Comparative Histological Studies Research Articles

Comparative histological and ultrastructural studies of thymus of indigenous and cross-bred broiler breeds of poultry of India

The present study was aimed to compare structure of thymus between the two poultry breeds, namely, Kadaknath and Narmada Nidhi. The aim was to understand the anatomical differences which could provide insights into how different breeds respond to diseases. The study involved histomorphological analysis of thymus tissue samples from 72 chicks (36 from each breed) that were divided into 6 groups with 6 birds in each group. The study results revealed that both poultry breeds exhibited similarities in the histology and ultrastructure of the thymus. This similarity is likely due to the Narmada Nidhi breed having a 25% genetic contribution from the Kadaknath breed.

Understanding the role of Bacillus subtilis GEB1 in enhancing guava plant immunity against Meloidogyne enterolobii: A multifaceted approach

Guava root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne enterolobii has emerged as a significant threat to guava cultivation, impacting production worldwide. By integrating the molecular, histopathological and in silico approaches the current study explores the efficacy of Bacillus subtilis GEB1 in enhancing the resistance of guava against M. enterolobii. The gene expression studies reveal that guava plants treated with B. subtilis and challenged with nematodes at 72 h showed 2 fold increase in phytoene synthase, 2.1 fold increase in mitogen-activated protein kinase, 1.54 fold increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 1.82 fold increase in peroxidase genes when compared to untreated control. The Scanning electron microscope analysis of guava roots treated with B. subtilis revealed the presence of spores in the rhizoplane region which led to deter the invading nematodes. The comparative histological studies with guava roots treated with B. subtilis revealed lesser damage in the cortex, vascular regions with limited hypertrophy and hyperplasia, lesser adult females, and feeding traces with minimum root, stele and cortex diameter and thickness than those of untreated infested roots. Attempts were made to dock the plant functional proteins with B. subtilis peptides to understand their interaction. The results revealed that bacillobactin showed a greater binding affinity of −9.0 kcal/mol with phytoene synthase, plipstatin (−16.0 kcal/mol), and fengycin (−15.9 kcal/mol) with MAPK proteins of guava. Overall, the current study offers insight into the intricate mechanisms of plant-nematode-bacteria interactions and underscores the importance of B. subtilis GEB-1 as a biocontrol agent to combat Meloidogyne enterolobii infection in guava.

Features of morphology of the skin of the root of the tail of cattle of different age groups as a suspected factor in the incidence of chorioptosis

Relevance. In the literature, when describing the clinical signs of chorioptotic invasion of cattle, it is indicated that this is a widespread chronic invasive disease of adult livestock. However, it was not possible to find data in the literature on the causes of morbidity of adult livestock. The purpose of our study was to conduct comparative histological studies of the skin of the tail root area in cattle of different age groups.Methods. The research was carried out on cattle in the livestock area of the Gatchina municipal district of the Leningrad region. For histological studies, the skin of the tail root area was taken from clinically healthy animals of a black-andwhite Holstein breed: bulls aged 1 year and adult dairy cows aged 5.5 years. By microscopic analysis of the manufactured preparations, the general histological structure of the skin of animals of different age groups, the morphology of its individual layers in a comparative aspect were studied.Results. It was found that the mesh layer of the dermis is more developed in adult animals than in young ones. Collagen fibers in dairy cows have the greatest thickness compared to young animals, they fit tightly together, the ligature loops lie thickly, forming a diamond-shaped ligature. Histological examination showed an insignificant number of cells in the reticular layer of the dermis in adult animals. In young animals, collagen bundles of the mesh layer of the dermis have a less dense ligature, there are more rare, stretched and not completely finished diamond-shaped structures. In some cases, the bends of the collagen bundles are so rare that the diamond-shaped figures are invisible. But the number of cellular elements in young animals, unlike adults, is increased.It can be assumed that the morbidity of adult animals is explained by the peculiarities of the structure of the dermis, in particular its richer collagen fibers of the mesh layer, since such a denser structure of the mesh layer of the dermis is a good "foundation and foundation" for the cellular the layer where the blood vessels are located to nourish the cells of the epidermis.For more fundamental conclusions, we will continue deeper morphometric studies with the counting of cellular elements in the layers of the epidermis and the measurement of the layers of the dermis.

Histology of major organ systems of Nothobranchius fishes: short-lived model species

A proper understanding of tissue and cell structure is of great importance for correct biological inferences, and particularly so in organisms used as research models. Nothobranchius spp. are short-lived freshwater fish species which are promising model organisms for toxicology, evolutionary ecology, aging and regeneration research. Nevertheless, studies examining Nothobranchius histology have focused exclusively on a few specific organs and associated functional impairments, and there is a lack of reference material on the natural state and appearance of tissue structure. Here we present a detailed histological map of the major body organ systems, which was built from 300 Nothobranchius spp. specimens. This overview offers baseline material for comparative histological studies and provides insights into functional and anatomical aspects of organs related to the unique life cycle of Nothobranchius spp.

Comparative Histological and Ultrastructural Studies of the Thyroid Gland in Postnatal and Adult Female Egyptian Frugivorous Bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus)

Comparative Histological and Ultrastructural Studies of the Thyroid Gland in Postnatal and Adult Female Egyptian Frugivorous Bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus)

Comparative histological and functional studies on the brain of some freshwater fishes during prespawning and spawning seasons

Comparative histological and functional studies on the brain of some freshwater fishes during prespawning and spawning seasons

Comparative histological and immunological studies on young and aged inbred and outbred mice: PhD Thesis Abstract

Thesis Abstract Background: Using of experimental animal as models to mimic human pathological conditions has facilitated ]understanding the mechanisms of different processes involved in these diseases. Among the experimental animals, mice are the mostly widely used animals in different experimental biology since it has a small size, easy breading, low cost, high fertility rate, and the extensive knowledge of its genome. The differences in the immune cell compmenents between young and adult mice, however, have not been well investigated. Aim: The present study aimed to compare aging on the immune cell components in outbreed and inbreed mice as well as to evaluate the their responses to the inflammatory stimuli Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). Results: The study investigated whether the aging or the poly(I:C) has the more damaging effect on the cell histology of the thymus gland and spleen. This study confirms that the alteration in the histology of the spleen of aged mice as compared to young mice. Furthermore, poly(I:C) had more tendency to induce alteration in teh archetecture and cellular components in the thymus and spleen of old mice than those in young mice. Conclusion: Immune compartments in old mice are more susciptable to inflammation than those in young mice.

Comparative Histological, Histochemical and Ultrastructure Studies on the Exocrine Pancreas of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis)

The current study targeted to compare between the pancreas (exocrine part) of Japanese quail and Cattle egret. The pancreas was investigated in eight apparent healthy mature female Japanese quail and eight Cattle egret. Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructure studies were carried out. In both birds, the pancreas is located on the right side of the abdomen between the ascending and descending loops of the duodenum. The pancreas of the Japanese quail composed of dorsal, ventral, third, and splenic lobes, while in Cattle egret the pancreas is not lobulated. The Exocrine portion consists of serous acini and intercalated duct, intralobular duct, interlobular duct, and main duct. The duct system was similar in both birds with minor differences. The intralobular duct in the Cattle egret is characterized by the presence of serous glands within its wall. Under electron microscopy, the acinar cells were of two types, electron-dense, and electron-lucent acinar cells. Histochemically, the interlobular duct of the Cattle egret positively reacted to alcian blue (pH1) and aldehyde fuchsin stains but the interlobular duct of the Japanese quail was negatively reacted.

Comparative histological studies on the renal medulla in broiler chicken and broiler duck

Kidneys of six each of adult broiler chicken and broiler ducks were used in the present study. In the histological studies, the kidneys of all studied birds showed two zones, the cortex and medulla. The medulla occupied only a small portion of the kidney. In chicken a greater number of distinct cone-shaped medullary lobules were seen among cortical lobules while in duck they were lesser in number, more rounded in outline and were not cone shaped as in chicken. In the case of chicken more than one cortical lobule drained into a medullary lobule. Mammalian type of nephrons that occupied the juxta medullary region presented loop of Henle that was located within the medullary cone. Collecting ducts from different medullary lobules united together to form several large collecting ducts within the medulla which in turn united to form ureteral branches.

Comparative histological and histochemical studies between ranitidine and nizatidine in treatment of peptic ulcer with evaluation of their adverse effects on male sex hormones

BackgroundPeptic ulcer is an excoriated area of stomach or intestinal mucosa. Two experimental designs were proceeded: the first aimed. on twenty adult male albino rats, used to study the protective effect of both ranitidine and nizatidine; on the second, including sixty adult male albino rats, was used to study the therapeutic effect of ranitidine and nizatidine after induction of ulcer and also to evaluate the adverse effects of therapeutic doses of H2-receptor antagonists on male hormonal profile. The study aims to assess the gastroprotective effects of nizatidine and ranitidine and on treating of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) induced peptic ulcer and to evaluate its adverse effect on male sex hormones.ResultThe result revealed that ranitidine and nizatidine reduced incidence of ulceration. Histopathological findings showed a significant recovery of the alteration, and disturbance in male sex hormones.ConclusionNizatidine is better than ranitidine in the management of NSAIDs induced peptic ulcer in rats.

Comparative morphological and histological studies on the adaptation of esophagus and stomach to the feeding habits in some coral reef fishes at Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt

The present study deals with the morphological and histological adaptations of the esophagus and stomach of some coral reef fishes (Parupeneus forsskali, Popilloculiceps longiceps and Acanthurus sohal) and their feeding habits. Results showed that the esophagus of carnivorous fish, Parupeneus forsskali, piscivores fish, Popilloculiceps longiceps and herbivores fish, Acanthurus sohal is a short, narrow and distensible muscular tube to conduct the food. Owing to the esophageal mucosa of the three fishes is of a stratified type. The great distensibility of the esophagus is an adaptation for feeding. So a relatively large object can be swallowed. In the P. forsskali the mucosa containing large mucus glands. On the other hand in P. longiceps and A. sohal the mucosa is thrown into primary and secondary folds. The stomach of P. forsskali is sac-like in shape. While the stomach of P. longiceps is with a great distensibility giving the bag-like shape to enable the fish to take relatively huge prey. The stomachs of these species have a vast amount of gastric glands in the cardiac portion, while, in the pyloric one has a very thick layer of muscularis. The stomach of A. sohal is U shape. It can be divisible into cardiac and pyloric regions. Cardiac region is highly specialized as a masticator organ for the fish that eat hard vegetable matter. The epithelium of the pyloric stomach develops into a thin layer of columnar cells towards the lumen and a thick layer of gastric glands towards the base to help in digestion. In conclusion, the esophagus and stomach of carnivorous fish, P. forsskali, piscivores fish, P. longiceps, and herbivores fish, A. sohal are subjected to diverse and significant variations and much modification in accordance with the food type and feeding habits.

Comparative histological studies on properties of polysaccharides secreted by vomeronasal glands of eight Laurasiatheria species

Most mammalian species have a vomeronasal organ that detects specific chemical substances, such as pheromones. Mucous fluid covering the vomeronasal sensory epithelium is secreted by vomeronasal glands, and the properties of these fluids have been suggested to be involved in chemical detection. Histological studies using periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue pH 2.5 (AB) stains, which respectively detect natural and acidic polysaccharides, have suggested variations in the nature of the vomeronasal glands among species. Here, we investigated the responsivity of the vomeronasal glands to PAS and AB stains in eight Laurasiatheria species. All species studied herein possessed vomeronasal glands that stained positive for PAS, like other many reported species. The vomeronasal glands of dogs and minks – like rodents, were AB-negative, whereas those of cows, goats, sika deer, musk shrews and two bat species were positive. Considering the present findings and previous reports, the vomeronasal glands in most of Laurasiatheria species appear to be fundamentally abundant in acidic polysaccharides, whereas those in carnivores essentially contains neutral polysaccharides.

Comparative histological studies of Jejunum in cattle, sheep and goat

Jejunum in cattle, sheep and goat comprised four types of layers tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Tunica mucosa was innermost layer, which comprised lamina propria with number of glands. Intestinal glands were lined by number of goblet cells tall columnar cells and enterochromaffin cells. Lamina muscularis was with circular and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle fibre. Tunica muscularis was comprised of circular and longitudinal muscle fiber. Outrmost layer was tunica serosa which was a loose connective tissue with blood vessels.

Histomorphometric outcomes after lateral sinus floor elevation procedure: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.

The aim of the present systematic review of the literature was to evaluate biomaterials performances considering new bone formation estimated through histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies from human subjects after maxillary sinus floor elevation. An electronic and manual search was performed to retrieve articles showing histomorphometric data of bone biopsies performed after sinus floor elevation surgery. Recorded data were statistically analyzed evaluating percentage of new bone volume, residual biomaterial, and connective/soft tissues in the biopsies. A meta-analysis of comparative studies was also performed. After article selection process, 84 articles were included in the quantitative synthesis and 16 of them in the meta-analysis of comparative studies. The use of autogenous bone (AB) alone led to a significantly higher new bone formation if compared with bovine bone (BB) alone (P=0.04), while no significant difference was found when the latter was compared with a mixture of AB and BB (P=0.52). Grafts composed of BB showed significantly greater new bone formation as compared to hydroxyapatite (HA) (P<0.001) while a mixture of tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and HA achieved better outcomes than BB (P<0.001). Based on histomorphometric evaluation, AB should still be taken into consideration when the highest possible new bone formation is the primary aim in maxillary sinus surgery. When donor site morbidity is a concern, BB and a mixture of TCP and HA could be considered as predictable, showing promising results. More comparative histologic studies are needed to confirm such results.

Comparative histological studies on the intestinal wall between the prenatal, the postnatal and the adult of the two species of Egyptian bats. Frugivorous Rousettus aegyptiacus and insectivorous Taphozous nudiventris

The present study was planned to find the effect of different feeding habits on the structure of the duodenum and small intestine of adult, prenatal and postnatal of both fructivorous Rousettus aegyptiacus and the insectivorous Taphozous nudiventris using the histological and the histochemical techniques. Histologically, the duodenal wall of R. aegyptiacus and T. nudiventris is composed of the typical layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa, we observed that the mucosa with finger like villi and very sharp apices in prenatal and adult of R. aegyptiacus but compact finger like villi in T. nudiventris. Scattered among the columnar epithelium goblet cells which less numerous in R. aegyptiacus than in T. nudiventris. Brunner’s glands are less numerous also in R. aegyptiacus than in T. nudiventris. In postnatal the mucosa with pyramidal like villi in R. aegyptiacus and finger like villi in T. nudiventris. In ileum the intestinal glands are less numerous in R. aegyptiacus than in T. nudiventris. In prenatal the goblet cells are less developed in R. aegyptiacus and T. nudiventris. The intestinal glands are less developed also in R. aegyptiacus and T. nudiventris but in the postnatal the goblet cells and the intestinal gland are few in number in both R. aegyptiacus and T. nudiventris.

Comparative Micromorphological Studies of the Cerebrum in Three Mammalian Species: Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus) and African Giant Rats (Cricetomys gambianus).

Comparative morphologic, morphometric and histological studies were carried out on the cerebrum of three adult male mammalian species namely the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus), Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and Wistar rat (Rattus norvegicus). The animals were acclimatized for two weeks, weighed and lightly anaesthetized with chloroform and humanly sacrificed. The brains were removed through midline incision through theskull and then fixed in Bouin’s fluid,processed routinely and stained using Haematoxylin and eosin method and Special stains; Cristal violet and Silver stain. The brains were ob- served to be milky in colour and globular in shape in the three mammalian species though the size differed in the animals. The mean body weight of the African giant rat, Rabbit and Wistar rat was 1.167± 0.153kg, 1.233±0.252kg and 20.333 ±5.774g respectively. The result showed a statistical significant dif- ference between the mean body weight of the African giant rats and Wistar rats (p<0.05) and between the Rabbit and Wistar rat (p<0.05). The mean volume of the cerebrum of African giant rat, rabbit and Wistar rat was 22.967±1.620, 25.067±0.115, 11.167± 0.289 which showed a significant difference between the African giant rat and the Wistar rat and between the Rabbit and Wistar rat respectively (p<0.05). The cerebrum of the three mammalian species shows sulci and gyri but vary in their extent and sizes. The result of histological observation of the cerebral cortices shows similarities among the three species. The result showed pyramidal cell layer, plexiform layer and granular layer in the cerebrum which vary in size of the layers and cellular population. The results from the present study can be used as a baseline research data in comparative neuroanatomy for related rodent species.

Comparative Histological and Ultrastructural Studies on Lung of The Egyptian Hoopoe (Upupa epops major) and The European Hoopoe (Upupa epops epops)

The lung of birds is the most complex and efficient gas exchanger that has evolved in the air-breathing vertebrates. Lung tissues of the Egyptian hoopoe (upupa epops major) and the European hoopoe (upupa epops epops) which inhabit Damietta governorate in Egypt were subjected to comparative histological and ultrastructural studies. The results showed that the number and shape of the parabronchus, the form of the infundibula as well as the air capillaries (Acs) and the blood capillaries (Bcs) were also differed. The blood gas-barrier (BGB) was thinner in the European hoopoe (migratory species) than that of the Egyptian hoopoe (resident species). The lung of the European hoopoe is very efficient because of the presence of an extremely thin blood gas barrier than that of the Egyptian hoopoe. This could be attributed to the requirement of enormous energy by the European hoopoe which flies for longer distances, and might indicate that the lung components are correlated with the metabolic demands that are in turn set by the behavior and life style of the animal

Differentially Expressed Proteins and Associated Histological and Disease Progression Changes in Cotyledon Tissue of a Resistant and Susceptible Genotype of Brassica napus Infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most serious diseases of oilseed rape. To understand the resistance mechanisms in the Brassica napus to S. sclerotiorum, comparative disease progression, histological and proteomic studies were conducted of two B. napus genotypes (resistant cv. Charlton, susceptible cv. RQ001-02M2). At 72 and 96 h post inoculation (hpi), lesion size on cotyledons was significantly (P≤0.001) smaller in the resistant Charlton. Anatomical investigations revealed impeded fungal growth (at 24 hpi and onwards) and hyphal disintegration only on resistant Charlton. Temporal changes (12, 24, 48 and 72 hpi) in protein profile showed certain enzymes up-regulated only in resistant Charlton, such as those related to primary metabolic pathways, antioxidant defence, ethylene biosynthesis, pathogenesis related proteins, protein synthesis and protein folding, play a role in mediating defence responses against S. sclerotiorum. Similarly a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A enzyme with increased abundance in susceptible RQ001-02M2 and decreased levels in resistant Charlton has a role in increased susceptibility to this pathogen. This is the first time that the expression of these enzymes has been shown to be associated with mediating the defence response against S. sclerotinia in cotyledon tissue of a resistant cultivar of B. napus at a proteomics level. This study not only provides important new insights into the resistance mechanisms within B. napus against S. sclerotiorum, but opens the way for novel engineering of new B. napus varieties that over-express these key enzymes as a strategy to enhance resistance and better manage this devastating pathogen.

Comparative histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies of the nephron of selected snakes from the Egyptian area

The present study was aimed to compare and contrast the histochemical, histological and ultrastructural variations (microanatomical differences) in the nephrons of selected snake species, Eryx jaculus (Boidae), Psammophis sibilans (Colubridae), Naja haje (Elapidae) and Echis pyramidum (Viperidae) from Egypt. The structural studies were carried out by conventional light and electron microscopy. The nephron, the renal unit of snakes, consists of renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, intermediate segment, distal tubule and collecting tubule. The renal corpuscles have large capillaries with clear and dark fenestrated endothelial cells. The proximal tubule showed long microvilli, cytoplasmic vacuoles, developed endoplasmic reticulum and abundant mitochondria. The intermediate segment was lined by ciliated cells. The lining cells of the distal tubules showed few microvilli, abundant dense mitochondria and clear vesicles of mucous appeared in the terminal portion. The collecting tubules consisted of mucous cells. In summary, the ultra-structure studies of nephrons revealed several interspecies similarities and also some intra-species differences in species of snakes.

The Osteichtyes, from the Paleozoic to the extant time, through histology and palaeohistology of bony tissues

The aim of this short review is to emphasize the richness of the comparative histological studies on both fossil and extant Osteichthyes. Some selected examples in both Sarcopterygii (excluding tetrapods) and Actinopterygii show how it is possible to improve our knowledge on bone biology of extinct species but also to obtain new data on their palaeobiology or on their paleobiogeography. After a brief survey of the organization of bony tissues in osteichthyes, we review some examples of skeletal peculiarities in the following extinct and extant taxa: the histological structure of polypterid scales that suggests a hypothesis on the possible age and the biogeographical history of this basal actinopterygian taxon; the ossified lung of the fossil coelacanthids, with a discussion on its potential function; the histological organization of the sarcopterygian derived elasmoid scales (of Eusthenopteron sp., Latimeria sp. and Neoceratodus sp.). These comparative palaeohistological and histological data provide the basis of a general discussion of the evolutionary trends of bony tissues and their derivatives in Osteichthyes.