Comparative-geographical Methods Research Articles

НЕМАТЕРІАЛЬНА КУЛЬТУРНА СПАДЩИНА В ЗАГАЛЬНОМУ ПОЛІ КУЛЬТУРНОЇ СПАДЩИНИ: ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙНО-ПРАВОВІ І НАУКОВІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ВИВЧЕННЯ

Objective. To examine the issues related to the conceptual and terminological framework associated with intangible cultural heritage as an element of tourism activities, with an emphasis on a comprehensive approach to the use of key concepts across various academic disciplines. Methodology. Analytical, historical, systemic, and comparative-geographical methods were employed. Validation. The main conceptual issues regarding the notion of cultural heritage have been studied by domestic scholars (I. Symonenko, H. Denysenko, V. O. Horbyk, and others) and have been validated in previous works of the author of this article. Scientific novelty. The author has demonstrated that tourism and intangible cultural heritage can be mutually complementary: tourism should serve as a means to revitalize and enhance the value of the places associated with intangible heritage, while the heritage should act as a magnet for tourists and a stimulus for the emergence and development of tourism-related services. Additionally, intangible cultural heritage is considered within an interdisciplinary framework of scientific inquiry. A clear line has been drawn between the origins of research related to intangible cultural heritage and contemporary scientific studies in this field. Practical significance. The article raises discussion issues related to the realities of theoretical, methodological, and practical research on cultural heritage in the field of tourism and other scientific directions. The materials of this publication can be utilized in the educational process at higher educational institutions that prepare specialists for the Ukrainian tourism industry, in the practical activities of tour operators and agencies, and in the work of departments and professional institutions involved in the tourism service system or in the processes of studying the implementation of innovative technologies in Ukraine's tourism sector.

SYSTEMATIC DIFFERENTIATION OF NATURAL OBJECTS WITHIN COASTAL ZONE OF THE WORLD OCEAN

Problem Statements and Purpose. Geographical cover is compound natural complex that had forming during all natural history. The complex composed by terrigenous landscapes, from one side, thalassogenic (hydrogenous) systems, from second side, and between them natural coastal global systems located as a integral result of its active interaction (contact system Land–Ocean). The aim of our article is ascertainment, estimation, analysis of coastal systems, its objects, factors, properties, morphology, inner compositions, locations in different environment of global coastal zone, as a part of Geographical Cover. Our article was estimated by integral, summarised, general theoretical. Data and Methods. In the article we are using materials of self coastal research along shores of differed tidal and non-tidal seas. For geographical comparisons, we used coastal information from datum of other authors. Methods that we applicated were: coastal descriptions and measurements, stationary researches during long period, cartographic, comparative-geographical methods, mathematical statistic. Natural material was elaborated in analytical laboratory of our cathedra. We did using with application different technique and equipment. Basical Results. During the course of natural history, the geographic cover by our entire Planet and therefore acquired the properties of a cover (jacket). In the process of development and under the impact of tectonic, gravitational and geochemical energies, it has undergone differentiation into original natural sectors. We consider them to the planetary megasystems that naturally and historically determined the initial stages of the organization of different physic-geographical systems. In the our paper, we analyze the natural genesis, forms, structures, sizes, peculiarities of coastal megasystem between the Land and Ocean objects, that was named “aquashaft megasystem”. Within the aquashaft megasystem, main elementary by abrasive (erosive), accumulative, tidal, non-tidal, biological and other conditions of a regions/sites were studied. Realized researches were aimed at improving the theory of physical geography and use of optimal utilization of a natural resources, nature management and planning of buildings also. Complex environment of a coastal zone are extremely diverse system. The megasystem are fundamentally different from the corresponding level of other megasystems: of the Land (landscape systems) and the Ocean (thalassogens). The differences can be traced primarily to the horizontal and vertical arrangement and to origin. They determine all other properties of systems of different organization levels within coastal system complex of around all long of World Ocean. These include: diverse acting factors (wind, windy waves, tidal, anebary, wave and tidal currents, ice, et. al.), energy and matter flows, external form, internal structure, sedimentary substrate quality, geochemical factors, biological characteristics, sediment composition, forms and magnitudes of dynamism at the level of individual taxon, geographical facies and processes. Facial objects, processes and natural mechanisms are very important for understanding of geographical facies and regions, for defining tracts, harmonious aggregates of tracts for defining localities, aggregates of localities for defining natural geographical systems from highest to elementary levels by different environments of land, coastal zone and in the World Ocean opened part. Without taking into account the planetary distribution, origin, acting factors, energy types, processes, structure of elements, external features, structure of individual natural systems, without the peculiarities of their interaction in different natural conditions and during different periods, it is impossible to develop a general theory of physical geography and all geography in total. As I am looking, in future the next step will be in development the geographical sciences for active accurate documentation of each taxon, facies and so on, according to hierarchical rows of the Land, the Coastal System and the Ocean (the water column and the seabed). It is very important further geographical systematization along the entire relevant hierarchical series.

STUDYING THE CHANGING COMPETENCIES OF GREATER PARIS (TO THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF A.E. SLUKA)

The article deals with the study of Greater Paris in the context of changing paradigm of the development of a large city under the transnationalization of world economy and the process of globalization. The contribution of A.E. Sluka, Professor of the Moscow University, Honorary Member of the Russian Geographical Society, who created a “dynamic” portrait of the French capital of the second half of the twentieth - early twenty-first centuries on the basis of the synthetic approaches and revealed the main features of its socio-economic geography, is evaluated. The article analyzes shifts in the functional structure of the metropolis during the transition to the “international city” model as a result of the implementation of the decentralization and dein-dustrialization policy. The scientist’s ideas on studying the competencies of the city as a corporate center and in the context of practices of the largest agglomerations of the world are being developed. GIS technologies are applied to describe the specific features of Greater Paris as a location of the country’s largest TNCs and the acceptor of branches of foreign companies. The multidisciplinary nature of large national business is revealed, which contributes to the development of interfirm cooperation and serves as an additional resource for the competitiveness of the city. The sectoral structure of foreign corporate segment of its economy is dominated by companies in the material sphere of production (mechanical engineering, chemical and food industries), while the geographical structure is dominated by the US TNCs. There is a consolidated placement of local and foreign companies mainly in three functionally different clusters (within the historical core, the Defense district and Paris-Saclay). Based on the materials of international statistics and ratings of cities, the modern place of Greater Paris among the “world capitals” is considered applying the comparative geographical method. Most ratings include it in the top-5 cities of the planet and characterize it as a multifunctional center of global importance, permanently expanding the scope of its competencies. Being inferior in absolute value of the main economic resources, innovative and environmental indicators, it is ahead of many largest agglomerations of the world in terms of the scope of economic and political influence, information exchange and cultural interaction, as well as the quality of life; it is well-known by specific creative industries. When analyzing the image of the French capital on the basis of sociological surveys, the stability of its “global attractiveness” is noted due to the resources of symbolic capital, which plays an increasingly important role in the information society.

ANALYSIS OF THE CLIMATIC DEFLATION INDICATOR DYNAMICS ON THE EXAMPLE OF ERZIN WEATHER STATION DATA

Link for citation: Kozlova I.V., Zenkova Zh.N., Kvasnikova Z.N. Analysis of the climatic deflation indicator dynamics on the example of Erzin weather station data. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 9, рр. 154-162. In Rus. The relevance of the research is caused by the need to identify factors affecting the development of deflationary processes of arid geosystems of the Tuva Republic. This will allow us to propose further measures to reduce the degradation of agricultural land and minimize the development of land desertification. Objective: assessment of climatic conditions and identification of anthropogenic factors of the potential danger of deflation to monitor changes in vulnerable geosystems and natural and anthropogenic processes. Objects: a section of the north-eastern (Russian) part of the Ubsunur basin within the Erzinsky district of the Tuva Republic. Methods: statistical analysis, regressions, moving average, comparative geographical method, interpretation of satellite images. Results. The dynamics of the climatic index of deflation based on the data of the Erzin weather station for 1966–2020 is analyzed; graphs of changes in the temperature regime, the amount of precipitation, wind speed are plotted; a linear trend of the distribution of the average annual temperature is revealed; coefficients of the climatic index of deflation and aridity indices are determined, graphs of their dynamics for the period under study are plotted; a tendency to weaken deflation is revealed; the studied landscapes are subarid on average, and according to the index fluctuation – from weakly arid (0,6–0,8) to arid (0,3) and subarid (0,5 –0,6).

CREATIVE INDUSTRIES IN MAJOR CITIES OF JAPAN

The article seeks to identify the features of creative industries in Japanese cities with a population over 1 million people. Since there is no universal definition of creative industries in Japan and no officially adopted classification, we analyzed and aggregated various sources of information to develop a classification of creative industries, which takes into account specific features of Japanese culture and traditions. The analysis of creative industries in the largest cities has revealed that the advanced creative industry, i. e. “IT and computer services”, is the most developed creative sector in Japan. The most widely spread traditional industries include “crafts and applied arts” and “architecture”. For all 12 cities included in the analysis we calculated specialization coefficients, i.e. the ratio of the share of creative organizations and employed in the creative industries in a city to the corresponding shares of the industry in the country, and built petal diagrams for all creative industries. As a result, we have obtained an understanding about creative profiles of all largest Japanese cities. We applied a comparative-geographical method to identify territorial differences in the development of creative industries in Japanese cities, and a cartographic method to reveal the territorial structure of creative industries at the national level. The study has shown that the creative industries are unevenly distributed over the country and the territorial structure of creative industries in Japan is monocentric with hyperconcentration in Tokyo, the “creative hub” of the whole country, which is intended to become a creative center of Asia. Our study revealed that as the city’s population decreases, the number of creative organizations and people employed in creative industries is declining quite steadily. The progress of the creative sector is an important component of the “Cool Japan” national policy, which views Japanese traditions and cultural heritage as innovations for economic growth and the development of creative industries. Depending on the number of found creative industries we identified first-, second-, and third-order “creative cores” which have a potential to become creative centers in their regions.

ЭКОЛОГО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНОВ СИБИРИ С ПОЗИЦИЙ КОНЦЕПЦИИ «ЗЕЛЕНОЙ» ЭКОНОМИКИ

The concept of green economy is relatively new among the existing models for the socio-economic development of countries and regions. It is developed by the international community within the framework of sustainable development ideology. The purpose of our study is to assess the development dynamics of Siberian regions over the past 30 years taking into account the ecological capacity of this development and the prospects for implementing the principles of green economy. To this end, we used index, mathematical-statistical, and comparative geographical methods of research. The green economy development of Siberian regions was assessed on the basis of calculating the ecological capacity indicators and the decoupling coefficient – a quantitative tool for measuring the relationship between economic growth, resource consumption, and environmental pollution. As the study showed, in all regions of Siberia, the decoupling effect on major indicators of statistically accountable environmental pollution corresponds to the general Russian trends. Compared to the early 1990s, the indicators of environmental intensity of economic growth have dropped by several times. However, in Kemerovo and Tomsk Oblasts (regions) as well as in Krasnoyarsk Krai these indices remain high. Another negative aspect is energy-intensive GRP in Siberian regions, which exceeds the average Russian level by 1.2–4.6 times, especially in Kemerovo and Irkutsk Oblasts as well as in the Republics of Khakassia and Tyva. The observed structural shifts in the economy, namely an increase in the share of the non-manufacturing sector, enhance the opportunities for ‘green growth’ in the regions through the development of less carbon-intensive industries. At the same time, the implementation of the green economy principles is only at the initial stage. Based on the assessment of the regional development dynamics and its ecological capacity, we propose a differentiated approach to be used to improve the environmental and economic sustainability of Siberian regions.

Перспективы развития экологического туризма на особо охраняемых природных территориях Северной Азии (На примере Джергинского заповедника Республики Бурятия)

The purpose of the study is to explore the current state of tourism development in natural protected areas Republic of Buryatia using the case of Dzherginsky Reserve and to identify favorable and negative factors influencing the development of tourism, to determine the main directions for the development of ecological tourism on its territory. Research methods. The main research method was the comparative geographical method. This method helped reveal the features of the development of tourism in Dzherginsky Reserve in comparison with Baikalsky and Barguzinsky Reserves. The statistical method using the dynamics of visitors in the reserves the Republic of Buryatia was determined. In article shown the number of visitors in Dzherginsky reserve is less than in other reserves. The main prerequisites analyzed for the development of tourism in the reserve and factors identified hindering its development. The cartographic method applied in the analysis of the economic-geographical and transport-geographical position of the reserve. On the method of analogies based, identified and substantiated promising directions for the development of ecological tourism in Dzherginsky Reserve. Research results. In the course of the work carried out, that the main factors revealed hindering the development of tourism in Dzherginsky Reserve are the transport inaccessibility of the territory, the lack of access roads with a hard surface, and the environmental and educational nature of the activity. The analysis showed that since 2008 observed the positive dynamics of the number of reserve visitors. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, there has been a decrease in the number of tourists, which is a temporary phenomenon. The reserve has developed five ecological tours designed for tourists with physical training. The reserve has an ethnotourist complex to accommodate tourists. Conclusions. The development of ecological tourism is a promising area of activity for Dzherginsky reserve, for which there are all prerequisites. However, in order for ecological tourism to be profitable, cooperation with government agencies, representatives of the tourist industry and the local population is necessary. In this regard, it is important to use the existing experience of Baikalsky reserve in training the local population and attracting tourists to serve. At the present stage, it is necessary to develop program documents in which it is necessary to provide for measures to mitigate adverse factors.

ASYNCHRONY IN FLUCTUATIONS OF THE MAXIMUM WATER LEVELS OF THE RIVERS IN THE BELARUSIAN POLESIE AND THE BELARUSIAN LAKELAND

A comparative analysis of the maximum water levels formation of the rivers in the Belarus-ian Lakeland and the Belarusian Polesie for the period from 1946 to 2015 was carried out. Three periods were studied: 1946…1965 – the period before the mass reclamation, the peri-od of minimal anthropogenic impacts, can be conditionally accepted as a natural water re-gime; 1966…1987 – the period of mass reclamation; 1988…2015 – the period of modern climatic impacts. The methodological basis of the research was the scientific provisions on the stochastic nature of the variability of the river level regime and the comparative geo-graphical method. It is established that for the rivers of the Belarusian Lakeland there is a steady tendency to decrease the maximum water levels at a rate of minus 31 cm / 10 years in general for the entire period under review, while there is a slight decrease for the rivers of the Belarusian Polesie.

Оценка агроэкологического состояния агроландшафтов для повышения их устойчивости

Introduction. Agricultural land use organized in the dry steppe Kulunda of Altai Krai, with an area of more than 1,8 million hectares, is unsustainable. This is due to many factors, but the main ones are agro-climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation), as well as anthropogenic elements of landscapes, as a result of the joint manifestation of which erosion processes develop. The purpose of the study: to conduct a multicomponent analysis of agricultural lands in the dry steppe Kulunda Altai Krai to optimize their agro- and geo-ecological state, as well as increase the sustainability of agricultural landscapes. Research methods: a systematic approach and a comparative geographical method used in the processing of materials characterizing the qualitative and quantitative indicators of agricultural landscapes and the analysis of zonal physical and geographical characteristics of the territory. Relationships and mutual influences within anthropogenic landscapes have been studied using the ecological-landscape approach. Research results. Over a thirty-year period of monitoring the heat and moisture supply of the territory, it was found that only 1-2 years per decade are optimal for growing crops (spring wheat), and agricultural land prevails in the structure of the land fund (seven municipal districts), and their share varies from 47 % to 96 % in Uglovsky and Tabunsky districts, respectively. Examining the structure of sown areas and crop rotations, it was found that arable land is the most common agricultural land, it accounts for more than 70 %, pastures – almost 20 %, hayfields and fallow lands – 8,5 %, perennial plantations – only 0,04%. It was determined that cultivated crop rotations lead to degradation of the soil cover, which occurs due to active dehumification – the loss of humus reserves in the process of deflation and active mineralization on fallows and fields with tilled crops. It was calculated that the rate of humus loss on an area of one hectare is 0,24 tons per year. Conclusion. The calculations made show that the coefficient of environmental stability is much lower than the threshold, and a relatively high indicator of environmental stability in the Mikhailovsky and Uglovsky districts was achieved due to the tape forest and salt lakes located on their territory, which do not have a positive impact on the sustainability of agricultural areas. Improving the sustainability of agricultural land use is possible with the organization of a grass field system by changing the structure of sown areas and crop rotations.

Сравнительная географо-генетическая характеристика почвообразования на основе накопленной фитомассы в почвах антропогенных ландшафтов лесостепи Западной Сибири

When studying the direction of soil formation in soils of anthropogenic landscapes of any natural zones and belts, one should always consider primarily biological processes, namely, synthesis, accumulation, mineralization and humification of organic matter. Therefore, the aim of the study was to determine the leading soil-forming biological processes in the anthropogenic landscapes of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia to determine and compare the soil-ecological status. The tasks were: to determine the soil composition of landscapes based on the morphological properties of soils; to estimate the total phytomass in different types of soils of anthropogenic landscapes and compare it with the phytomass of zonal soils; determine the leading biological processes occurring in soils. The research was based on comparative morphological, comparative genetic and comparative geographical methods. The article deals with soil-biological processes that occur in the anthropogenic landscapes of the forest-steppe. It was found that the soil cover is mosaic. In its composition, humusogenic technozems and all types of embryozems are morphologically determined. Each type of embryozems corresponds to a certain stage of development of phytocenoses: initial embryozems correspond to the stage with pioneer vegetation; organo-accumulative embryozems - a simple plant grouping; sod embryozems - a complex plant grouping; to humus-accumulative embryozems and humusogenic technozems - a closed phytocenosis. The total phyto-mass and its composition increases and becomes more diverse in the genetic series from initial and organo-accumulative embryozems to sod and humus-accumulative embryozems. Nevertheless, the total terrestrial phytomass of the most genetically developed humus-accumulative embryozems is below the zonal values. The leading biological processes in the embryozems of the initial stages of the formation of an ecosystem are the synthesis and accumulation of organic matter; in humus-accumulative embryozems and in humusogenic technozems, in addition to synthesis and accumulation, the rudiments of mineralization and humification processes are noted. The soil and ecological status has been established. On the dumps of the Bungur coal mine, it is satisfactory, since the soil cover contains humus-accumulative embryozems and humusogenic technozems. The soil-ecological status of the dumps of the Gorlovsk anthracite section is unsatisfactory.

КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ СУСПІЛЬНО-ГЕОГРАФІЧНОГО ВИВЧЕННЯ КОМПЛЕКСУ ДИТЯЧОГО ТУРИЗМУ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ КЛАСТЕРУ ППДТ УКРАЇНИ)

Nowadays it is extremely important to consider children’s tourism through its various types, including resort and health-improving, cognitive-event children’s tourism (CECT). The last one could be the basis for the knowledge development about the history of Ukraine, the popularization of our state traditions and customs, and nurturing of the values of the Ukrainian people among children. The important role of the interdisciplinary toolkit, in particular in the study of geospatial processes and relationships, ensures the effectiveness of research on the geospatial organization of children’s tourism and its various types in particular, the functioning, problems and prospects of children’s tourism at national, regional and local levels, which is especially important in the context of social transformation, including decentralization, as well as against the background of the current situation in Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to determine the conceptual foundations of the human-geographical study of the complex of children’s tourism, and the main tasks – to outline the typical functional-component and territorial-cluster structures of the CECT cluster based on the Ukrainian experience of organizing specialized tourist services for young tourists. The research methodology includes the use of methods of content-analysis of relevant foreign and Ukrainian publications, comparison, systematization, generalization, graphical and comparative-geographical methods, cluster approach and statistical analysis of factual information from open sources. The place of the CECT cluster in the complex of children’s tourism structure is substantiated. The conceptual provisions of the study of the complex of children’s tourism have been improved by defining the typical functional-component structure of the CECT cluster, which includes the interaction of customers (commissioners) of relevant tourism services, primary tourism enterprises and related secondary, tertiary, as well as management, educational, research establishments, organizations and institutions, based on direct and inverse, information, operational and management links, that is providing the formation of cognitive-event specialization tourist product for young tourists. The typical territorial-cluster structure of the functional children’s tourism cluster as substantiates territorial clusters on national (NTC), trans-regional (TRTC), regional (RTC) and local (L TC, LTSC) taxonomic levels is proposed, which are based on organizational and managerial links, similar natural and socio-geographical conditions of the relevant tourist and recreational areas, as well as on the basis of analysis of the intensity of vertical and horizontal human- geographical links that arise between the subjects of the functional cluster. Besides, examples of the functional CECT cluster of Ukraine are given.

КОМПЛЕКСНАЯ ГЕОГРАФИЯ КАК НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ И МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ

The paper formulates basic terms and axioms of the concept of complex geography, defines its subject, methods and models, traces the differences between this approach and other directions in the development of the theory of geographical science, presents quantitative models of geocomplexes constructed based on remote sensing data. By complexes we mean metrized, inductive, commutative, transitive, linearly ordered, discrete-continuous, limited, and changing homotopy systems of information exchange that consist of functionally related heterogeneous elements. This distinguishes the complex approach from the geosystem-dynamic one and from other models of reality. The paper considers the terms of the theory of complex systems: bundle, compositions, combinations, configurations, congruences, tangent transformations, analogy, homology and homotopy, categories and toposes. In modeling, we use the Jacobi determinant as a measure of connectivity and rank distributions for ordinalistic evaluation. The models are illustrated by examples from traditional geographical science (the comparative-geographical method, factor-dynamic series, the law of geographical zoning, etc.). Based on the developed models, we carried out a comparative analysis of the landscapes of the Baikal region using remote sensing data. The elevation and the potential insolation according to the digital elevation model were considered as independent variables (influencing factors). As the dependent variables, the average duration of occurrence of stable snow cover and the earth's surface temperature according to MODIS data were used. The research revealed a congruence of different parts of the territory, which justifies the complexity of the climatic characteristics of the Baikal region according to the selected indicators.

Mapping the pyrogenic dynamics of forest geosystems on the northeastern shore of Lake Baikal

The paper considers the impact of the pyrogenic factor on the landscapes of the Barguzinskii Range. Model representative sites with natural and disturbed mountain-taiga geosystems are identified in the territory of the Trans-Baikal National Park (Svyatoi Nos Peninsula) and the Barguzinskii Nature Reserve (Shumilikha, Tarkulik, and Davsha river valleys). We used geoinformation methods, landscape interpretation mapping, field observation data, remote sensing data and traditional comparative geographical methods for assessment and mapping. The collected data are systematized in the form of a geoinformation database for individual sections and visualized in a cartographic form. We compiled vegetation maps, taking into account the features of the relief and soil types and gave a general description of the landscape state to analyze the pyrogenic impact on local landscapes. It was also revealed that the modification processes of forest geosystems caused by the pyrogenic impact are widespread across wide swathes, but have a different character. It depends on the individual spatial geographical features of the selected representative sites and the nature and time of the direct pyrogenic factor exposure, e.g., the frequency, intensity, especially the microclimate, relief, etc. The paper shows that the restorative stages of plant dynamics in the model sites are clearly traced. We have established an insignificant difference between the current and reference states in places of weak pyrogenic impact, significant local state changes in places of extensive areal impact, and significant and catastrophic changes in places of lasting and intense pyrogenic impact. Maps of the geosystem disturbance caused by both pyrogenic and natural factors for the model sites were compiled.

GEOTOPOLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SHRUBBERY PLANTATIONS

Purpose. Was to substantiate the geotopological paradigm of creating curtin plantings, taking into account the features of the soil and landscape cover of the south of the Volga Upland and northern Ergenes. Materials and methods. Study were carried out during 1988-2020 in the south of the Volga Upland within the Volgograd region. The test site was laid in the former OPH “Kachalinskoye” VNIALMI (now the land use “Kachalinskoye” of the Ilovlinsky district). The meso-and microrelief of the territory was analyzed on the basis of deciphering aerial photographs and ground - based studies. The soil and landscape cover was studied by a comparative geographical method. Based on the data of desk and field decoding with leveling of the terrain, schemes of curtin plantings on meadow-chestnut soils were proposed. Results. The work are obtained. Curtain plantings of dispersed linear-modular type curtain and size 14x22 m, number of trees - 46-50, rows - 6 with placement of 1-2,5 m. The creation technology was based on the author’s patent (SU 1692388). The taxational survey of 2020 showed that the preservation of the curtains of dispersed placement is - 7; of the modular-linear type is - 17, as well as individual tree biogroups have been preserved. The growth rates in the preserved kurtins were higher in the squat elm (Ulmus elfberry) 10.0 ± 0.12 robinia pseudoacia (robinia pseudoacia) 13.9 ± 0.9 m, lanceolate ash (Fraxinus lanceolata). At the same time, in plantings on chestnut saline soils, the height of stands varied from 5.5 m to 8 m. Conclusion. The technology of creating curtin plantings is reduced to the adaptation of the elements of creation to the intra-profile variation of forest suitability, i.e., the adaptation of forest-reclaimed work systems to the spatial heterogeneity of specific lithofacial and morphological conditions associated with the peculiarity of meso- and microrelief.

The landscape – analog approach to optimization of steppe nature management

The attempt to analyze morphological, genetic, and typological landscape-analogs in Steppe Eurasia enveloping the vast transcontinental space of Inner Eurasia from the Danube basin to the Amur River basin has been made for the first time in the paper. Despite considerable provincial differences of a latitudinal row of steppe and forest-steppe regions connected with a degree of climate continentality, geological-geomorphological peculiarities, high altitude of low-laying, elevated and upland plateau-like plains within the all steppe Eurasian space, thanks to the comparative-geographical method, we can define landscape-analogs of a different type that are distant from each other at thousands kilometers. Steppe landscapes of Eurasia have a long and rich history of economic development, having the standard features of zonal nature management, anisochronous in time for hundreds, sometimes thousands, years. Steppe nature management experience in different longitudinal sectors can be used to solve zonal ecological problems of which countries and regions of Steppe Eurasia have met.

Ор және Қарғалы өзендері беткі суларының геоэкологиялық жағдайы

Берілген мақалада беткі сулардың географиялық орта, жалпы қоршаған ортадағы маңызына назар аударылып, қазіргі таңда су ресурстарының антропогендік ластануы туралы айтылды. Мақалада Ақтөбе облысы Хромтау және Қарғалы аудандары территориясындағы беттік сулардың, нақты айтқанда осы екі ауданның басты су артериялары болып табылатын Ор және Қарғалы өзендерінің геоэкологиялық жағдайына шолу жасалынды. Аталып отырған өзендердің физикалық-географиялық ерекшеліктеріне сипаттама берілді. Беткі сулардың геоэкологиялық жағдайы судың ластану индексі көрсеткішіне негізделе отырып анықталды. Су құрамындағы ластаушы заттар концентрациясын анықтау және судың ластану индексін есептеу мақсатында гидрохимиялық талдау жасалынды. Судың ластану индексінің есептелуі мен су сапасы кластарын жіктеудің әдісі келтірілді. Гидрохимиялық талдаулар нәтижесінде судың ластану индексіне байланысты өзен сулары су сапасы бойынша кластарға жіктелді. 2019-2020 жылдар аралығындағы гидрохимиялық талдау көрсеткіштері кесте ретінде берілді және зерттелген өзен беткі суларының талдау нәтижелері келтірілді. Беткі сулардың әрбір мезгіл үшін судың ластану индексі көрсеткіші мөлшері жоғары не төмен болуы түсіндірілді. Жасалған зерттеулерге негізделе отырып қазіргі таңда Ор және Қарғалы өзендері беткі суларының геоэкологиялық жағдайын оңтайландыру үшін іске асырылуы қажет іс-шаралар бойынша ұсыныстар берілді. Сонымен қатар, мақалада физикалық карта мен зерттеулер жүргізілген кілттік нүктелер картасы берілген. Карталар ArcGIS 10.6.1. бағдарламалық жасақтамасы көмегімен жасалынды. Мақаланы жазуда далалық зерттеу әдісі, сипаттау әдісі, талдау әдісі, статистикалық әдісі, салыстырмалы-географиялық әдісі, картографиялық әдіс, геоақпараттық әдісі сияқты әдістер қолданылды.

On the development of scientific and educational speleological tourism in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) (Russian Federation)

The article describes a new kind of educational and extreme tourism – speleotourism. The author examines the question of organization and development of speleological tourism in Yakutia from scientific-educational perspective of studying the geographical peculiarities of the region – rupestral and runic-like inscriptions, as well as offers the methods and mechanisms for the development of this type of tourism, which is a promising direction of inbound and outbound tourism in Yakutia and attracts a large number of tourists-researchers. The article employs the methods of recreational zoning, SWOT-analysis, field observations, comparative-geographical method, analysis of the documents and fund materials of the institutions and organizations, as well as literary sources. The scientific novelty of this work lies in providing the analysis of development of speleological tourism in the Sakha Republic, determination of geographical peculiarities of its development, and formulation of recommendations for the advancement of this type of tourism in the region. Tourist routs, composed with consideration of geographical objects, contribute to protection of the environment, cultivate the sense of harmony with nature in a person, awareness of its fragility and vulnerability, forms environmental responsibility and culture.    

Current dynamics of aeolian processes in the mountain-basin relief of Russia and Mongolia (Lake Baikal basin)

The paper deals with the study of the modern dynamics of aeolian processes within the mountain-basin relief of the Khubsugul region of Northern Mongolia and Southwestern Transbaikalia of Russia as exemplified by three key sections of the transboundary region united by the Selenga river basin. These studies are intended to reveal the nature of the development of aeolian massifs of different morphology and location in order to assess the ecological and geographic potential of various territories of the Lake Baikal basin. The study was carried out with a wide use of geomorphological, geobotanical, comparative-geographical methods, as well as the latest methods of remote sensing using unmanned aerial vehicles with the construction of orthophotomaps of aeolian massifs and three-dimensional models of overflying territories. Three key areas-on the eastern coast of Khubsugul, the valley of the Uure-Gol river in the Eastern Khubsugul region and at the western end of the Malkhan ridge (Mankhan-Elysu stow), differing from each other in many natural parameters, are assessed geomorphologically and geobotanically and their comparative geographical analysis was carried out. The current state of the studied sand massifs is estimated by the nature of the dynamics of aeolian processes and a preliminary forecast of their development is briefly given considering the intensity of the existing pasture load and its possible activation by analyzing the structure of the vegetation cover.

Паломнический туризм как технология религиозного воспитания личности

the results presented in the article allow us to justify the use of pilgrimage tourism as a tool in the formation of spiritual and moral values and worldview. The purpose of the study is to determine the specific features of pilgrimage tourism as a technology of religious education of the individual. The information base of the study was the stock, cartographic and statistical materials, including pilgrimage centers, as well as the sites of tourist organizations and materials collected during the expedition trips of the authors. The interdisciplinary nature of the research allowed us to use different methods from related fields of knowledge – religious studies, geography, sociology, and pedagogy. When interpreting the results of the study, historical, comparative-geographical methods and the method of statistical analysis were used. The results obtained allow us to substantiate the possibility of using pilgrimage tours as a religious education of a spiritual and moral person. In the course of the study, based on the analysis of the ideas of different authors, the value content of the conceptual apparatus of religious and pilgrimage tourism is determined. The system of developing religious education through pilgrimage tourism promotes the formation of a worldview, spiritual guidelines, ideals and meaning. The analysis of the role of pilgrimage in society allows us to distinguish its educational, missionary, charitable and spiritual-educational role. The results presented in the article can be used by pilgrimage centers, services of the Russian Orthodox Church for the development of pilgrimage tours, tourist companies for the promotion of religious tourism, geographers, historians in research and pedagogical activities when improving training courses.

ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫЕ РЕЧНЫЕ РЕСУРСЫ МУРМАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ И ИХ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ В ЭНЕРГЕТИКЕ: ВЧЕРА, СЕГОДНЯ, ЗАВТРА

The development of water resources for power generation is often crucial for the socio-economic development of entire regions. This is especially important for the development of the Russian Arctic, where hydroelectric resources are poorly developed. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of consequences of changes in the hydrological characteristics of watercourses on the development of small and micro-energy in the region. Based on long-term hydrological data from 22 observation posts covering the period from 1946 to 2013 the annual river flow module of the Murmansk region was calculated using statistical data processing methods, and a modern map-scheme of changes in the annual river flow module of the region was constructed using the comparative geographical method and the method of cartographic generalization. A quantitative assessment of the water resources of the Murmansk region, which is part of the Russian Arctic, is given. The distribution of the average annual river flow over the area is shown. The influence of climate changes on water content and river flow regime in the Murmansk region is estimated. The hydropower resources of the rivers of this region have been determined. The history of the creation of the hydropower industry on the Kola Peninsula and the possibilities of developing hydropower in the near future are considered. The main indicators of the operating hydroelectric power plants (HPP) of the Murmansk region are presented. The role of small and micro-hydroelectric power plants in the development of the power system is determined. Promising options for the creation of small hydroelectric power plants in remote villages of the region are shown, and their technical and economic indicators are given. It is found out that the total integrated effect from the construction of these hydroelectric power plants will amount to 354 and 594 million rubles respectively. Development directions of micro-hydroelectric power plants in the Murmansk region are identified. Micro-hydroelectric power plants will provide electricity to small villages, dacha cooperatives and farms. Small and micro-hydroelectric power plants can be used for elaboration of strategies and plans for socio-economic development of the Murmansk region and its small settlements, as well as plans for development of the tourism industry in the region.