Comparative Adjectives Research Articles

Evaluation of adjective and adverb types for effective Twitter sentiment classification.

Twitter, the largest microblogging platform, has reported more than 330 million active users in recent years. Many users express their sentiments about politics, sports, products, personalities, etc. Sentiment analysis has emerged as a specialized branch of machine learning in which tweets are binary-classified to provide sentimental insights. A major step in sentiment classification is feature selection, which primarily revolves around parts of speech (POS). Few techniques merely focused on single features such as adjectives, adverbs, and verbs, while other techniques examined types of these features, such as comparative adjectives, superlative adjectives, or general adverbs. Furthermore, POS as linguistic entities have also been studied and extensively classified by researchers, such as CLAWS-C7. For sentiment analysis, none of the studies conceptualized all possible POS features under similar conditions to draw firm conclusion. This research is centered on the following objectives: 1) examining the impact of various types of adjectives and adverbs that have not been previously explored for sentiment classification; 2) analyzing potential combinations of adjectives and adverbs types 3) conducting a comparison with a benchmark dataset for better classification accuracy. To assess the concept, a renowned human annotated dataset of tweets is investigated. Results showed that classification accuracy for adjectives is improved up to 83% based on the general superlative adjective whereas for adverbs, comparative general adverb also depicted significant accuracy improvement. Their combination with general adjectives and general adverbs also played a substantial role. The unexplored potential of adjectives and adverb types proved better in accuracy against state-of-the-art probabilistic model. In comparison to lexicon-based model, proposed research model overruled the dependency of lexicon-based dictionary where each term first needs to be matched for semantic orientation. The evident outcomes also help in time reduction aspect where huge volume of data need to be processed swiftly. This noteworthy contribution brought up significant knowledge and direction for domain experts. In the future, the proposed technique will be explored for other types of textual data across different domains.

Writers' communicative resources for comparing present and past research findings: A pedagogically motivated inquiry into scientists' rhetorical practices

Despite the pivotal role of ‘comparing present and past research findings' (CPPRF) in both softer and harder sciences, scant attention has been directed to how linguistic resources are used in such comparisons in certain applied sciences, particularly Material Science (MS) and Agricultural Science (AS). Based on a genre analysis and interviews with specialist informants, we examined the prevalence of CPPRF, the circumstances involved, and the salient linguistic resources employed by expert writers in the two disciplines. It was found that CPPRF is markedly more prevalent in the ‘Results and Discussion’ sections of the research articles in AS than those in MS. Agricultural scientists use more author prominent citations, especially after alignment verbs, to accentuate the roles of previous researchers while making new knowledge claims. Experts in both fields, however, employ ‘copula-complex preposition’ and ‘copula-adjective-preposition’ structures expressing commonality to explicitly support previous research findings. In cases of divergences, writers draw on comparative adjectives to tacitly avoid direct conflicts with previous researchers' findings in the process of knowledge creation. It is recommended that specific word combinations be highlighted in relation to writers' attempts to generate knowledge via comparisons of present and previous research outcomes, thus implicitly signalling additional contributions of their studies.

Специфика использования языковых средств в формировании имиджа транспортных авиапредприятий

The research aims to identify and compare the language means that are used to form a positive image of the aircraft enterprises “Aeroflot” and “British Airways”. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the choice of the object and subject of analysis: the paper is the first to identify and compare the common and specific characteristics of the two nations from the perspective of image construction of the two transport companies in Russian and English. The results of the study of linguistic means indicate that the airlines are interested in marketing their company as highly successful and very reliable. The study of English and Russian websites made it possible, on the one hand, to identify certain coincidences in the use of linguistic means and axiological categories when forming the image of an international transport company as a progressive, successful and influential airline, on the other hand, it allowed the researchers to determine the peculiarities of English-speaking specialists’ thinking, which manifested themselves in tropes formed according to the principle of “string compounds” (“brand-new route for British Airways”). It was established that in English, when it comes to creating the image of the British aircraft enterprise, the preference is given to comparative adjectives, which are rarely found in the Russian discourse.

Complex Queries for Querying Linked Data

Querying Linked Data is one of the most important issues for the semantic web community today because it requires the user to understand the structure and vocabularies used in various data sources. Furthermore, users must be familiar with the syntax of query languages, such as SPARQL. However, because users are accustomed to natural language-based search, novice users may find it challenging to use these features. As a result, new approaches for querying Linked Data sources on the web with NL queries must be defined. In this paper, we propose a novel system for converting natural language queries into SPARQL queries to query linked and heterogeneous semantic data on the web. While most existing methods have focused on simple queries and have ignored complex queries, the method described in this work aims to handle various types of NL queries, particularly complex queries containing negation, numbers, superlatives, and comparative adjectives. Three complementary strategies are used in this context: (1) identifying the semantic relations between query terms in order to understand the user’s needs; (2) mapping the NL terms to semantic entities; and (3) constructing the query’s valid triples based on the different links used to describe the identified entities in order to generate correct SPARQL queries. The empirical evaluations show that the proposed system is effective.

Polish Comparative Adjectives and Adverbs

The paper investigates the morphosyntax of Polish synthetic comparative adjectives and adverbs. It is argued that we can predict the distribution of different classes of adjectival roots and suffixes if we adopt the idea that both types of morphemes lexicalize syntactic constituents, the central tenet of Nanosyntax. The paper makes a case for two central claims. One is that the syn-sem properties of adjectives can be described with a finegrained syntactic sequence proposed for Slovak in Vanden Wyngaerd et al. (2020). The other one is that the lexical properties of Polish gradable adverbs follow from the syntactic representation of the adverb as properly containing the syntactic representation of the adjective.

The Identity of Who/What Is Greater than the Temple in Matthew 12:6

What is greater than the Temple is an ongoing debate among New Testament (NT) scholars. Scholars interpret what is greater than the Temple either as the kingdom of God/heaven, the superior service of the disciples of Jesus, love/mercy, or Jesus. However, though some of the literature so far reviewed considered Matthew’s usage of comparative adjectives in his Gospel, it is not exhaustive. This article intends to investigate Matthean style of using the comparative adjective to help interpret the one on 12:6. This article uses the text-centred approach of exegesis to unravel the identity of what is greater than the Temple in Matt. 12:6. The study concludes that what is greater than the Temple would be a temple or something relating to the Temple. We conclude that what is greater than the Temple is Jesus’ ministry.

An Analysis of Inflectional Morphemes in a Short Story “The Child’s Story” by Charles Dickens

This study aims to determine the inflectional morpheme contained in the short story entitled "The Child's Story" by Charles Dickens. The analysis shows that there are 108 inflectional morphemes found in the short story "The Child's Story". There are 35 plural nouns “-s”, “-es” with 32.5% percentage as the most dominant inflectional morphemes found in this story. Next, possessive nouns “-'s”, “-s'” and comparative adjectives “-er” both show 2 data (1.8%), superlative adjectives “-est” shows 3 data (2.7%), 3rd person singular/present tense “-s” shows 4 data (3.7%), verb past tense “-ed”/”-d” shows 29 data (26.9%), Present participle “-ing” shows 32 data (29.7%), past participle verb “-en” shows 1 data (0.9%). In addition, Inflectional does not change the grammatical category of words consisting of "-s, -'s, -er, -est, -s, -ed, -ing, and -en". The suffix “-s” means plural. The suffix “-'s”, “-s'” means possessive. The ending “-er” means comparative. The suffix “-est” means superlative. The ending “-ed” means past. The ending “-ing” means current (continuous). The ending “-en” means participle.
 Keywords: Morphology, Words, Inflectional, Morphemes, Suffixes.

Using Adjective Monsters Kit to Improve the Pupils’ Mastery of Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Using Adjective Monsters Kit to Improve the Pupils’ Mastery of Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Speech influence in advertising texts

This work is devoted to the speech impact of advertising texts, in other words, the language of advertising, the purpose of which is to attract the attention of a potential consumer by making the message as memorable and unusual as possible, lively and catchy, colorful and attractive to a potential listener / buyer. The significance of the work lies in the fact that the author, in the process of analyzing the basic structural elements of the advertising message (slogan and main body), determines the main speech techniques for the influence of advertising texts: expressive means, including metaphors, epithets metonymy, speech turns, paths, various grammatical forms and other forms of influence: nominative, one-part, verb sentences, comparative and superlative adjectives, rhymes, imperative verbs, adverbs, lexical repetition. On specific examples of advertising slogans, evidence is given that the above speech means contribute to increased demand for the advertised product or service. During the study, the author confirms the hypothesis put forward at the beginning of the study: if you skillfully use speech exposure, i.e. to choose words whose harmonious combination lays in the subconscious of a person the information transmitted to him by the manufacturer through high-quality advertising, then such an advertising text can become the key to the success of trade. The work is of great practical importance: the material presented in it can be used by students to improve the culture of speech, improve stylistically differentiated speech, as well as school teachers as methodological material in the Russian language when studying the section «Vocabulary», «Stylistics».

İNGİLİZCE VE MACARCADA KIYASLAMA YAPILARI: BİR KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZ

This study aims at contrasting and comparing comparative constructions in English and Hungarian languages to pinpoint any similarities and differences between them. For this purpose, inventories of English and Hungarian comparative constructions are listed to highlight their similarities and discrepancies and only comparative adjectives are dealt with for the sake of the present study. Accordingly, both languages have restricted numbers of inflections to make comparative constructions from adjectives and the syntactic and morphological aspects of these morphemes are analysed in three steps: description, juxtaposition and comparison. The results of this contrastive morphological study reveal that the differences between the two languages originate from their typological characteristics. Hungarian, as an agglutinative language, uses inflectional bound morphemes to form the related structures and vowel harmony of the language regulates the choice of suffix. In English, on the other hand, both bound morphemes and free ones are possible to create such constructions. The principle that lies behind this dichotomy is directly related with the morphological aspects of English. Yet, both languages employ some broken forms but in Hungarian this irregularity stems from the phonological constraints of the language rather than a purely converted word formation which is the case in English. The differences are the major source of difficulties for a native speaker of English to learn Hungarian and vice versa. From this respect, based on the findings of the study, some implications can be drawn for translators, textbook writers, syllabus designers, learners and instructors involved in language teaching.

A Comparative Study of 10th Grade Turkish Cypriot Students’ Writing Errors

The present study aims to shed light on analyzing the types and the frequency of the written sentence errors committed by 58 tenth grade Turkish Cypriot English as a foreign language (EFL) students in two classrooms, that is, Class A and B at a public vocational high school in North Cyprus. A quasi-experimental design was employed in the study where Class A was the experimental group which was exposed to an audio-visual aid titled “the Little Red Riding Hood” and Class B who acted as the control group. Data were collected from the written sentences produced by the students. All the errors committed by the students were identified and categorized into syntactic, morphological, orthographic, and lexical categories. The results of the study showed that both classes of students committed 11 types of common errors: (a) wrong use of articles, (b) wrong use of prepositions, (c) word order, (d) verb tense, (e) omission of plural –s, (f) misuse of the possessive –s, (g) incorrect use of comparative adjectives, (h) incorrect spelling, (i) punctuation, (j) capitalization, and (k) wrong words. However, the experimental group committed less errors ( N = 232, 57.14%) as compared to the control group ( N = 320, 78.82%). The findings have implications for EFL teachers to incorporate audio-visual aids into their teaching methodologies when teaching the writing skill.

On Coherence in Quranic Discourse: A Linguistic Analysis

The reader may assume that adjacent sentences in a given running text are coherent, logically ordered, conceptually related, semantically homogeneous, and, most importantly, enjoy continuity of the text pivotal thought. However, this may not be so since the prerequisites of coherence are varied and the criteria are language and culture specific. Cohesion plays a pivotal role in the realisation of coherence, in particular, and the texture of the text, in general. In Quranic Arabic, some of the linguistic mechanisms through which the text producer aims to attain coherence do not occur in other languages. Thus, the contribution to knowledge and originality applies to the current work. The plugging of a research gap in this field of linguistics can be demonstrated in the need to explain the prototypical discourse characteristics of Quranic Arabic. This is represented in the attainment of coherence through (i) morphological relatedness, (ii) the text producer’s selection of a grammatical category such as verb/noun/adjective that is fundamental to the central idea of the statement, (iii) the selection of a specific comparative adjective, (iv) the selection of a specific comparative God’s epithet, and (v) the selection of a specific sentence-final God’s couplet epithets. For the purpose of this paper’s analyses, a sample of Quranic lexical items has been selected from different sūrahs (chapters) and are provided with a discourse-oriented analysis with a view to their attainment of coherence.

비교형용사 구문의 통사구조에 대하여

비교형용사 구문의 통사구조에 대하여

Who says “larger” and who says “smaller”? Individual differences in the language of comparison

AbstractWhen comparing a pair of attribute values, English speakers can use a “larger” comparative (“A is larger/longer/higher/more than B”) or a “smaller” comparative (“B is smaller/shorter/lower/less than A”). This choice matters because it affects people’s inferences about the absolute magnitudes of the compared items, and influences the perceived truthfulness of the comparative sentence itself. In 4 studies (total N = 2335), we investigated the language that people use to describe ordinal relations between attributes. Specifically, we examined whether demography, emotion, and personality predict the tendency to use “larger” comparatives rather than “smaller” ones. Participants viewed pairs of items differing in a single attribute and indicated the word they would use to describe the relationship between them; they also completed a series of self-report measures. Replicating previous work, we found a robust tendency to use “larger” comparatives, both when people chose between two adjectives and when they freely produced their own words in a sentence completion task. We also found that this tendency was more pronounced in older participants, those with positive mood or outlook, and among people high in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. However, these effects were very small, with meta-analytic effect sizes indicating they explain less than 1% of the variance. We conclude that, although people’s use of comparative adjectives is influenced by properties of the items that are being compared, the way that people describe magnitude relations is relatively stable across variation in a range of important traits and dispositions, protecting decision-makers from a potentially undesirable source of bias in their inferences and representations of described options.

Morphological encoding beyond slots and fillers: An ERP study of comparative formation in English.

One important organizational property of morphology is competition. Different means of expression are in conflict with each other for encoding the same grammatical function. In the current study, we examined the nature of this control mechanism by testing the formation of comparative adjectives in English during language production. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded during cued silent production, the first study of this kind for comparative adjective formation. We specifically examined the ERP correlates of producing synthetic relative to analytic comparatives, e.g. angrier vs. more angry. A frontal, bilaterally distributed, enhanced negative-going waveform for analytic comparatives (vis-a-vis synthetic ones) emerged approximately 300ms after the (silent) production cue. We argue that this ERP effect reflects a control mechanism that constrains grammatically-based computational processes (viz. more comparative formation). We also address the possibility that this particular ERP effect may belong to a family of previously observed negativities reflecting cognitive control monitoring, rather than morphological encoding processes per se.

A cross-dialectal analysis of Nuosu adjectival comparative constructions

AbstractCurrent analyses (Hu 2005;Gerner 2013;Liu et al. 2013) of Nuosu adjectival comparative constructions are not observationally adequate because they are only based on the semantic distinction between dimensional adjectives and other adjectives. A better analysis should make a further morphological consideration by dividing the Nuosu adjectives into root-sharing prefixed adjectives, non-root-sharing prefixed adjectives and simplex adjectives.Moreover, the existing analyses are not consistent. Some unacceptable comparative sentences inHu (2005)are acceptable inGerner (2013)andLiu et al. (2013). I have found out that the inconsistency results from different rigorousness to adjectival morphosyntactic restrictions among different varieties or dialects of Nuosu.After a cross-dialectal investigation with three major dialects of Nuosu, i.e. Shynra, Yynuo and Suondi, it is concluded that Nuosu comparative constructions have a restricted form and a general form for superiority, inferiority and equality respectively. Different dialects or varieties have varying rigorousness to Nuosu adjectival morphosyntax, thus resulting in different choices of the forms for comparison. Accordingly, the available Nuosu varieties are classified into three types: varieties with more morphosyntactic rigorousness, transitional varieties and varieties with less morphosyntactic rigorousness. It is found that Shynra Nuosu is morphosyntactically less rigorous than Yynuo and Suondi Nuosu. I will also address the relationship between the two structural forms of comparative constructions. To conclude, a prediction is made on the development of Nuosu adjectival comparatives.

Smaller than small comparatives: the case of Basque

Adjectival comparatives like txiki baino txikiago ‘smaller than small’ in Basque exhibit some striking properties that present a challenge for previous analyses of inequality comparatives. The research on this unstudied type of adjectival comparatives in Basque – henceforth small comparatives – is especially interesting due to the rich morphology and freedom of word order that Basque displays. These two properties are vital for the testing of the hypotheses on the structure of these comparatives. First, the examination of the underlying structure of the standard of comparison reveals that these adjectival modifiers are inequality comparatives with a phrasal standard. Second, the study of the extraction constraints of the standard and the particular distribution of small comparatives evidence the fact that the standard marker in these comparatives behaves as a coordinating conjunction, and that these modifiers can appear inside a Determiner Phrase, in contrast with previously analysed adjectival comparatives. These properties are explained by assuming the functional analysis of adjectives and comparative markers (-ago ‘-er, more’), and proposing a coordination analysis of these phrasal comparatives. The study of small comparatives hence shows that the coordination analysis of comparative structures is necessary not only for clausal comparatives (Napoli & Nespor 1983 for Italian; Sáez 1992 for Spanish; and Lechner 2004 for English and German) but also for phrasal comparatives such as small comparatives.

Pronominal Anaphor Resolution and the Underlying Cognitive Mechanism

When people tend to refer to a previous mentioned discourse entity, they can use various types of anaphoric expressions, such as pronouns, definite noun phrases, proper names or expressions that are introduced by a lexical modifier or a comparative adjective. Among the different types of anaphoric expressions, pronoun is most common and frequently used which contains only a little information about the referent, while definite expressions contain much richer semantic information. As pronouns contain very little information on their own, they are always ambiguous. The cognitive mechanism that underlies the comprehension of pronouns, especially the ones with ambiguities, catches the interests of many researchers. Various tasks have been used to investigate this issue and the results did not go for the same direction. A combination of multiple research methods is needed for a better and deeper understanding of anaphora.

Collaborative Output Tasks and their Effects on Learning English Comparative Adjectives

This study aimed to examine the effect of two types of collaborative output tasks on Iranian EFL learners’ comparative adjectives with two or more syllables. Thirty Iranian EFL learners participated in this study which were then divided into two experimental and one control groups; one experimental group received dictogloss task in 4-pairs and the other experimental group was given text reconstruction editing task in 6-pairs. Using pretest, posttests and delayed posttests, the data were collected through a grammaticality judgment test (GJT) and audio-recording of the learners’ interaction. Comparing the mean scores of three groups in GJT generally indicated that experimental groups gained more than the control group and text reconstruction editing group outperformed dictogloss group in noticing and learning the English comparative adjectives with two or more syllables. The transcripts of the students' verbal interactions indicated that text reconstruction editing group generated larger number of turns and language related episodes (LREs) in comparison to dictogloss group. Findings of this study also indicated that the majority of problems encountered in all the dyads were correctly solved in both dictogloss and text reconstruction editing groups, while the dictogloss group correctly solved more LREs in comparison to the text reconstruction editing group which showed that the dictogloss group was better regarding the quality of LREs. It can be concluded that the current study found evidence in support of Swain and her colleagues' claims (e.g. Kowal & Swain, 1994) that task implementation required the learners to produce output collaboratively which in turn leads to the internalization of grammatical features.

States and events for S-level gradable adjectives

The event analysis is only rarely incorporated into degree-theoretic treatments of adjectival comparatives. I propose a neodavidsonian account of predications like "Ann was happy" that involves quantification over both states and events. This ‘double-eventuality’ analysis is motivated primarily by how stage-level gradable adjectives interact with temporal "for"-phrases in two classes of comparatives, which I differentiate as ‘low’ versus ‘high’ attachment of the comparative morpheme. Low attachment comparatives express canonical degree readings ("more available"), while high attachment involve comparing numbers of occasions ("available more"). I resolve these patterns by positing a stative core for adjectives, and the possibility of mapping properties of states to properties of events. Low attachment interpretations, then, involve comparison of states, and high involve comparison of (pluralities of) events. I show that the analysis extends to other cases where states and events can do work for adjectives outside of comparatives.