Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna Research Articles

Parametric Analysis and Optimization of Notch and Slots Loaded Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications

Parametric Analysis and Optimization of Notch and Slots Loaded Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN/WiMAX Applications

Response study of impact of slot area variation in miniature antenna for Kurtz-Above band applications in 5G/6G wireless communication

Modern fifth-generation/sixth generation (5G/6G) wireless demand for efficient miniature antenna. To fulfill these demands here efforts have been made using high frequency structure simulator software (HFSS) to design a compact microstrip patch antenna (MPA). The design of the antenna consisted of two slots- one located near the feed line and the other one at the opposite side of the feed line. The volumetric dimension of the proposed antenna was 13.2 mm x 11.4 mm x 1.6 mm, designed at resonant frequency 33 GHz, employing 1.6 mm thick Rogers RT Duroid 5880 substrate having dielectric constant 2.2 and loss tangent 0.0013. A transmission line having a length of 5.7 mm and a width of 2 mm was used to excite the antenna for electromagnetic radiation fields. Antenna parameters simulation results were obtained for different slot areas, keeping other design parameters like dimensions of ground, patch, substrate, and feed port fixed. Different slot areas were selected by changing slot width, keeping its length constant. A gain of 7.7 dB with voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.9 and return loss (S11) -19.23 dB was obtained for slot width 3 mm and area 1.5 mm2. The directivity of the antenna was reported as 5.7dB, with a very good surface current density of 104.94 Amp/m, considered sufficient in the fringing fields breaking situation. Bandwidth was found to be inversely proportional to slot width. VSWR, S11, and 3D gain showed inverse dependence on slot area. Gain and S11 change in direct proportion to feed width whereas VSWR changes inversely with feed length. The proposed MPA is suitable for satellites, mobile phones, wireless communication systems, and remote sensing applications.

Compact and high isolated microstrip patch antenna system for full-duplex/MIMO applications

This paper presents a two-port microstrip patch antenna system with compact size and high isolation for full-duplex and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) applications. The proposed miniaturization approach is to employ compact microstrip patch antenna and decoupling network as well. Here, two quarter-wavelength patch antennas are arranged in the H-plane coupled configuration with element spacing of about 0.008 λ at the center operating frequency. Besides, a defected ground structure is chosen as the decoupling network, which doesn't require any additional space and contributes to significantly reducing the overall antenna dimensions. The final antenna design with compact size of 0.49 λ × 0.37 λ × 0.01 λ has operating band from 2.45 to 2.48 GHz, in which isolation is better than 30 dB and the maximum isolation is 42 dB. Besides, the proposed antenna also achieved comparable gain of 3.8 dBi and good diversity performance. In comparison with other related works, the proposed design has smallest overall size with extremely small element spacing while obtaining comparable isolation enhancement.

Development and Analysis of a Highly Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for WiFi 6E Applications

In this research article, a microstrip patch antenna optimized for WiFi 6E applications is presented and analyzed. The antenna, constructed with an FR4 substrate measuring 20 × 24 × 1.53 mm³, adopts a rectangular shape and is designed using CST MWS® software. An equivalent circuit model is formulated and simulated with ADS software to ensure accurate representation. Operating at 6 GHz, simulated results from CST MWS® software indicate a bandwidth of 343 MHz (5.861 GHz to 6.204 GHz), while ADS software suggests 339 MHz (5.848 GHz to 6.187 GHz). In contrast, measured results exhibit a bandwidth of 196 MHz (5.827 GHz to 6.023 GHz). Despite slight discrepancies, satisfactory alignment is observed between computational and experimental outcomes, supported by the equivalent circuit model. Radiation patterns, gain, and efficiency are measured in an anechoic chamber and compared with simulations. E-plane shows directionality, while H-plane demonstrates omnidirectionality, aligning well with simulated patterns. The simulated gain is 5.77 dBi, measured gain is 5.61 dBi, resulting in a simulated efficiency of 93% and a measured efficiency of 88%. The antenna is deemed suitable for cost-effective WiFi 6E applications.

Compact microstrip patch antenna loaded with Artificial Transmission Line for wireless applications

ABSTRACT This article presents an efficient yet simple spiral antenna design methodology for 2.44 GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) applications. In the suggested design, the antenna’s radiating section is redesigned with a particular Artificial Transmission Line (ATL) construction that allows for good downsizing. Circuit analysis and electromagnetic solver are used to verify the design, which demonstrate good agreement with the measured results. The electromagnetic simulation and passive component analysis reveal that the new design matches the traditional designs in terms of frequency tuning and size reduction. The overall footprint of the proposed ATL design is (33 × 25 × 1.6) mm3 which equals to 0.2684λ×0.2033λ×0.013λ, where λ is the distance travelled by the wave per cycle at the operating frequency of 2.44 GHz. The antenna has a gain of 3.8dBi and a 50Ω impedance. Modifying the interdigital capacitance and inductance used in the ATL structure to achieve a longer electrical length of the line can also improve the wave guide mode of excitation. As a result, the phase constant is regulated, allowing for good antenna size minimisation. The effect of interdigital inductance and capacitance on the operating bands is also analysed.

A compact wrench-shaped patch antenna with a slotted parasitic element and semi-circular ground plane for 5G communication

This work introduces a low-profile, compact microstrip patch antenna for 5G applications using a slotted semi-circular ground plane and a slotted rectangular parasitic element. This patch antenna in the shape of a wrench offers a wide impedance bandwidth of 1.48 GHz and a reflection coefficient (|S11|) of -34.24 dB. The presented antenna is etched on a low-volume Rogers RT 5880 (lossy) dielectric substrate. It has small dimensions of 25 × 34.5 × 1.575 mm3, and it exhibits a maximum gain of 2.77 dB, maximum directivity of 3.70 dBi, and a VSWR of 1.03 at 3.14 GHz. The slotted parasitic element and a semi-circular ground plane improve bandwidth and impedance matching. The proposed antenna provides a maximum radiation efficiency of about 92 %. The performance parameters of the antenna have been verified independently by three different electromagnetic simulation tools, namely CST, HFSS, and FEKO. Finally, a prototype of the presented antenna has been fabricated, and its different radiation properties have been measured. The tested results also buttress the simulated results. There have been numerous parametric studies conducted. Because of its straightforward structure, smaller size, symmetrical radiation pattern, and steady gain, the proposed antenna may be a suitable candidate for 5G wireless devices.

Design of miniaturized multi-band hybrid-mode microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication

This research presents a small, compact microstrip patch antenna of multi-band antenna. The multi-band antenna can be scaled to higher frequencies, making it possibly useful in 5G applications. The antenna is made up of asymmetric scalene triangles slots on the right side of the patch, which is provided by the reference patch antenna. The modes of antenna, patch and slots are excited to obtain four bands. The antenna design is 25×25×1.4 mm<sup>3</sup> resonant at 3.93 GHz, 4.25 GHz, 5.37 GHz, and 6.18 GHz. The simulated design shows a peak gain of 4.44 dB at 3.93 GHz, 5.63 dB at 4.25 GHz, 5.91 dB at 5.37 GHz and 5.2 dB at 6.18 GHz. The total efficiency at 3.93 GHz and 4.25 GHz is -1.152 dB and -0.5174 dB, at 5.37 GHz and 6.18 GHz shows a total efficiency of -0.535 dB and -0.566 dB. Finally, the antenna is fabricated and measured. A good agreement shown between measurements and fabrication in terms of return loss.

Compact low profile 5.8 GHz MPA for on-body applications

A compact microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with a T shape monopole technique is designed, simulated, and measured. By using fire retardant material (FR-4) as a substrate with a low profile, the proposed antenna is designed and simulated to be used for on-body biomedical applications. A center frequency of 5.78 is achieved with a gain of 11.78 dB and a matching impedance of -47.47 dB. A 1.48 W/Kg (10 gm) as a specific absorption rate (SAR) is achieved and 29.69 dB front to back ratio with a bandwidth of 3.376 GHz. The antenna was examined in free space as well as on-body using CST-MW software. The proposed antenna is fabricated and examined. Finally, a comparison is done among simulated results, measured results, and the dual-band dual-mode antenna. The proposed antenna overcomes the latter work in terms of small size, high matching impedance, high front to back ratio, and operating bandwidth.

A compact microstrip patch antenna with DGS for WiFi/WiMAX/WLAN

In recent years, the study of microstrip patch antennas has witnessed significant advancements, offering numerous advantages and promising prospects compared with conventional antennas. These antennas are characterized by their lightweight compact size, low cost, low profile, small dimensions, and excellent conformability. Additionally, microstrip patch antennas exhibit various desirable features, such as dual and circular polarization, dual-frequency operation, broad bandwidth, flexible feedline configurations, and beam-scanning omnidirectional patterns. In this paper, a microstrip patch antenna design tailored for the 2.4 GHz frequency band is proposed, showcasing its potential for applications in wireless communication devices. The antenna is engineered to operate across multiple bands, including the wireless device band, Ultra Wide Band (UWB), and X band. It has a truncated rectangle shape with additional stubs, whereas the substrate material employed is FR4. The resulting design achieves resonance at four different frequencies, effectively covering the Microwave Access (WiMAX) band at 2.5 GHz and 4 GHz. Notably, the implementation of Digital Global Systems (DGS) plays a crucial role in reducing the antenna size while simultaneously enhancing its performance. The proposed microstrip patch antenna demonstrates great potential for meeting the increasing demand of modern wireless communication devices. Its multiband operation, compact size, and improved performance, achieved through the integration of DGS, make it a promising candidate for various wireless communication applications.

A Compact Wideband Filtering Antenna on Slots-Loaded Square Patch Radiator Under Triple Resonant Modes

In this article, a compact microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with enhanced bandwidth and filtering response is proposed and implemented solely by loading pairs of slots on the conventional square patch radiator. Initially, the dominant mode TM10 of the square patch radiator is theoretically investigated, revealing its broadside radiation pattern and its current flows in the consistent direction. After that, based on the regularities of field distribution, two pairs of slots are etched in the square patch so as to generate two extra modes without destroying both resonant and radiating properties of TM10 mode. By virtue of these two excited modes, two extra resonances are produced in proximity to its dominant one, so as to widen the bandwidth under triple resonant modes. Meanwhile, owing to the inverse equivalent magnetic currents (EMCs) along the radiation edges of the patch and the out-of-phase electric fields at the two sides of each slot under these two excited modes, radiation cancellation toward broadside direction and efficiency reduction occur simultaneously. Hence, radiation nulls are achieved in all direction, and particularly, the radiation null toward broadside direction is deeper than others. After our intensive investigation is done on the entire slots-loaded patch radiator, a wideband filtering MPA with three in-band resonances and two out-of-band radiation nulls has been finally constructed. For demonstration, a prototype antenna at a center frequency of 3.5 GHz is designed, fabricated, and measured. The measured results are found in good accordance with the simulated ones, demonstrating an impedance bandwidth of 9.14% with stable broadside realized gains as well as two radiation nulls at 3.12 and 3.83 GHz, respectively, in addition to its low profile of 0.029 free-space wavelength. Notably, the presented antenna has occupied the almost same area as the conventional square MPA, maintaining its good size compactness.

Modeling and Performance Optimization of a Compact Three-Petalled Flower-Like Microstrip Patch Antenna for IoT Applications

The article is aimed at proposing the design and investigating the performance of a three-petalled flower-shaped wideband microstrip patch antenna for IoT and next-generation wireless applications. The proposed printed monopole antenna is provided with a microstrip feed line for excitation with a defected ground plane. The antenna is designed and analyzed using a finite-element-based simulator HFSS (version 15.0). The Optimetrics feature in the simulator is used for the performance optimization of the designed antenna that results in wide impedance bandwidth between 2.5 and 5.5 GHz, with add-on benefits such as less human efforts along with fast optimum results. The designed antenna holds an advantage of being low profile and reduced in size as overall diminutive dimensions of the proposed patch antenna are 0.54 λ o × 0.43 λ o × 0.021 λ o m m 3 , making it suitable for use in Wi-Max- and WLAN-enabled IoT applications. The paper is aimed at proposing an innovative optimal design aiming at the concerns about the risks in the growth of IoT and mobile computing, particularly in wireless and mobile networks. The anticipated antenna, owing to its simple and compact design, can be easily integrated into portable mobile devices, and thus, it is considered suitable for 4G and 5G and other next-generation communication applications of IoT devices.

Compact Multi-slotted Printed Antenna for Ultra-Wideband Applications in Medical Telemetry

In this study, the two designs of the compact microstrip patch antennas, exhibiting ultra wideband characteristics are presented. The design offers an overall bandwidth of 4.7 and 5.2 GHz with a return loss of −35dB and −40 dB, respectively. The presented designs of the antennas are targeted for applications in medical telemetry. Geometrical optimizations for the slotted rectangular patch antenna loaded with notches are carried out to enhance the bandwidth over the ultra wideband. Unlike the conventional way, the microstrip patch antenna is optimized by considering an infinite substrate. The effect of finite substrate on the bandwidth of the microstrip patch is investigated leading to better results in terms of simplicity, compact size, and bandwidth. Also, it is perceived that the partial ground plane, which is incorporated, improves the antenna’s bandwidth drastically and also the reflection coefficient. The prototype of the two presented designs is formulated by creating notches with three slots naming it to be MPA1, and the other one without slots and with only notches naming it to be MPA2 for observing the relative effect of slots and the partial ground plane on the bandwidth. A very close agreement is confirmed between the simulated and the experimental values of the reflection coefficient and the bandwidth. The maximum percentage bandwidth of 85% is attained in the case of MPA2, while a maximum gain of 2.39 dBi is achieved for MPA1, which offers flexibility to manufacturers for use.

Highly efficient microstrip patch antenna for wireless gigabit alliance applications

A <span>wireless gigabit alliance (WiGig) is widely known for higher bandwidth which operates at 60GHz unlicensed spectrum for super-fast data speed over short distances for millimeter-wave band application. This study offers an efficient, compact microstrip patch antenna for WiGig with a lesser return loss -50.45 dB (60 GHz). The gain and directivity of the proposed antenna are 13.01 dB and 13.42 dBi. It provides higher efficiency of around 91%. The proposed antenna also covers another mm-wave band that is at 95 GHz. The U.S. military uses electromagnetic radiation of 95 GHz as a non-lethal weapon. So, the anticipated antenna can be used for a miniaturized active denial system. The proposed antenna has a good gain, directivity, and efficiency for the multigigabits/s data rate. The aforesaid properties imply that it can be used for wireless personal area networks (WPAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation (5G) applications too.</span>

A square ring and single split resonator based wearable antenna for Microwave energy harvesting for IoT nodes

A wearable antenna utilising metamaterial radiating elements, which operates at two frequency bands, are presented in this paper. A closed-ring resonator and a single split-ring resonator of square shape have been used to provide dual resonance. The work develops a compact microstrip patch antenna having radiating patch dimensions of 24.8 × 24.8 mm2, that generates electromagnetic energy exhibiting dual band from 2.3 to 2.5 Giga Hertz (WiMAX, ISM) and 3.4 to 3.6 Giga Hertz (WiMAX band). This work provides relevant parametric analyses, such as free space, on-body, and antenna bending effects. Microstrip antenna is designed to be built on flexible dielectric substrate named Rogers RT-5880 Material with dielectric constant 2.2 and thickness of 0.787 mm. The design is validated by a comparison of numerical and actual antenna measurements. Between simulated and measured findings, good equivalence has been discovered. The fabricated antenna provides an impedance bandwidth of 1036 Mega Hertz in lower and 352 Mega Hertz in upper-frequency range, a gain of 2.7 dB,2.35 dB, the directivity of 3 dB, 2.9 dB, the radiation efficiency of 93.32%,88.21 % at 2.4 and 3.6 Giga Hertz respectively in free space condition. The results highlight the applicability of an energy efficient dual-band proposed antenna in wearable applications and microwave energy harvesting for IoT nodes within the ISM and WiMAX bands.

Radiation Efficiency of an Electrically Small Dual-band UHF Microstrip Patch Antenna Using Wheeler Cap Method

Determining the radiation efficiency of an antenna is a difficult task that becomes challenging when it is about electrically small antennas. This work investigates the applicability of the Wheeler cap method to measure the radiation efficiency of a UHF dual-band compact microstrip patch antenna. An overview of Wheeler method is presented. An adaptation to the original method is suggested to measure the efficiency of a small slitted microstrip patch antenna operating at two frequencies (400 MHz and 431 MHz). A third-order equivalent RLC circuit has been proposed. The measurements were performed using three metal shields of different sizes and shapes. Measured results agreed with the theoretical model. However, the metallic shield significantly interferes in the fringing fields, reducing the accuracy of the method. Despite the inaccuracy observed in the measurements, the method proved to be attractive due to its low cost and ease of measurement. The contribution of this work is to apply the method to an antenna under test with a high degree of miniaturization, low efficiency, and very narrow band, in addition to using a thick substrate. No previous work with this focus has been found in the literature, up to date.

Design of terahertz antenna to detect lung cancer and classify its stages using machine learning

The proposed work focuses on the detection of lung cancer using a microstrip patch antenna. A compact microstrip patch antenna operating at ISM band has been designed and placed on healthy as well as cancer affected lung (different stages) phantom. Scatter and other parameters are observed, and data set is created for healthy as well as for each stage of cancerous lung. Variation because of cancer and its stages in the antenna parameters such as electric field, magnetic field, surface current, power flow, current density, power loss density, electrical energy density, and magnetic energy density, return loss, antenna gain, and tumor radius is observed. The created dataset has been further classified to differentiate a healthy lung from a cancerous one and its stages using Random Forest machine learning algorithm with an accuracy of 93.75%.

Compact and Wide Bandwidth Microstrip Patch Antenna for 5G Millimeter Wave Technology: Design and Analysis

In this paper, a compact microstrip patch antenna for 5G Millimeter wave technology has been proposed. By developing wide bandwidth characteristics, long ranges of data transfer are covered with better quality of signal transmission in 5G communication system. Modification of antenna element; patch width structured has influenced the frequency bandwidth. The design, analysis and optimization of the proposed work along with parametric analysis were performed using CST Microwave Studio. A microstrip patch antenna has been designed with high bandwidth millimeter wave, compact dimension, consistent radiation patterns and relatively higher gain at 28 GHz (mm-wave) band. FR-4 substrate has been employed in this work with a dielectric constant value of 4.3, thickness value of 1.6 mm and loss tangent value of 0.025.The proposed antenna has achieved high bandwidth which is 14.674 GHz with a reflection coefficient of -40.14 dB, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) value of 1.1098 dB and maximum gain of 5.29 dB with high directivity of 7.465 dBi. The antenna results of this work proved to be useful in fulfilling the requirements of wider bandwidth and higher gain particularly at 28 GHz for 5G applications.

Design of compact and broad-bandwidth rectangular patch antenna using cylindrical rods artificial dielectric

This paper presents novel compact and high performance microstrip patch antenna by using artificial dielectric. Cylindrical rods artificial dielectric is embedded in substrate of reference patch antenna, this makes the antenna compact, reflection coefficient improves and enhancement in impedance bandwidth is achieved. Technique of designing the cylindrical rods artificial dielectric in given frequency range is also presented in this paper. Practical swarm optimization technique (PSO) is used to design and optimize the proposed antenna. Finally, RMPA with cylindrical rods embedded substrate is proposed that provides 47.2% compactness, improved return loss and bandwidth. Mathematical analysis of proposed antenna is also done to verify the simulated results of proposed antenna. The effect of rods parameters (height, radius, and distance between rods) on the performance of patch antenna is also analysed.

Dual Frequency Electronically Controlled Radiation Beam Reconfigurable slotted Antenna for Detection of a Stationary or Nonstationary Target

A dual-frequency and radiation pattern reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for detecting a stationary as well as a non-stationary target is described. Six angular patches, that collectively form a circular shape, are used. All the six patches radiate one by one after a fixed interval of time and their feed controlling is done by six PIN diodes. The switching of PIN diodes is controlled by an embedded biasing network. This antenna provides radiation beam scanning characteristics. It gives the main lobe scanning at every 60o clockwise (or anticlockwise) continuously by applying a signal to patches one by one. The purpose of introducing the slot is to get the radiation pattern in the desired direction since by changing the length, width, and position of the slot, the direction of the radiation pattern can be controlled. The slotted antenna operates in a C band with two frequencies 4.21 GHz and 4.82 GHz and provides a radiation pattern, 90o apart from each other. The scanning rate of 0.6 deg/ms is obtained; however, the scanning rate can be changed with the help of ATMEGA 2560 microcontroller. This compact Microstrip patch antenna can be widely used for short-range applications i.e. ground surveillance radar, missile control, mobile battlefield surveillance for military and many other applications in a modern wireless communication system. The designed antenna along with the switching application will be able to track the stationary as well as a non-stationary target.

Heptagonal Shaped UWB Antenna with DGS for Wireless LTE with Enhanced Bandwidth

The paper discusses about the implementation of Heptagonal shaped compact ultra-wideband planar Microstrip patch antenna with and without defected ground plane structure (DGS) with analysis of various parameters like return loss, VSWR bandwidth etc. A substrate made up of dielectric constant FR4 epoxy is utilized and the 2D and 3D radiation pattern are also discussed. DGS has helped to fine tune and increase the bandwidth & its effects have been studied. A volume of 28x32x1.7 (1523.2 mm^3) is occupied by the size of antenna with dielectric constant of εr = 4.4, tanδ= 0.02. In order to provide fine tuning in the return loss graph, a 50Ω line with width of W=3mm direct line feeding method has been used for the micro-strip line and slots have been introduced in the ground plane structure, for achieving the good bandwidth coupling between the slots plays an important role. The antenna parameters including VSWR, Gain and return losses v/s frequency effects for the antenna with variation of slots and dimensions has been studied in this paper along with the analysis of important parameters such as return loss (dB), bandwidth, VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) of patch antenna which has been performed using Ansoft HFSS v15 tool. The proposed design of the heptagonal shaped antenna operates as an ultra-wide band antenna ranging from 3.20 GHz to 10 GHz and beyond covering most of applications from LTE, Wimax (3.5/5.55GHz), Radio altimeter, RFID and ISM WLAN 5.2/5.8GHz etc.