Compaction Characteristics Of Soil Research Articles

Compaction Characteristics of Soils: A User Friendly Approach

Compaction Characteristics of Soils: A User Friendly Approach

Trees and sidewalks: toward an infrastructure protection approach

IntroductionNature-based solutions are increasingly recognized as vital components of urban resilience strategies, particularly within the framework of green infrastructure. This study aims to propose an approach that fosters symbiosis between green and gray infrastructure to address the challenges posed by climate change in urban environments.MethodsWe conducted a comprehensive review of guidelines and scientific literature to inform the selection of species and the design of root containers for urban tree planting. Additionally, we performed a multicriteria analysis and assessed water comfort to guide decision-making regarding species selection in specific city areas.ResultsThe methodology was applied to a case study in Bogotá, yielding insights applicable to any city with basic knowledge of suitable species for planting in built public spaces. Crucial criteria for selecting local species for sidewalks were identified, including size, permeability, soil compaction characteristics, and climatic adaptability. A list of desirable species adapted to all humidity zones of the case study city was generated. Hydrological sizing methods proposed are contingent upon both the species to be planted and the geometry of the streets.DiscussionThe approach and findings presented in this study promote the development of trees and their ecosystem services while mitigating potential damage to surrounding infrastructure.ConclusionImplementing strategies that facilitate symbiosis between green and gray infrastructure contributes to urban resilience and aids in climate change adaptation efforts.

Impact of Rice Husk Ash on the Compaction Characteristics of Soil

Usually, the measurement of maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) is important for assessing the quality control of the compacted fill or earthwork constructions as the compaction parameters. Rice husk ash (RHA), plentifully available in many rice-producing countries, can be used as a building material. This study mainly tries to investigate the effect of RHA on compaction features of sandy soil classified as A-2-4 or SM for soil stabilization. Nominal to a maximal dosage of RHA addition in the soil was considered for the experiments by the standard Proctor compaction tests. The result revealed that by increasing the amount of RHA in the soil, MDD was reduced and OMC increased significantly. It can be concluded that applying a soil-RHA combination is beneficial to soil improvement. Jagannath University Journal of Science, Volume 10, Number II, Dec. 2023, pp. 87-93

Analysis of the difference of test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil

For earthworks (house foundation, road, ....), the degree of compaction is the basic quality factor to ensure long-term stability and economic efficiency of the project. The higher the degree of compaction, the greater the building load capacity. However, the degree of compaction of the structure depends not only on the material, but also on equipment and compaction energy. For each type of material, the degree of compaction is expressed as the ratio of the actual applied dry volumetric mass achieved to the maximum dry volumetric mass of the same soil determined by the standard compaction test. standard in the laboratory. Therefore, laboratory tests to determine the standard compaction value must be studied to suit the compaction construction technology. Standard soil compaction in the laboratory is determined based on two main compaction devices: the standard Proctor device and the improved Proctor device.

Empirical Equations Expressing the Effects of Measured Suction on the Compaction Curve for Sandy Soils Varying Fines Content

To effectively apply various soil types for embankments, understanding their compaction characteristics is crucial. One crucial factor affecting compaction is suction, which plays a significant role as it is typically performed under unsaturated conditions. Suction varies with soil density, water content, and fines content. This study directly measures suction after soil compaction using the triaxial apparatus, unlike the Soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), assessing its impact on compaction characteristics. Immediate suction measurement after compaction provides apparent suction, resembling on-site conditions with open pore air pressure. Comparing SWCC with apparent suction at each compacted state reveals that suction and air entry value increase with initial density, positively impacting compaction. Notably, apparent suction aligns better with wetting process suction from the SWCC due to added water during specimen preparation. Empirical equations are derived to obtain suction contours across various density and saturation ranges, aiding in understanding suction variations on the compaction curve. Even slight variations in saturation causes noticeable changes in apparent suction during higher compaction efforts, affecting soil compaction characteristics. Therefore, the precise control of saturation control is needed to achieve desired properties of compacted soil, especially at higher compaction efforts and with various soil types. This understanding significantly impacts the mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils.

Application of Atterberg Limits for Predicting Soil Compaction Characteristics

Application of Atterberg Limits for Predicting Soil Compaction Characteristics

Experimental Analysis and Remediation Rate of Copper and Nickel Contaminated Industrial Site Soil Using Biochar

Abstract: The most crucial element for construction purposes is healthy and good soil. Through the incorrect disposal of carcinogenic compounds, which seeps into the earth and degrades soil quality, heavy metals and metalloids can contaminate soil. The goal of this project is to turn biomass into biochar and re-apply it to the soil in order to disrupt the source-receptor pathway, which will lead to heavy metal-free soil and an improvement in soil characteristics. Biochar is a material made of waste biomass that is highly porous, carbon-rich, and fine-grained. Pyrolysis is a process in which biomass is subjected to thermochemical conversion without oxygen. Rice husk biomass was pyrolyzed in a muffle furnace at temperatures between 500 and 700 °C to create the biochar that was employed in this experiment. Through physical adsorption or an ion exchange mechanism, biochar has the ability to remove heavy metal ions like copper and nickel. The soil used in this study was gathered from the Kurumbapalayam, Coimbatore, electroplating factory. AAS was used to evaluate soil samples in order to measure the amount of heavy metals present. A method that is useful for calculating the amounts of trace elements contained in the soil sample is the use of an atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). In order to determine the presence of metal oxide X-Ray Diffraction was done and to know the connection between the biochar and the soil, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done. Using a direct shear test, the shear strength of soil treated with various amounts of biochar was evaluated. Additionally evaluated were the soil's compaction characteristics and pH fluctuation in response to the addition of various biochar percentages. The outcome shown that adding biochar to the soil neutralises heavy metals and enhances the characteristics of the soil.

COMPACTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOFT SOIL STABILIZED WITH LIME AND METAKAOLIN-BASED GEOPOLYMER

Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of lime and metakaolin-based geopolymer on soft soil's compaction characteristics. Method: The compaction was done using an automatic soil compactor according to the ASTM-D698 testing procedure. The geopolymer synthesis was prepared in the ratio of 5%,10% and 15% of the dry weight of the soil using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate alkali activators. In addition, lime was added in amounts of 6% of the soil's dry weight. Findings: It was discovered that soft soil had an optimum moisture content (OMC) of 26% and a maximum dry density (MDD) of 1.52 g/cm3.However, lime-treated soil has a maximum dry density of 1.47 g/cm3 and an optimum moisture content of 27%. The maximum dry density of the 15% geopolymer-treated soft soil was higher than the soft soil, which was approximately 1.53g/cm3. Conclusion: A reduced maximum dry density and higher optimum moisture content were observed in the soil treated with a lime and geopolymer mixture. The metakaolin-based geopolymer treatment increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content.

Correlation of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) with Compaction Characteristics of Soils in Burayu Town

The unconfined compressive strength is the most widely used parameter to measure the strength of the subgrade or foundation soil for cohesive soils. Due to its time-consuming and cost-effective nature, most of the time-correlation equations have been used to correlate unconfined compressive strength with compaction parameters and soil index properties. The current study was conducted in Burayu town where fifty soil samples were collected and experimental geotechnical soil tests were carried out based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The correlation and regression analyses were done using the experimental results obtained for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and compaction characteristics. The regression analysis resulted in a fair coefficient of correlation of 0.61 and 0.78 for single linear regression of UCS with maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC), respectively, while R2 = 0.83 for multiple linear regression analysis of UCS with MDD and OMC. After further emphasis, the equation developed using multiple linear regression (UCS = −3105 + 1625 MDD + 40.9 OMC, R2 = 0.83) which was chosen as a prediction equation. After validation of the established model using control tests, the statistical regression analysis shows that the correlation is 97% accurate in the UCS determination for multiple regression analysis. This implies that the established model could be used to predict the UCS in the study area.

Influence of Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation on Compaction Characteristics of Bioremediated Crude Oil Contaminated Soil using Composting Technique

Compaction as a soil improvement method of improving the engineering performance of soil was carried out on remediated contaminated soil with the aim of assessing the influence of microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) on compaction characteristics. Autochthonous bacteria was identified as Bacillus licheniformis and isolated from oil contaminated soil, collected from Kaduna refinery at Area W where the crude oil was stored. The bacteria were enhanced with organic liquid nutrient extracted from chicken droppings (CD) in stepped concentration of 10, 20, 30, and 40% by dried weight of soil sampleand used to hydrate the contaminated soil. The mixtures were kept in four microcosms for 3 months. The initial total hydrocarbon content was 98g/kg. The bioremediated soil was treated with bacteria solution through MICP technique. The results revealed that sample treated with 30% CD yielded the highest removal efficiency of 89.8% of oil removal. Maximum Dry Density increased with addition of B. licheniformis solution to a peak value of 1.93Mg/cm3 for sample treated with 1.5×108 cell/ml. Optimum moisture content (OMC) increased with increased in B. licheniformis suspension from 14.4 to 15.8% when treated with 1.5×108 and 2.4 ×109 cell/ml respectively. Compaction characteristics of soil treated with 30% CD were greatly improved at 1.5×108 cell/ml bacteria solution using MICP technology and could be used as liner material in waste management.

Study on the Compaction Characteristics of Soil Mixed with Quarry Dust for Effective Recycling of Waste from Stone Quarries

ABSTRACT Exploring the viability of utilizing the quarry dust waste in construction is investigated in this study through laboratory experiments. Standard Proctor test is conducted for the two groups of soil samples (Group 1 soil without quarry dust, N=17; Group 2 soil with quarry dust, N=17). The results show that the optimum moisture content (OMC) of soil decreases and the maximum dry density (MDD) increases due to the addition of quarry dust with the soil. Also, there is a significant difference between the two groups of soil as the value of p<0.05. Thus the quarry dust can be used as an additive material so as to improve the compaction characteristics of the soil.

Effects of Lime on the Compaction Characteristics of Lateritic Soil in UTM, Johor

Lime has been investigated as a ground improvement material for soils, particularly for road construction, as an alternative to soil cement stabilisation. However, the effect of lime on lateritic soil compaction characteristics is not completely defined. In this article, soil samples from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor were subjected to a variety of engineering tests, including specific gravity, sieve analysis, Atterberg’s limit, and compaction. According to the results of Atterberg’s Limit, lateritic soil has a plasticity index (PI), a plastic limit (PL), and a liquid limit (LL) of 19, 46, and 65, respectively. The obtained specific gravity value is 2.79. Compaction tests were conducted on untreated and lime-treated soils with lime additions of 3%, 5%, 7%, and 9%, respectively, using an automatic compactor. The OMC and MDD values for untreated laterite are 28% and 1.46 g/cm3, respectively. However, as the lime content increases, the OMC increases slightly while the MDD decreases. The dry density of lime-laterite soil decreases from 1.47 to 1.38 g/cm3, but the moisture content increases slightly from 27% to 31%. The MDD of soil treated with 5% lime is lower than that of lateritic soil in its natural state.

Evaluation of Soil Compaction Characteristics at a Construction Site in Al-Khalis City, Northeast of Iraq

Soil compaction characteristics namely optimum moisture content and maximum dry density are frequently used as criteria to control field compaction specifications. This study aims to evaluate the compaction characteristics of soil at a construction site located in AL-Khalis City, northeast of Iraq. Ten soil samples were collected from the study area; five samples were augured to perform the Standard Proctor compaction tests to investigate the relationship between the moisture content and the dry density of the soil. A core cutter method was implemented to collect additional five samples used to determine the field dry density of soil and to calculate compaction ratio. The results showed that optimum moisture content values were ranged from 15.4 to 22.5% while maximum dry density values were ranged from 1.63 to 1.83 g/cm3. The effect of the compaction effort on the compaction curves was investigated. Increasing the compaction effort increases the maximum dry density and decreases the optimum moisture content of the soil. In addition, a linear relationship between the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content (correlation coefficient R2=0.937) is noticed. This relationship is compared with similar relationships from the literature. Finally, compaction ratio, commonly used to evaluate compaction specifications, was calculated. Compaction ratio values indicate that the soil was compacted at the site to satisfactory ranges suitable for engineering construction work.

Modeling the Compaction Characteristics of Fine-Grained Soils Blended with Tire-Derived Aggregates

This study aims at modeling the compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils blended with sand-sized (0.075–4.75 mm) recycled tire-derived aggregates (TDAs). Model development and calibration were performed using a large and diverse database of 100 soil–TDA compaction tests (with the TDA-to-soil dry mass ratio ≤ 30%) assembled from the literature. Following a comprehensive statistical analysis, it is demonstrated that the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry unit weight (MDUW) for soil–TDA blends (across different soil types, TDA particle sizes and compaction energy levels) can be expressed as universal power functions of the OMC and MDUW of the unamended soil, along with the soil to soil–TDA specific gravity ratio. Employing the Bland–Altman analysis, the 95% upper and lower (water content) agreement limits between the predicted and measured OMC values were, respectively, obtained as +1.09% and −1.23%, both of which can be considered negligible for practical applications. For the MDUW predictions, these limits were calculated as +0.67 and −0.71 kN/m3, which (like the OMC) can be deemed acceptable for prediction purposes. Having established the OMC and MDUW of the unamended fine-grained soil, the empirical models proposed in this study offer a practical procedure towards predicting the compaction characteristics of the soil–TDA blends without the hurdles of performing separate laboratory compaction tests, and thus can be employed in practice for preliminary design assessments and/or soil–TDA optimization studies.

Study on the Compaction Characteristics of Soil and Marble Dust Composite as a Potential Green Building Material

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of adding the waste marble dust to soil on the compaction characteristics of the soil. Standard Proctor test is conducted for two groups of samples (Group 1 without marble dust group N = 17; group 2: Soil with marble dust N = 17). The test results show that the optimum moisture content (OMC) of soil decreases and the maximum dry density (MDD) increases due to the addition of marble dust with the soil. There is a significance difference between the two groups of soil as the value of p<0.05. Soil with marble dust gets compacted more than the soil without marble dust. Thus the marble dust can be used as an additive material so as to improve the compaction characteristics of the soil.

Influence of Compaction Method and Effort on Electrical Resistivity and Volume Change of Cohesive Soils

Engineered fills are enhanced by compaction to reduce compressibility and permeability. In-situ application of shallow densification methods involve static method with the use of compaction rollers. However, the compaction characteristics of soils are traditionally obtained in the laboratory using dynamic compaction method. Due to the difference in the mechanism of the two compaction methods, there is a variation in the soil fabric formed, quantification of which is scarce. In this research, influence of compaction effort and (dynamic and static) compaction methods on swell and compressibility of two soils of diverse geological formation are investigated. An indirect means of measuring microstructural changes in specimen characteristics using electrical resistivity is also investigated. Results indicate that the compaction effort and the method of compaction have a significant impact on the electrical resistivity and swelling potential. The yield stress of the compacted specimens is also influenced. However, the compressibility and rebound behaviour upon unloading, are obtained to be independent of both the compaction effort and the method of compaction.

Effects of Biomimetic Press Roller Type, Material, Velocity, and Packing Force on Soil Compaction Characteristics

HighlightsThe performance of biomimetic rollers was better than that of a conventional roller.The biomimetically ridged roller had better soil compaction performance.The resistance order of rollers with different materials was: Fe360A steel > UHMWPE > enamel coating.Packing force was the most significant factor.Abstract. To reduce soil adhesion and rolling resistance during seeding and improve the uniformity of plant spacing, a biomimetically ridged press roller (BRPR) and a biomimetically polyhedral press roller (BPPR) were designed. Moreover, hydrophobic materials, i.e., ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and enamel coating, were applied and compared with uncoated Fe360A steel. Field experiments were conducted to test the effects of the biomimetic press roller type, material, velocity, and packing force on soil compaction characteristics. A conventional press roller (CPR) was used as a reference. Traction resistance (TR), soil bulk density (SBD), soil moisture content (SMC), emergence rate (ER), and percent change of plant spacing (PCPS) were measured. The packing force was the most significant factor affecting each index. For all rollers, the TR, SBD, ER, and PCPS increased with increasing packing force, while the loss of SMC decreased. The TR and SBD decreased with increasing velocity. All rollers achieved proper SBD for corn seeds. The biomimetic press rollers had a significant effect on TR, PCPS, and SMC on the third day after sowing. The BRPR had lower PCPS and TR than the BPPR and higher SMC than the BPPR on the third day after sowing. Compared with the CPR, the PCPS for all biomimetic rollers decreased, and the ER and SMC increased. The BPPR with Fe360A steel had a slightly higher TR than the CPR, but the other biomimetic rollers had a lower TR than the CPR. The BRPR decreased the TR by 2.13% to 22.30%, while the BPPR decreased the TR by 0.35% to 18.59%. Moreover, both types of biomimetic press rollers had the highest TR values when using Fe360A steel, followed by UHMWPE, and the enamel coating had the lowest TR values. The BRPR decreased the PCPS by 19.46% to 48.34%, while the BPPR decreased the PCPS by 9.69% to 36.99%. The biomimetic rollers increased the ER by 2.17% to 11.36%. On the 18th day after sowing, the SMC was 4.21% to 7.75% higher for the biomimetic press rollers compared to the CPR when the packing force was 700 N. This study can provide a reference for the biomimetic design, material, and force selection of press rollers. Keywords: Biomimetics, Compaction characteristics, Enamel coating, Press roller, UHMWPE.

Improved Geotechnical Behavior of an Expansive Soil Amended with Tire-Derived Aggregates Having Different Gradations

This experimental laboratory study examines the potential use of tire-derived aggregate (TDA) products as an additive to alleviate the inferior geotechnical properties of a subgrade deposit of clay soil with high expansivity. A total of ten mix designs—the unamended soil and nine soil–TDA blends prepared at 5%, 10% and 20% TDA contents (by dry mass) using three different TDA gradations/sizes—were examined. The experiments included standard Proctor compaction, oedometer swell and unconfined compression tests. The TDA materials’ lower specific gravity, hydrophobic character and higher energy absorption capacity compared with the soil solids led to notable reductions in the soil compaction characteristics. The amendment of the soil with TDA resulted in notable decreases in the rate and magnitude of swelling—the observed reductions were in favor of higher TDA contents, with larger TDA particle size being a secondary factor. Further, for any given TDA size, the variations of strength and toughness with respect to TDA content exhibited rise–fall relationships, peaking at 5% TDA and then decreasing for higher TDA contents. The stiffness and ductility parameters, however, were found to monotonically decrease and increase with the TDA content, respectively. Finally, TDA contents of up to 10%, with gradations equivalent to those of medium and coarse sands, were found to reduce the soil’s swelling potential from high to moderate expansivity, while simultaneously improving its strength-related features, and thus can be deemed as optimum mix design choices from a geotechnical perspective.

Effect of Biochar Produced from Mesquite on the Compaction Characteristics and Shear Strength of a Clayey Sand

Biochar is a carbon-rich and low microbial degrading material obtained after pyrolysis of biomass in the absence or limited content of oxygen. The impact of biochar on hydraulic properties of soil is extensively studied in agricultural and geotechnical or geoenvironmental engineering for potential application in bioengineered structures. While a little study is conducted to assess its effect on soil mechanical properties, especially shear strength. However, the effect of biochar on the combined shear strength and compaction characteristics of soil is not studied. The shear strength of biochar amended soil is thought to be related to the compaction characteristics. In addition, the effect of biochar on the shear strength of the soil is soil and biochar specific. In this study, an attempt was made to investigate and better understand the effect of biochar on the shear strength and compaction characteristics of a clayey sand for potential application in bioengineered structures. Standard proctor, direct shear and unconfined compression tests were conducted on bare soil and soil amended with 5, 10 and 15% (w/w) biochar. The experimental results revealed that the amendment of biochar from 5 to 15% (w/w) decreased the dry density and increased the shear strength parameters such as cohesion (c) and angle of internal friction (ϕ) of the soil. While it decreased the undrained shear strength (cu) at higher compaction density (> 0.95MDD) and increased at lower compaction density (< 0.9MDD). Thus, in undrained condition, the initial compaction density has a strong influence on the shear strength of biochar amended soil. In addition, the increased c and ϕ and decreased dry density in biochar amended soil is observed to increase the stability of slopes (hypothetical). The increase of c and ϕ is believed to be due to the roughness and active chemicals (functional groups) present on the surface of the biochar. The decreased cu at higher density is believed to be due to the lubricating effect by the higher water content.

Effect of silica fume and induction furnace slag in the compaction and strength characteristics of black cotton soil

The present investigation brings out the experimental outcomes of the influence of two industrial solid wastes on black cotton soil. It evaluates the changes in compaction and strength characteristics of the black cotton soil on addition of these solid wastes. Disturbed soil sampling had been done and as per Indian classification system the soil is classified as CH soil. The virgin soil is mixed with varied percentages of Silica fume and Induction furnace slag independently and its effect on compaction characteristics was ascertained. The proportions identified for silica fume and Induction Furnace slag are in the order of 5 to 20% of dry weight of soil with an incremental increase of 5%. The optimum percentage of silica fume was obtained from the compaction characteristics of the soil. After choosing optimum percentage of silica fume, further the compaction and strength characteristics of the soil was ascertained with optimum percentage of silica fume and varying percentage of induction furnace slag ie 10 to 20% with 5% increase. The results shows that maximum dry density for BC soil + 10% SF +20% IFS is 1.63 g/cc and UCS for BC Soil + 10% SF +15 % IFS is 138.76 kPa.