Compact Triple Band Research Articles

Design of a fractal triple-band reconfigurable filtering antenna for multiband applications

This letter constitutes a novel triple-band reconfigurable filtering antenna used for Bluetooth, WiMAX and WLAN applications. First, a compact triple-band reconfigurable filter is instigated which is composed of two pairs of Stepped Impedance Resonators (SIRs) and a pair of Uniform Impedance Resonators (UIRs). The SIRs are entrenched at the upper and lower half of feed lines operating at 2.4 and 5.4 GHz, respectively. A pair of UIRs operating at 3.5 GHz is folded and enclosed near the upper SIR. A shunt stub is tapped at the source-load feeding lines to upgrade the selectivity of the filter. The proposed filter uses four PIN diodes to initiate different reconfigurable multiband operations. A fractal antenna is implemented with a modified binary tree topology. The ground plane of the proposed antenna is reformed with a stub. The improved antenna structure enables three radiating bands with enhanced performance. Later, the designed filter is integrated into the antenna to implement the intended triple-band reconfigurable filtering antenna.

Compact triple band notched UWB MIMO antenna with integrated GSM

SummaryThis paper introduces an innovative four‐element Ultra‐wideband (UWB) MIMO structure featuring an integrated global system for mobile (GSM) antenna with the ability to achieve dual and triple band‐notch capabilities. The antenna's distinctiveness is achieved through the utilization of four directional meandered line shaping decoupling structures (MLSDS), an orthogonal arrangement, and multi‐slot techniques. The incorporation of orthogonal separation alongside four directional MLSDS significantly reduces the mutual interference between radiating elements. By placing MLSDS on both sides of the substrate, effective coverage of the GSM band is achieved. The development of the MIMO structure unfolds through four distinct phases. The initial stage lacks MLSDS, while the second stage incorporates MLSDS. The third and fourth stages respectively introduce MLSDS with dual and triple notch characteristics. The presence of MLSDS enhances the antenna's impedance bandwidth (IBW). The intended notches are tailored to address interference from bands like Band n41, WLAN, and X‐band. Furthermore, the proposed antenna has undergone simulation, measurement, and comparative analysis with existing models, focusing on diversity performance metrics. The results reveal its exceptional diversity performance, positioning it as a potential choice for creating a portable UWB‐MIMO system.

Polarization–Insensitive Angularly Stable Compact Triple Band Stop Frequency Selective Surface for Shielding Electromagnetic Radiations

Polarization–Insensitive Angularly Stable Compact Triple Band Stop Frequency Selective Surface for Shielding Electromagnetic Radiations

Room-Temperature CMOS Monolithic Resonant Triple-Band Terahertz Thermal Detector

Multiband terahertz (THz) detectors show great application potential in imaging, spectroscopy, and sensing fields. Thermal detectors have become a promising choice because they could sense THz radiations on the whole spectrum. This paper demonstrates the operation principle, module designs with in-depth theoretical analysis, and experimental validation of a room-temperature CMOS monolithic resonant triple-band THz thermal detector. The detector, which consists of a compact triple-band octagonal ring antenna and a sensitive proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) sensor, has virtues of room-temperature operation, low cost, easy integration, and mass production. Good experimental results are obtained at 0.91 THz, 2.58 THz, and 4.2 THz with maximum responsivities of 32.6 V/W, 43.2 V/W, and 40 V/W, respectively, as well as NEPs of 1.28 μW/Hz0.5, 2.19 μW/Hz0.5, and 2.37 μW/Hz0.5, respectively, providing great potential for multiband THz sensing and imaging systems.

A Compact Triple-Band and Dual-Sense Circularly Polarized Truncated Patch Antenna

A Compact Triple-Band and Dual-Sense Circularly Polarized Truncated Patch Antenna

A New Compact Triple-Band Triangular Patch Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting Applications in IoT Devices.

This work proposes a new compact triple-band triangular patch antenna for RF energy harvesting applications in IoT devices. It is realized on Teflon glass substrate with a thickness of 0.67 mm and a relative permittivity of 2.1. Four versions of this antenna have been designed and realized with inclinations of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° to study the impact of the tilting on their characteristics (S11 parameter, radiation pattern, gain) and to explore the possibilities of their implementation in the architectures of electronic equipment according to the available space. The antenna is also realized on waterproof paper with a thickness of 0.1 mm and a relative permittivity of 1.4 for biomedical domain. All the antennas (vertical antenna, tilted antennas and antenna realized on waterproof paper) have a size of 39 × 9 mm2 and cover the 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz Wi-Fi bands and the 8.2 GHz band. A good agreement is obtained between measured and simulated results. Radiation patterns show that all the antennas are omnidirectional for 2.45 GHz and pseudo-omnidirectional for 5.2 GHz and 8.2 GHz with maximum measured gains of 2.6 dBi, 4.55 dBi and 6 dBi, respectively. The maximum measured radiation efficiencies for the three antenna configurations are, respectively, of 75%, 70% and 72%. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for the antenna bound on the human body is of 1.1 W/kg, 0.71 W/kg and 0.45 W/kg, respectively, for the three frequencies 2.45 GHz, 5.2 GHz and 8.2 GHz. All these antennas are then applied to realize RF energy harvesting systems. These systems are designed, realized and tested for the frequency 2.45 GHz, −20 dBm input power and 2 kΩ resistance load. The maximum measured output DC power is of 7.68 µW with a maximum RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of 77%.

A compact triple band circular polarized slotted microstrip patch antenna with low frequency ratio

A pentagon shaped triple band circular polarized (CP) slotted microstrip patch antenna with asymmetric single microstrip feed line is designed. The proposed patch antenna is loaded with a pair of asymmetric slits, a pair of symmetric slots and a triangle shape truncation at the right side of the antenna. The antenna is drafted within the size of 0.43λ × 0.43λ and resonates at 2.17, 3.08, and 3.48 GHz with impedance bandwidth (IBW; IS11I < −10 dB) 2.14–2.20, 3.06–3.10, and 3.45–3.51 GHz, respectively. The Axial Ratio Bandwidth (ARBW; AR < 3 dB) is obtained as 2.17–2.40, 3.07–3.10, and 3.48–3.54 GHz at the three resonances which almost cover the IBW. An additional feature of the design is that the CP bands are very closely spaced with frequency ratio of 1.36 between first and second CP resonances and 1.13 between second and third CP resonances. The obtained gain at three resonances is 3.9, 3.79, and 4.81, respectively. The CP radiation patterns are found to be stable with good right hand CP (RHCP) to left hand CP (LHCP) isolation at the boresight direction. This antenna is suitable for S-band applications. The advantage of the proposed design has been highlighted with respect to multiband CP, CP frequency ratio, compactness and RHCP to LHCP isolation. A prototype of the proposed design is fabricated and the measured results are in accord with the simulated results.

EBG and SRR Loaded Triple Band Notched UWB Antenna

A compact triple band notched ultra-wideband (UWB) monopole antenna is presented in this paper. Split Ring Resonator (SRR) structure is exploited in various forms like Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR), Split Ring Resonator Pair (SRRP) and CSRR on Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure to produce triple band notched characteristics in UWB spectrum. The proposed antenna produces triple band notched functions with integration of all three types of SRR on primary antenna. The parametric analysis of each form of SRR is presented along with their current distribution effects on triple band notched antenna. The proposed antenna prototype is fabricated and measured results are also compared with simulated one to understand the discrepancies. The measured and simulated results are presented to investigate the band notching characteristics of suggested antenna in terms of VSWR and radiation characteristics.

A SEMI-DEFECTED GROUND PLANE AND A BINARY GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR DESIGNING A VERY COMPACT TRIPLE-BAND PIFA ANTENNA

we suggest in this study a very compact triple band PIFA antenna for mobile and wireless applications.by using the binary genetic algorithm and a semi-defected ground plane. This antenna with the dimension of 38×40×1.9 mm3 is dedicated to LTE Band 11 (1427.9-1495.9 MHz), HIPERLAN/2 (5.15-5.35 GHz), WLAN (5.15-5.35 GHz) and 5G Sub-6GHz applications. To accomplish triple-band operation with acceptable performance purpose of using the genetic algorithm is to dictate the form of the ground plane of the antenna. The simulation results showed that the developed PIFA antenna has optimal operation on three frequencies. The first resonance frequency is 1.32 GHz with a bandwidth (S11 &lt; -10 dB) from 1.28 GHz to 1.38 GHz. The middle and higher bands are centred respectively at 3.12 GHz and 5.2 GHz, with a bandwidth from 3.05 to 3.17 GHz and 4.93 to 5.44 GHz, respectively.

Stacked T-Shaped Strips Compact Antenna for WLAN and WiMAX Applications

A compact triple band antenna with stacked T-shaped strips inside a rectangular ring monopole has been proposed. This novel structure with a slot in the defected ground achieves triple band opration i.e. 2.47–2.77 GHz, 3.3–3.7 GHz and 5.10–6.62 GHz. These bands find application in important wireless communication standards like WiMAX (3.3–3.8 GHz, and 5.25–5.85 GHz, WLAN (2.4 G-2.5 GHz, 5.1–5.3 GHz, and 5.72–5.85 GHz). The antenna is printed on a FR-4 substrate with an overall dimension of 33 times 17 times 1.6 ;{text{mm}}^{3}. An impedance bandwidth of 11% (2.47–2.77 GHz), 11% (3.3–3.7 GHz) and 25% (5.10–6.62 GHz) is obtained. A good conjunction between the simulated and measured results is inferred from the antenna design analysis.

Compact polarisation insensitive wide angular stable triple band absorber for RF energy harvesting, RCS reduction, and sensor applications

This paper presents a new compact ultra-thin triple-band absorber which shows near-unity absorption in C, X and Ku-bands. It consists of an inductive stub loaded circular ring resonator and a flower-shaped resonating patch on top of 0.8 mm thin FR-4 grounded dielectric substrate. A transmission line equivalent is proposed, and circuit simulation response is in good agreement with the full-wave analysis. The unit-cell architect's 4fold symmetry makes it polarisation-insensitive for different polarisation angles in the azimuthal plane (𝜃 = 0°) under normal incidence. Its good shows angular stability up to 45° under TE (75° under TM) incidences for all three frequencies. Surface current patterns are analysed at resonant frequencies to illustrate the mechanism behind the electromagnetic absorption. This design's novelty lies in the centre patch's dual-resonating behaviour, making this design compacted one. The absorber has low-profile nature with cell periodicity of 0.163λL and thickness 0.013λL, where λL is the lowest resonating peak wavelength. An X-band conventional MSA is fabricated on a thin FR-4 substrate. In-band RCS reduction (nearly 18 dBsm) of the antenna is verified after loading with the proposed absorber. The absorptivity peaks are optimised such that the same structure would be used in different applications like RF energy harvesting, RCS reduction and sensor applications.

A novel ACS fed antenna with comb shaped radiating strip for triple band applications

A novel compact triple band ACS fed antenna is designed by using a comb shaped radiating strip which operates at different frequencies. Using a radiating strip with comb shaped structure having six teeth, attached along with a trunk shaped portion and a simple rectangular ground lying on the same plane, 26 mm × 15 mm × 1.6 mm sized antenna has been designed on FR-4 substrate with loss tangent 0.02 and relative permittivity 4.4 and simulated using ANSYS HFSS version 16. The antenna covers the three frequencies 1.8 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.2 GHz with return loss −20.8396 dB, −27.5453 dB and −16.6921 dB respectively and corresponding gain 0.8, 1.8 and 3.03. The VSWR values obtained for the three frequencies are 1.1997, 1.2503 and 1.3429 respectively. The simulated results of the antenna parameters provided by the antenna when it is operated at the three frequencies are analyzed and it shows that the multiband antenna can be successfully utilized for the wireless applications especially WLAN and WiMAX. A comparative study of the performance of the antenna with that of the other existing antennas with comb shaped radiating strip is also done.

Compact Triple Band Notched Pentagonal Shaped UWB Antenna Loaded with Slots and Parasitic Resonator

In this paper, a compact, planar printed microstrip line fed pentagonal shape ultra-wideband antenna with triple band-notched characteristics is proposed and investigated. By incorporating a pair of mirrored Γ-shape, a pair of mirrored L-shape slots in the pentagonal patch and bent C-shape parasitic strip at the backside of a patch, the tunable band notched responses are realized. The proposed antenna is fabricated on Rogers RO3003 substrate with permittivity 3.0 and thickness of 0.76 mm. The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna having dimensions of 32 × 24 × 0.76 mm3 has a bandwidth over the frequency band 2.7-10.6 GHz with S11 ≤ -10 dB (VSWR ≤ 2), except in WiMAX band (3.27-3.85 GHz), WLAN band (5.6-5.95 GHz) and ITU-T band (7.84-8.46 GHz). The presented antennas show dipole- like patterns in E-plane and omnidirectional in H-plane, minor group delay variation, and nearly constant gain at operating frequencies.

Design of a triple band notched polarization independent compact FSS at UWB frequency range

The design of a compact triple band notched Frequency Selective surface (FSS) at Ultra-Wide-Band (UWB) frequency range is presented. To make the proposed FSS polarization insensitive, on the upper part of the substrate a single metallic square loop (SL) and four identical rotational symmetric square split ring resonators (SSRR1) are placed, whereas at the bottom part another four identical rotational symmetric SSRR loops (SSRR2) are printed. Here each SSRR is rotated in 90°clockwise direction over a single layered FR4 substrate. Triple band notches are obtained at WiMAX and Satellite communication downlink C-band (3.3-4.2 GHz), WLAN (5.1-5.9 GHz) and Satellite communication X-band (7.2-8.4 GHz) for both TE and TM polarizations. Angular stability is achieved until 70° and attenuation of more than 25 dB is observed at resonance. The passband is obtained at 4.37 and 6.22 GHz. The proposed structure separates the closely spaced frequency bands by a ratio of 1.44 and 1.39 at the stop band and 1.42 at the pass band. The dimensions of the proposed FSS unit cell are 0.13λ0 × 0.13λ0 × 0.020 λ0, where λ0 represents the free space wavelength at the lowest resonance frequency. Good agreement between modeled and measured results is obtained.

Compact dual and triple band antennas for 5G-IOT applications

AbstractDesigning miniaturized multiband antennas to cover both the 5G new radio frequencies (FR1 and FR2) simultaneously is a challenge for wireless communication researchers. This paper presents two antenna designs : a dual-band printed antenna of size 18 × 16 × 0.285 mm3 operating at FR1–5.8 GHz and FR2–28 GHz and a triple-band printed antenna with dimensions 30 × 25 × 0.543 mm3 operating at FR1–3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz (sub-6 GHz microwave frequency bands) and FR2–28 GHz (mm-wave frequency band). The final projected triple-band antenna has a compact size with an impedance bandwidth of 12.71%, 11.32%, and 18.3% at 3.5 GHz, 5.8 GHz, and 28 GHz, respectively with the corresponding gain of 1.86 dB, 2.55 dB, and 4.41 dB. The measured radiation characteristics of the fabricated prototypes show that the proposed designs are suitable for trendy 5G-RFID and mobile Internet of things (IoT) applications.

A Compact Triple Band Antenna for Military Satellite Communication, Radar and Fifth Generation Applications

A compact triple band antenna by using etching slots technique in the radiation element is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is designed to target three different frequencies: 7.5 GHz (military satellite communication), 9 GHz (radar applications) and 28 GHz (fifth generation applications). The fabricated prototype of the antenna has overall dimensions of 13x12.8x1.6 mm3. Measurements were carried out to validate the simulation results. The impedance bandwidths are 259 MHz (7.435-7.695 MHz), 355 MHz (8.86-9.221 MHz) and 2.67 GHz (26.79-29.433 GHz) with return loss less than -10 dB. Furthermore, the suggested antenna provides a gain of 3.96 dBi, 3.05 dBi and 5.86 dBi at 7.5 GHz, 9 GHz and 28 GHz respectively. Therefore, the results demonstrate that the proposed triple band antenna can be used for military satellite communication, radar applications and is a good candidate for the future 5G applications.

A compact triple band circularly polarized planar antenna for wireless application

AbstractA compact planar triple band circularly polarized (CP) antenna loaded with parasitic elements is proposed for wireless applications. For achieving circular polarization 2 inverted L‐shaped strips are added to the longer arm of dual band monopole and ground plane. A rectangular patch and a U shaped radiator are added to increase the impedance bandwidth as well as polarization purity. Electrical size of the antenna is 0.32λ × 0.32λ, where λ is the free space wavelength at its lowest CP frequency that is, 2.4 GHz. The structure shows an impedance bandwidths (│S11│ ≤ –10 dB) of 870 MHz (1.83‐2.7 GHz), 1.17 GHz (3.27‐4.44 GHz), and 400 MHz (4.75‐5.15 GHz). The 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidths of the proposed structure are 12.2%, 5.3%, and 4.28% at 2.375, 3.47, and 4.9 GHz of center frequencies respectively. The proposed structure is fabricated and its parameters are measured. Measured results nearly match with the simulated results and it shows satisfactory gain in all the three operating CP bands.

A Compact 3.1- 18.8 GHz Triple Band Notched UWB Antenna for mobileUWB Applications

A compact triple band notched tapered microstrip fed Ultrawideband (UWB) antenna for wireless communication applications in C, X and Ku bands is proposed. The antenna having a compact size of 16×26 mm2, consisting of an elliptical patch and a truncated ground structure to achieve impedance of -10 dB bandwidth of 3.1 GHz to 18.8 GHz. Triple band notched characteristics are obtained from 3.7 GHz to 4.2 GHz for C band, 5.18 GHz to 5.85 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and 8 GHz to 8.4 GHz for X band applications associated with the satellite communication, fabricating three inverted slots that are U-shaped in the patch of elliptical form. Good agreement between theoretical and the practical results achieved through simulation of the antenna proposed is a compatible candidate for portable ultra-wide band applications.

Triple Band Antenna For WLAN/WiMAX Applications

This paper presents a compact triple band antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) application. The proposed antenna has a rectangular patch with rectangular ring slot and a small rectangular shape slot in a partial ground plane. The dimensions of the patch, the ground and the two slots are optimized to obtain resonance at 1.6 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 5.2GHz frequencies

Uncooled CMOS Integrated Triple-Band Terahertz Thermal Detector Comprising of Metamaterial Absorber and PTAT Sensor

This paper presents an uncooled monolithic resonant triple-band terahertz (THz) thermal detector using a 55 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. The novel integration of a compact triple-band metamaterial (MM) absorber coupled with a sensitive proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) sensor leads to a compact, uncooled, cost-effective, easy-integration, and mass-production CMOS integrated triple-band THz thermal detector. The principles of operation and physical modeling such as selective absorption of electromagnetic energy, thermal energy conversion, and electrical response are demonstrated. The triple-band MM absorber achieves high absorption magnitudes of 90.4%, 96.8%, and 98.8% at 0.91, 2.58, and 4.3 THz respectively. The optimized PTAT sensor shows a high temperature coefficient of voltage of 10.11 mV/°C. Simulated responsivities are 37.28 V/W at 0.91 THz, 49.9 V/W at 2.58 THz, and 61.11 V/W at 4.3 THz. The proposed triple-band THz thermal detector shows calculated noise equivalence powers (NEPs) of 1.07, 1.6, and 1.31 μW/Hz 0.5 at 0.91, 2.58, and 4.3 THz respectively. Relatively better experimental results are obtained at 0.91 THz and 2.58 THz due to the scarcity of THz sources. The proposed detector achieves maximum responsivities of 33.4 V/W and 47.9 V/W, while minimum NEPs of 1.49 μW/Hz 0.5 at 0.91 THz with a modulation frequency of 2 Hz, and 1.88 μW/Hz 0.5 at 2.58 THz with a modulation frequency of 0.5 Hz.