Comparative Analysis Of Fatty Acids Research Articles

Comparative Analysis of Fatty Acids Concentration in Liver and Muscle Tissues of Rats and Mice

This study conducted a comparative analysis of fatty acids (FAs) concentration derived from polar (PL) and non-polar (NPL) lipids in the liver and muscle tissues of rats and mice. The objective was to elucidate species-specific differences in tissue FA distribution. Employing targeted GC/MS-based methodology, the study aimed to provide insights into conserved and species-specific aspects of lipid metabolism, thereby enhancing future experimental design, linked with comprehension of the interactions between diet, metabolism, and health. Results revealed markedly higher levels of total fatty acids (TFAs) derived from PL in mice skeletal muscle compared to rats and elevated saturated fatty acids (SFAs) levels in mice. Unsaturated fatty acid levels, mainly monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), were substantially higher in mice muscle across all lipid classes, resulting in a higher PUFA/TFA ratio in mice muscle. Detailed analysis of specific unsaturated fatty acids (C16:1, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, C22:6n3) indicated elevated levels in mice relative to rats. Conversely, rats exhibited higher SFA levels derived from the NPL fraction in the liver, particularly in myristic (C14:0), stearic (C18:0), and tricosanoic (C23:0) acids. Mice liver PL fractions displayed significantly elevated unsaturated FA levels, with notably higher MUFAs and lower PUFAs in NPL fractions compared to rats. Analysis of specific unsaturated FAs revealed higher levels of palmitoleic acid (C16:1) in mice, while rats exhibited increased linoleic (C18:2n6c) and linolenic (C18:3n3) acids. In conclusion, significant differences in FAs tissue distribution between rats and mice underscore the importance of considering species-specific FAs variations when utilizing these animal models and interpreting experimental results related to FA metabolism.

Comparative Analysis of Fatty Acids and Antioxidant Activity of Betula utilis Bark Collected from Different Geographical Region of India

Objective: The present study investigated the comparative analysis of fatty acid and antioxidant activity from the bark of Betula utilis, collected from Kashmir and Sikkim coded as BUK and BUS respectively. Methods: Fatty acid constituents were analyzed by GCMS (gas chromatography mass spectroscopy) in BUK and BUS bark. B. utilis bark extracts of both the locations were phytochemically investigated and radical scavenging activity was evaluated by DPPH in all solvent fractions. Results: Phenolic content were found to be higher in methanolic extracts of BUK bark, 5.8 ± 0.1 mg/gm and flavonoid content were higher in the water extract of BUK bark, 6.16 ± 0.2 mg/gm. The radical scavenging activity was found to be higher methanolic, alcoholic and water extracts of BUK bark. The lowest IC50 value for radical scavenging activity of methanolic and water extracts of B. utilis bark collected from Kashmir were found 18.7 ± 1.1 and 18.2 ± 0.3 μg/mL, respectively. Thirteen fatty acids were identified in the sample BUK as well as BUS in which the major fatty acids were found-Palmitic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid. BUK possess the highest amount of Palmitic acid (18.07%) in oily portion of the bark. Conclusion: The present study concluded that BUK and BUS extracts have shown significant antioxidant activity in comparison to standard but BUK possess potent radical scavenging activity over BUS, and higher amounts palmitic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid was present in the extract, and may a play an important role in nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.

Comparative analysis of fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols content in sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus) from a three-year multi-local study

Sunflower oil is naturally rich in both unsaturated fatty acids and numerous minor components, with high levels of &-tocopherol and phytosterols that could play an important role in plant protection. These micronutriments, tocopherols and phytosterols, also exhibit health benefits for humans including reducing both cardiovascular diseases and aging disorders. &−Tocopherol represents more than 95% of total sunflower tocopherol and has the greatest vitaminic activity. Furthermore, this oil contains high amounts of β-sitosterol which is a promising health beneficial phytosterol. The objective of this study was to compare the content and composition of fatty acids, tocopherols and phytosterols in sunflower oil between different cultivars and locations in a three-year experiment, and to estimate the relationships between these minor components, fatty acids and climatic conditions. Results revealed that content and composition of these molecules are mainly determined by plant genotype. Nevertheless, the environmental conditions seemed to strongly influence the tocopherol content. The results suggest possible improvement in sunflower breeding for minor components.

Rapid Transmethylation and Stable Isotope Labeling for Comparative Analysis of Fatty Acids by Mass Spectrometry

Fatty acids covalently bonded with other molecules have been implicated in many important biological processes. We describe here a rapid approach termed isotope-coded fatty acid transmethylation (iFAT) that integrates extraction, transmethylation, and isotopic labeling into a single step with the aid of ultrasonic irradiation for comparative analysis of fatty acids by mass spectrometry. In this approach, samples without any prefractionation were mixed with a methanol solution of 0.5 M NaOH and an n-hexane solution. The intense wave shocks and cavitations generated by ultrasonic irradiation not only speed the alkaline-catalyzed transmethylation reaction but also facilitate the simultaneous mass transfer of fatty acid methyl esters into the top n-hexane extraction phase that was injected into a GC/MS system. By using commercially available d(3)-methanol, we were able to compare the intensity of labeled and unlabeled methyl esters and their corresponding fragment ions. The detection limit can be down to the picogram level. Major advantages of the iFAT strategy are summarized in the following: (1) Efficient heterogeneous reactions. Solid samples such as dried cell lysates or detergent-resistant fractions can be readily transformed and analyzed with the aid of ultrasound irradiation. (2) Accurate quantification of fatty acids. Evaluation of the completeness or losses of transformation reactions across lipid classes has been hampered due to a lack of suitable methods. Isotope labeling can be used as an internal standard for accurate comparison of the fatty acid composition in different cell states. (3) Reduced interferences from complex biological context. The iFAT strategy not only differentially labels fatty acids in different samples, but also volatilizes those molecules, and thus, they are isolated from the bulk background and analyzed by GC/MS. This proposed approach has been applied to quantitatively determine the fatty acid composition in plant oil and in budding yeast cell lysates and detergent-resistant fractions. It should provide a widely applicable means for quantitative comparison of the fatty acid composition in cells and tissues.

Effect of habitat and motor activity of molluscs on fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phospholipids

A comparative analysis of fatty acids (FA) in neutral and phospholipids of digestive gland and pedal muscle has been performed in molluscs from various ecological groups differing by belonging to sea or fresh water, trophic types or the associated motor activity. In freshwater pulmonary gastropods Lymnaea stagnalis and Limnaea ovalis and marine prosobranchial molluscs Buccinum undatum and Littorina littorea the total content of omega3-acids in phospholipids of the studied tissues differed more than twice, predominantly due to the combined effect of temperature and salinity of the habitat. The lower viscosity of cell membranes in marine species (omega3/omega6 < 1) is determined to the greatest degree by the presence of eicosapentaenoic acid that accounts for 22-25 % of the FA sum in marine species. Comparison of the molluscs by their trophic belonging has revealed the presence of linoleic acid in triglycerides in digestive glands of phytophages (8-12 %), but the practically complete absence of this acid in the predator B. undulatum (<0.8 %. By mobility, L. littorea inhabiting the high-low tide littoral was inferior to freshwater pulmonary gastropods and to marine predator, as it stops moving twice a day during the low tide. In phospholipids of pedal muscle of this mollusc the amount of long-chain polyunsaturated C:22 FA was 3-6 times lower than that in other studied species, which might possibly indicate the role of these acids in functioning of the pedal muscle contractile tissue. On the whole, use of the FA characteristics as parameters determining belonging to certain ecological group requires a certain caution due to a complex action of biotic and abiotic factors on the animal metabolism. The exception is the omega3/omega6 ratio in total phospholipids of freshwater and marine gastropods.

The association of lipid abnormalities with tissue pathology in human osteoarthritic articular cartilage

Articular cartilage is one of very few body tissues uniquely characterized as having substantial stores of lipid deposits. Lipid droplets are naturally accumulated by chondrocytes and individual fatty acids have been shown to have protective as well as deleterious effects on cartilage degradation in animal models of degenerative joint disease. As a means to better assess the role of lipids in human joint pathology, a comparative analysis of fatty acids was undertaken in small segments of osteoarthritic articular cartilage. The data were assessed in terms of chondrocyte synthetic activity and histological determination of disease severity. The distribution profile of individual fatty acids in normal and osteoarthritic specimens remained constant, with palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids representing 85% of the total fatty acids. In contrast, levels of total fatty acids were markedly increased in association with increasing degree of lesion severity. Compared with tissue from normal-aged joints, grade 0 to 1 mild lesions had elevated levels of total fatty acids, essential fatty acids, and chondrocyte synthetic activity of 80%, 312%, and 393%, respectively. More severe tissue involvement (grade 6 to 9), was associated with even greater increases of 440%, 1,100%, and 1,150%, respectively. No change was noted in cholesterol content in any tissue. The accumulation of arachidonic acid was greater than the proportional increase in total fatty acid content and was primarily distributed into the neutral lipid fraction, where it constituted almost 62% of the fatty acid level in tissues of moderate lesion severity. There was an association of lipid accumulation in general and arachidonic acid in particular with histological severity. This association is suggestive of a lipid involvement in the chondrocyte's response to development or progression of degenerative joint disease.

Comparative analysis of fatty acids in pollen and seed of rapeseed

Lipids accounted for 31.7% of the dry wt of mature, viable pollen of rapeseed ( Brassica napus). External lipids of the pollen coat, specified by the diploid parental genome, and internal cytoplasmic lipids, presumably specified by the haploid pollen genome, were separated by differential extraction. External lipids and paraffins represented 9.8 % of pollen dry wt, and contained predominantly linolenic (18:3) with significant amounts of palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0) and myristic (14:0) acids, as well as paraffins. Internal lipids accounted for 21.9% of pollen dry wt and comprised predominantly 18:3 and 16:0. Mature seeds of B. napus comprised 45.0 % lipid, with a fatty acid composition different from that of either pollen fraction. Decanoic (10:0), lauric (12:0) and hexadecatrienoic (16:3) acids were detected in pollen but not in seeds. These data are discussed in relation to pollen biochemistry and the potential for pollen selection in rapeseed breeding.

Comparative Lipid Composition of Colony- and Laboratory-Stored Pollen

SummaryA comparative analysis of fatty acids and sterols in colony- and laboratory-stored pollen from the same source revealed some important differences. The sterol ester concentration was 56% higher in pollen stored in the colony; there was also a much lower concentration of the essential fatty acids linoleic (C18: 2) and linolenic (C18: 3), and more of the saturated C16 and C18 acids.

Fatty acid composition of lipids of Escherichia coli W 1655 F+ and its stable protoplast type L-form.

The comparative fatty acid analysis of extractable and non-extractable lipids of Escherichia coli W 1655 F+ and its stable protoplast type L-form shows quantitative as well as qualitative differences. From 10 different fatty acids obtained 16:0, 17:0 and 18:0 are present at about the same quantities in the lipid fractions of the bacterial and L-form. The absence of larger amounts of 12:0, 14:0, and 14:beta OH fatty acids in non-extractable L-form lipids reflects the loss of the cell wall in L-form cells. 16:1 fatty acid was found in L-form lipids only. This qualitative difference and the 2-3 times higher content of 18:1 in L-form lipids and the 7 times lower content of cyc 19:0 in extractable lipids of the L-form may be interpreted as alterations characteristic for the changed composition of the cytoplasmic membrane in L-form cells.

Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on proteoglycan metabolism in articular cartilage

Articular cartilage is one of very few body tissues uniquely characterized as having substantial stores of lipid deposits. Lipid droplets are naturally accumulated by chondrocytes and individual fatty acids have been shown to have protective as well as deleterious effects on cartilage degradation in animal models of degenerative joint disease. As a means to better assess the role of lipids in human joint pathology, a comparative analysis of fatty acids was undertaken in small segments of osteoarthritic articular cartilage. The data were assessed in terms of chondrocyte synthetic activity and histological determination of disease severity. The distribution profile of individual fatty acids in normal and osteoarthritic specimens remained constant, with palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids representing 85% of the total fatty acids. In contrast, levels of total fatty acids were markedly increased in association with increasing degree of lesion severity. Compared with tissue from normal-aged joints, grade 0 to 1 mild lesions had elevated levels of total fatty acids, essential fatty acids, and chondrocyte synthetic activity of 80%, 312%, and 393%, respectively. More severe tissue involvement (grade 6 to 9), was associated with even greater increases of 440%, 1,100%, and 1,150%, respectively. No change was noted in cholesterol content in any tissue. The accumulation of arachidonic acid was greater than the proportional increase in total fatty acid content and was primarily distributed into the neutral lipid fraction, where it constituted almost 62% of the fatty acid level in tissues of moderate lesion severity. There was an association of lipid accumulation in general and arachidonic acid in particular with histological severity. This association is suggestive of a lipid involvement in the chondrocyte's response to development or progression of degenerative joint disease.