Panel Data Of Companies Research Articles

The effect of intellectual capital and venture capital on enterprise values: evidence from China

PurposeIntellectual capital (IC) and venture capital (VC) play an important role in enterprise development. While the literature has investigated the relationship between IC and the profitability of companies, the relationship among IC, VC and enterprise value (EV) is still not well understood.Design/methodology/approachDrawing insights from the literature, we develop a few testable hypotheses about the relationships among IC, VC and EV. Using the panel data of companies listed in the Chinese stock market from 2009 to 2019, we employ fixed-effects regression models to test these hypotheses.FindingsWe find that IC has a significant positive effect on long-term EV. VC is found to have a positive direct effect on long-term EV but has a negative direct effect when its moderating effect with IC is considered. To explain this finding, we develop a simple economic model and provide an over-investment perspective.Originality/valueWe believe this paper can shed light on pro-venture investment policies in China, as well as provide indications for similar policies around the world.

Decision-Making of Discretionary Goodwill Impairments—Evidence from Publicly Listed Firms in China

ABSTRACT With the wave of M&A, total amount of goodwill balances has been accumulated to an enormous number in Chinese capital market. This study uses new independent variables to examine the determinants of goodwill impairments and to study the decision-making of discretionary goodwill impairments. First, this study investigates short-term and long-term market reaction of goodwill impairment announcements from 2019 to 2021 by using the event study method. Results indicate that goodwill impairments are only significantly associated with short-term cumulative abnormal return, on average. Then, based on the panel data of companies with goodwill balance from 2007 to 2020, logistic regression findings indicate that the companies without risk of financial loss have a higher probability of withdrawing goodwill impairments, on average; companies with stable operation have a higher probability of withdrawing goodwill impairments, on average. Result shows the discretion was used in goodwill impairments decision-making.

Reprint of: Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models

Estimation of the dynamic error components model is considered using two alternative linear estimators that are designed to improve the properties of the standard first-differenced GMM estimator. Both estimators require restrictions on the initial conditions process. Asymptotic efficiency comparisons and Monte Carlo simulations for the simple AR(1) model demonstrate the dramatic improvement in performance of the proposed estimators compared to the usual first-differenced GMM estimator, and compared to non-linear GMM. The importance of these results is illustrated in an application to the estimation of a labour demand model using company panel data.

The employment effects of digital infrastructure: firm-level evidence from the ‘Broadband China’ strategy

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the impact of digital infrastructure construction within cities on the labour market in firms. Using the ‘Broadband China’ policy as a quasi-natural experiment, and employing panel data of companies listed on the Chinese stock market from 2011 to 2018, we apply a difference in differences (DID) and propensity score matching (PSM)-DID model, and a series of robustness tests to analyse labour demand amongst firms. We find a strong and positive link between digital infrastructure construction and firm labour demand, which is driven by the reduction in management costs and financial constraints. In addition, the positive effect of digital infrastructure on firm labour demand is concentrated in firms in China’ s eastern and central regions, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), low competitiveness firms, substantial industrial investment intensity firms, industrial high value-added firms and non-information and communications technology(ICT) industry firms. Meanwhile, digital infrastructure shows heterogeneous effects on different labour demands within enterprises, with the most adverse effect on the demand for low-educated labour. Our findings provide a solution to the problem of ‘stable employment’ based on the perspective of digital economy development. They also provide policy inspiration for governments that are aiming to effectively implement China’s ‘Powerful Digital Nation’ strategy.

Corporate governance code and voluntary disclosure of integrated reporting: Evidence from an emerging economy

AbstractIntegrated reporting (IR) is the most recent business reporting paradigm that seeks to improve information quality and create sustainable value. This study investigates the impact of the Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance (MCCG) 2017 on the voluntary IR disclosure quality. Data is collected from the top 100 Malaysian public listed companies from 2016 to 2020. The study used content analysis and a developed IR disclosure index on panel data of companies that fully adopt IR. The results show ongoing growth in IR adoption among Malaysian companies; most of them are aware of its benefits. The study provides empirical evidence on the positive influence of MCCG 2017 on the IR disclosure quality using the random effects generalised least squares regression model. The trend analysis confirms that Malaysian companies enhanced their IR disclosure quality, especially after 2017. The results also show that the research sample has reported 70% for each IR content element in 2020. In this regard, the highest reported element is ‘risks and opportunities’. Thus, several companies have established enterprise risk management frameworks and risk committees. This study contributes to the literature by providing an intensive investigation of the IR practices in Malaysia's earliest adoption stages preceding and following the MCCG 2017.

The effects of top management team strategic cognition on corporate financial health and value: an interactive multi-dimensional approach

The upper echelons theory posits that the values, personalities, experience and education background of the top management team (TMT) affect both executives’ strategic cognition and corporate outcomes. Since TMT members differ in their cognitive structures, as also acknowledged by the presence of managerial biases and irrationalities in the behavioural finance theories, policy makers and scholars are saddled with the problem of identifying specific cognitive elements that can secure optimum organisational outcomes. Conceptual approaches or linear relationships between TMT strategic cognition (TMT-SC) and outcomes are unable to capture the complex interdependencies among TMT-SC, TMT attributes and performance. We propose and empirically test a dynamic multi-dimensional TMT-SC model. Using handpicked UK company panel data, we provide robust empirical evidence that extends our understanding of the theory. Our PLS-SEM analyses show that heterogeneity in TMT academic and professional qualifications, and work experience alone cannot provide optimal benefits to organisations. However, when they are combined with other TMT cognitive factors such as social networking, innovativeness and risk-taking levels, these aspects appear to improve firm value and financial health.

Growth Opportunities, Capital Structure and Dividend Policy in Emerging Market: Indonesia Case Study

The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of growth opportunities on capital structure and dividend policy in Indonesia. The study employs panel data of companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange that distribute dividends from 2007 to 2017. Fixed and random effect regression models are used. Findings based on growth opportunities on capital structure and dividend policy in Indonesia are in line with the existing theory (i.e., contracting theory). Growth opportunities have a significant negative correlation with debt ratio and dividend yield, which suggests that firms with high growth opportunities are discouraged to generate debt to resolve underinvestment and asset-substitution problem. Firms with more investment opportunities tend to adopt a low dividend payout policy because the cash flows will be used up for investment. The positive impact of firm size on leverage is due to the low bankruptcy risk and cost of a large company. Profitability has a positive impact on the dividend policy because profitable companies can reserve larger free cash flows and, thus, pay higher dividends. The positive influence of ownership on leverage is interpreted by the unwillingness of majority stockholders to commit to equity financing in order to avoid reducing the ownership and preserve control of the company.

The Effect Of Tax Examination Effectiveness On Tax Avoidance With Political Connection Moderation

The self-assessment system in which the taxpayer performs the calculation, payment, and tax reporting by the taxpayer itself risks tax avoidance practices. To minimize this risk, the Directorate General of Taxation carries out law enforcement in the framework of supervision through tax audit activities. This study aims to analyze the effect of the effectiveness of the inspection on tax avoidance practices by using a moderated political connection because it is suspected that companies with a political link tend to be more aggressive in terms of tax planning. This study uses panel data of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2016 to 2018. The study results conclude that tax audits effectiveness has a significant effect on tax avoidance practices, which means that the more influential the tax audit activities are, the lower the tax avoidance level.

The Association Between Related Party Transaction And Tax Avoidance In Indonesia

<p>This study aims to examine the association between related party transaction and tax avoidance in Indonesia’ Non-Financial Companies. Related-party transactions, as its name implies, are transactions conducted by companies with its related parties. Meanwhile, tax avoidance is a reduction in corporate tax liability, which is conducted by the company legally. This study employs a quantitative method using linear regression analysis and uses panel data of companies listed under the Indonesia Non-Financial Companies on IDX from 2014 to 2017. The result of this study suggests that related party transaction is negatively associated with tax avoidance.</p>

Are Socially Responsible Companies Really Ethical? The Moderating Role of State-Owned Enterprises: Evidence from China

The present research aims to explore the relationship between corporate social responsibility and earnings management (EM). For this study, we utilized the panel data of companies registered with the Shanghai and the Shenzhen stock exchanges. The data consists of 10years of financial data from 2010 to 2019. After a thorough investigation, we discovered that CSR hurts the EM practice, which mainly relates to the prevalence of the ethical stance and the moral stance in corporate decision-making. When firms engage in activities about CSR, they tend to improve their corporate image and their social image as the stakeholder satisfaction level increases. The results also indicate that, when firms engage in these types of activities, they tend to incorporate practices related to CSR as part of their corporate strategy. This also results in a higher moral standing amongst the decision-makers, and they prefer to reject malpractices, such as EM, as a result. In the case of the Chinese state-owned firms, the results indicate that these companies increasingly engage in real earnings management (REM), even though they have increased their CSR activities. The results point towards management opportunism with Chinese state-owned companies.

The Effect of Corporate Diversification, Customer Concentration on Tax Avoidance in Indonesia

This study aims to examine the effect of corporate diversification, customer concentration on tax avoidance in Indonesia’ Non-Financial Companies. Companies diversify because of the private benefits managers receive from diversifying. Also, Companies may choose to have only a few customers to create a close relationship with those customers. Meanwhile, tax avoidance is a reduction in corporate tax liability, which is conducted by the company legally. This study employs a quantitative method using linear regression analysis and uses panel data of companies listed under the Indonesian Non-Financial Companies on IDX from 2014 to 2017. Based on purposive sampling was conducted, the total number of observations is 483 firm-year. The results of this study suggest that corporate diversification and customer concentration are positively associated with tax avoidance.

An Empirical Study of the Link between R&D and Exports in the Korean Electronics Industry: SMEs Versus Mid-sized Firms

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigates mainly the relationship between R&D investment decision and export participation decision in the Korean electronics industry. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses panel data of companies in the Korean electronics industry during the period from 2012 to 2017, which are listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ. The regression techniques used in this paper is the probit model and bivariate probit model. Findings - Empirical results show that the impact of past R&D investment decisions on both future R&D investment and export decisions is larger in SMEs than in mid-sized firms. By contrast, regarding the firm’s productivity, its impact on R&D investment and export decisions turns out to be stronger in mid-sized firms than in SMEs. Research implications or Originality - In korea, most existing empirical studies investigating the relationship between R&D and Exports have focused on firms in the manufacturing sector. Moreover, in doing so, those papers divide firms into two groups: SMEs(small and medium-sized enterprises) and large firms. This criteria for dividing firms into two groups by size depends on whether firm’s number of employees is larger or less than 300. Therefore, mid-sized firms of which the number of employees is between 100 and 300 are naturally included in the large-firm-category in previous studies. Unlike existing studies, this study divides firms into SMEs and mid-sized firms.

Determinants of Capital Structure: Internal Factors (Accounting) versus External Factors (Market)

<p>This study aims to examine the role of internal and external factors on the capital structure and specifically will test which factors are dominantly affecting the company's capital structure. The results of this test can be subject to additional discussion on the capital structure both in the classroom and academic space in general because so far, the discussion of factors affecting capital structure is still focused on internal factors of the company alone, especially in Indonesia. This goal will be achieved by observing manufacturing company panel data for 10 years (2006 - 2015). Data will be tested using multiple regression analysis techniques, both with the Common Effect (OLS), Fixed Effect or Random Effect Models. The three models are used to accommodate variations in the characteristics of the sample of companies studied which generally will affect the relationship between variables. The test results show that the best estimation model is Fixed Effect with the finding that the Capital Structure is determined by internal (Accounting) and external (Market) factors, which are negatively affected by Liquidity (Current Ratio), Company Age (Age), and Stock Market Value (Mispricing). This result also shows that companies in Indonesia adhere to the Market timing Hypothesis and Pecking Order Theory in determining the capital structure theory.</p>

Equity market timing and capital structure: evidence on post-IPO firms in Indonesia

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze and evaluate the impacts of equity market timing on corporate capital structure policies in Indonesia by apply Baker and Wurgler’s analytical approach to firms in Indonesia to see, first, if that approach applies to Indonesian firms and, second, if it can be generalized to other emerging markets. Design/methodology/approach This study will focus on capital structure policies based on Market Timing Theory in developing countries, which uses the panel data of companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange after IPO. The companies used as research object are 70 firms in the non-financial/non-banking sector with the observation period of 2000–2015. The period of measurement is five years after IPO. Using a past market value in which equity market timing is measured in two-time measurements, i.e. yearly timing and long-term timing to prove its persistence. Findings Consistent with equity market timing theory, the results suggest that firms tend to issue equities when their market valuations are relatively higher than their book values and their past market values are high. As a consequence, the firms become underleveraged or have their debts reduced in the short run. The results of long-term measurement on equity market timing do not appear to affect the firms’ capital structure decisions due to the firms’ relatively quick adjustments of optimal capital structures. The conclusion is that equity market timing is an important element in the short run but not in the long run. Research limitations/implications The results of this study describe how firms in Indonesia take advantage of temporary market share fluctuations through equity market timing in their capital structure policies before ultimately making adjustments to the directions they are targeting. Practical implications The use of equity market timing is more aimed at reducing the debt ratio and avoiding unfavorable conditions in the debt market, as well as taking advantage of the capital gains derived from the differences in their stock prices. This study also has practical implications on investment policies that need to consider the adaptation factor of the industrial environment when it comes to making capital structure decisions, including how the entity must take policy when uncertain economic conditions. Social implications Through the research behavior of capital structure more in-depth decision is expected to provide an overview for investors widely in determining investment policy. Thus, the investment strategy is more planned and can also anticipate unexpected conditions. Originality/value This research is the first study to analyze and to evaluate the impacts of equity market timing on corporate capital structure policies on post-IPO firms in Indonesia. This research is an empirical study that investigates the relevance of equity market timing considerations in the determination of debt-equity choices in the capital structure, included in the conditions of the global financial crisis.

Learning-by-exporting effects on innovative performance: empiric study results

This work examines the effects of learning-by-exporting on the innovative performance of a company. Innovations are considered both in the context of organisational and technological innovations. The following hypotheses are tested: the hypothesis on the increase in the performance of innovation activities as a result of a firm’s entry into foreign markets; the hypothesis on the importance of sustainable and long-term exports to improve the productivity of industrial companies; and the hypothesis on the impact of operation in developed or emerging markets on the innovative performance of industrial companies in Russia. The panel data of companies from three sectors of the manufacturing industry are used: high-, medium-, and low-tech. The result of the work is the established dependence of the increase in the performance of companies in high- and medium-tech industries on the company’s investments in new technologies, and the dependence of the increase in the performance of companies in low-tech industries on the introduction of organisational and managerial innovations. In addition, it has been shown that the influence of learning-by-exporting on the innovative performance depends on the industry affiliation of firms rather than on the geographical direction of exports (developed or emerging markets).

The Ex-Day Phenomenon and Share Price Performance on Emerging Markets

We study share price performance at the ex-dividend date and its relation to trading volume and a set of factors corresponding to different explanatory theories. Among the investigated factors that may have impact on the ex-dividend date share price are dividend yield, capital gains tax rate and dividends tax rate, transaction costs, market microstructure characteristics, market stock risk, and the disposition effect. The research was conducted using the panel data of companies from the BRIC zone for the period of 2005-2015. According to the obtained results, dividend capturing and disposition effect theories are likely to have explanatory power for the ex-day phenomenon for our sample. Tax theory and dividend clientele theory have not found empirical support.

Research on the Impact of Intellectual Capital on Corporate Value—Based on the Panel Data of Companies Listed on GEM

Along with the human society entered the era of knowledge economy, intellectual capital has become a new growth point of enterprise value. How does the factor of intellectual capital influence the enterprise value? This paper reviews the relevant literatures and analyzes the relationship between intellectual capital and the enterprise value through both theoretical method and empirical method. In the theoretical analysis, we explore the impact of intellectual capital on enterprise value by mechanism and behavior. Then we selected the data of GEM listed companies from 2010 to 2015 for empirical analysis. Through descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis, we find there is some correlation between the intellectual capital and enterprise value. The empirical results show that material capital, human capital and structural capital are all positively correlated with the enterprise value.

Beyond Pays to be Green: Examining Industry-Level Influences on Environmental/Financial Performance

One of the most researched questions regarding corporate environmental performance is – Does it pay to be Despite more than three decades of research, prior studies have yielded conflicting results and analytical techniques have been called into question. In this study we aim to answer a more nuanced research question – Under what market conditions does it pay to be green? First, we examine whether industry membership influences the relationship between firm environmental performance and firm financial performance. Next, we analyze three moderating variables (i.e. industry profitability, industry dynamism, and industry environmental regulation and enforcement) to assist in determining the boundary conditions of when and where it pays to be green. We tested our hypotheses using panel data of companies in the SP however...

Did relational capital matter during the financial crisis?

This paper aims to contribute to the body of empirical studies that address the importance of investments in companies’ relationships and the way in which they influence value creation in the global economic crisis. We employ linear panel analysis using the Hausman-Taylor model to analyse panel data for companies from the five largest European countries in the period 2004–2011. Different types of exogenous and endogenous links which a company could have in different stages of the crisis are investigated. The findings suggest that there is a statistically significant and positive link between relational capital and a firm’s value. Moreover, we identify several differences in the significance of the inputs during different crisis periods. The study provides both theoretical and practical insights into investments in intangibles for framing strategy decisions with a particular focus on the role of relational capital. This could provide scholars and practitioners with a working basis for understanding connections and the implications of strategising in the context of a company’s networks.

Did Relational Capital Matter During the Financial Crisis?

This paper aims to contribute to the body of empirical studies that address the importance of investments in companies’ relationships and the way in which they influence value creation in the global economic crisis. We employ linear panel analysis using the Hausman-Taylor model to analyse panel data for companies from the five largest European countries in the period 2004-2011. Different types of exogenous and endogenous links which a company could have in different stages of the crisis are investigated. The findings suggest that there is a statistically significant and positive link between relational capital and a firm’s value. Moreover, we identify several differences in the significance of the inputs during different crisis periods. The study provides both theoretical and practical insights into investments in intangibles for framing strategy decisions with a particular focus on the role of relational capital. This could provide scholars and practitioners with a working basis for understanding connections and the implications of strategizing in the context of a company’s networks.