comparable sentences, sentiment analysis, reviewer clustering, and recommendation system. The semantic network groups comparable sentences at the first level utilizing pre-processed data from reviewer and book datasets using the parts of speech (POS) tagger. In order to extract keywords from the pre-processed data, feature extraction uses the bag of words (BOW) and term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) approaches. SA is performed at the second level in two phases: training and testing, employing deep learning methodologies such as convolutional neural networks (CNN)-long short-term memory (LSTM). The results of this level are sent into the third level (clustering), which uses the clustering method to group the reviewers by age, location, and gender. In the last level, the model assessment is carried out with accuracy, precision, recall, sensitivity, specificity, G-mean, and F1-measure. The book suggestion system is designed to provide the highest level of accuracy within a minimum number of epochs when compared to the state-of-the methods, SVM, CNN, ANN, LSTM, and Bi-directional (BI)-LSTM.

Contrastive Analysis of Presupposition Triggers in English and Chinese and a Review of Translation Strategies

The definition of presupposition is the fact and information accepted by mutual parties and the presupposition is usually conveyed with common sense or professional knowledge, which is a very common pragmatic phenomenon. For example: Please open the door. A simple request is likely to presuppose that the door is closed and the recipient is capable and willing to open the door. The factors to trigger the presupposition come from a certain phrase or word in a sentence, even the syntactic structure and context. Then these factors are called presupposition triggers. The presupposition triggers are divided into lexical presupposition triggers and syntactic presupposition triggers according to the existing form, vocabulary and sentence pattern of the language. Lexical presupposition triggers include proprietary descriptors, factual verbs, judgment verbs, state-changing verbs, meaning verbs, and repetitions. By contrast, syntactic presupposition triggers include non-restrictive relative clauses, splitting sentences, comparative sentences, time clauses, and subjunctive conditional sentences with opposite conditions. In both Chinese and English, presupposition triggers have similarities and differences. For example, when actual verbs are used as presupposition triggers in English, they are usually passive. Meanwhile, actual verbs are not converted into passive in Chinese. That is to say, when causative verbs are implemented, they are always written in active voice. However, factual verbs as presupposition triggers also indicate a certain state of mind no matter in English or Chinese. Through this paper, readers can have a deeper understanding of the presupposition triggers and the application in the translation process of people's daily English and Chinese in two different languages. Understanding presupposition triggers is very helpful in communicative life and the triggers can be used to summarize the the process of translation and the translation methods in English and Chinese.

ПРОБЛЕМНИЙ ПІДХІД У НАВЧАННІ СИНТАКСИСУ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ В ОСНОВНІЙ ШКОЛІ

Background. The problem-based learning presented in the study follows the 3C3R bilateral design model which is conceptually grounded in two types of components: three core Cs addressing the context, content, and connections of the learning problem (context, content, connection), and three action-oriented Rs involving research, reasoning, and reflection. These elements support cognitive processes for problem-solving skills and self-directed learning (Hung, 2009). Purpose. The article aims to develop an innovative lesson based on the 3C3R model of bilateral design for problem-based learning, conduct experimental instruction in the 8th-grades of basic secondary school, and report the results of problem-based teaching a range of syntactic phenomena of the Ukrainian syntax such as apposition, comparative constructions, and subordinate comparative sentences. Method. Theoretically, the research relies on the works of Ansarian and Teoh (2018), Yavir and Bilousenko (1992), and Kucheruk (2009). Additionally, it incorporates the use of the bilateral design model proposed by Hung (2006). The 28 participants of the experimental training involved eighth-grade students from Lyceum No. 2 in the Mogilev branch of the Hnivan City Council, (n=13), and Lyceum No. 4 in Berdychiv (n=15). The data were collected from students through a survey which aimed to assess the comprehensibility of the topic; evaluate the teacher's instructional clarity; and doing some language tasks. Results and discussion. The study found that teaching syntax through problem-based learning significantly impacted the cognitive and emotional development of the learners. 75% of them confirmed that the presentation of problem-solving tasks was comprehensible, engaging, and clear. Most students grasped linguistic distinctions between the comparative constructions under study. Notably, 82.1% of the students accurately identified these syntactic structures in sentences. Further research perspectives are related to developing a rating scale for assessing the skills and techniques in problem-based learning; creating effective feedback mechanisms, and fostering a dialogue between teachers and students.

A Functional Analysis of Inversion in English Sentences

Inversion is defined as the appearance of the main verb before the subject of an utterance. Using descriptive qualitative approach, this research analyzed phenomenon of language which happens at present. The object of this research is the inversion systems in English. The sources of the data are taken from English books, papers and other resources such as TOEFL test preparation books that related to the topic. In gathering data, the researcher used two techniques namely teknik catat (noting technique) and teknik pisah (separating technique). The result of analyses showed that there are six types of inversion system in terms of forms namely; inverting the main verb to subject, inverting auxiliary verb to subject, adding the auxiliary verb preceding the subject, Inverting the adverb and the subject, Inverting the preposition and the subject, Sentence beginning with there. Meanwhile types of inverted sentence are classified into six. They are interrogative sentence, conditional sentence, statement, comparative sentence, exclamation, reporting sentence. In term of function, there are three functions of inversion namely, emphasizing the negative expression, emphasizing the time expression, and as a variation.

The Realization of Adverb –Ly in English Sentences

The objective of the study is to find the realization of Adverb -ly in sentences. This study is descriptive qualitative which is carried out through the process of providing data, the data analysis stage, and the systematic stage of presenting the results of data analysis. In the data analysis stage, the data that has been collected is sorted according to their respective categories and given further descriptions and explanations. The result shows 1. The position of the adverb –ly can be placed in three positions, the beginning of the sentence (before the subject), the middle of the sentence (before the verb), and the end of the sentence (after the main clause). 2. Adverb –ly in a sentence can modify if it is in the form of a phrase, in the construction of comparative sentences, modifying 'however' to open a clause, modifying 'how' in an exclamation sentence, and modifying 'so' which is followed by the subject. and clauses. 3. Based on its semantic meaning the adverb -ly can have several meanings: point of view, as an emphasizer, as a maximiser, as a booster, as a minimizer, and as instrument. The research answers the realization of the adverb –ly can be in various places in English sentences, but the semantic meaning can be different. The present study implicates on adverbs having distinct semantic orientations, which provides natural reference materials for teaching and learning English in the EFL context.