Compact Chain Research Articles

An arabinan from Citrus grandis fruits alleviates ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial cell apoptosis via the Nrf2/Keap1 and IRE1/GRP78 signaling pathways

Citrus grandis fruit is a famous traditional Chinese medicine with various bioactivities, including cardioprotective effects. Polysaccharides are one of the key active ingredients responsible for its cardioprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the structure and cardioprotective effect of a homogeneous polysaccharide from C. grandis fruit (CGP80-1) and explore its mechanism against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Structure analysis showed that CGP80-1 (11,917 Da) is an arabinan with compact coil chain conformation, containing →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, →3,5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, and →2,3,5)-α-L-Araf-(1→ as the backbone, as well as →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→ and t-α-L-Araf as side-chains substituted at the C2 and C3 positions. Pharmacological experiments showed that pre-treatment with CGP80-1 could effectively alleviate MI/R injury by improving endogenous antioxidant enzymes and cardiac enzymes, reducing reactive oxygen species levels, and regulating apoptosis-related proteins such as caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2. The protective effects were correlated with the Nrf2/Keap1 and IRE1/GRP78 signaling pathways. Further analysis of structure-activity relationships revealed that the myocardial protection effects of CGP80-1 might be attributed to its appropriate molecular weight, high arabinose content, and unique compact coil chain conformation. Overall, our results provide insight into the chemical structure of CGP80-1 and its mechanism of action, suggesting that CGP80-1 could be a candidate drug for myocardial protection.

Sequential giant planet formation initiated by disc substructure

Context. Planet formation models are necessary to understand the origins of diverse planetary systems. Circumstellar disc substructures have been proposed as preferred locations of planet formation, but a complete formation scenario has not been covered by a single model so far. Aims. We aim to study the formation of giant planets facilitated by disc substructure and starting with sub-micron-sized dust. Methods. We connect dust coagulation and drift, planetesimal formation, N-body gravity, pebble accretion, planet migration, planetary gas accretion, and gap opening in one consistent modelling framework. Results. We find rapid formation of multiple gas giants from the initial disc substructure. The migration trap near the substructure allows for the formation of cold gas giants. A new pressure maximum is created at the outer edge of the planetary gap, which triggers the next generation of planet formation resulting in a compact chain of giant planets. A high planet formation efficiency is achieved, as the first gas giants are effective at preventing dust from drifting further inwards, which preserves material for planet formation. Conclusions. Sequential planet formation is a promising framework to explain the formation of chains of gas and ice giants.

Structural, topological, and rheological characteristics of entangled short-chain branched polymer melts under shear flow in comparison with the linear analog

We present a detailed analysis of the general influence of short branches on the structural, topological, and rheological behaviors of entangled short-chain branched (SCB) polyethylene (PE) melt systems under shear flow via direct comparison with the corresponding linear analogs using extensive atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations, for a wide range of flow strengths. In comparison with the linear melt, the SCB systems generally exhibit more compact chain structures and larger dynamic resistance, in response to an imposed flow field at all flow strengths. These features essentially arise from (i) the increased chain stiffness due to the torsional restriction of backbone atoms around the branch points and (ii) the fast random Brownian motion of short branches via their very short characteristic relaxation time. We analyzed various structural and rheological properties, such as anisotropic chain dimension and orientation and their detailed distributions, topological characteristics of the entanglement network, material functions, chain rotation dynamics, and flow birefringence. Distinctive physical characteristics of the entangled SCB systems exposed by these individual properties can be consistently understood based on the fundamental structural and dynamical roles of short branches. These findings are considered informative in our systematic understanding and prediction for the general rheological behaviors of long entangled SCB polymer systems under flow, and in tuning the material properties of SCB polymers in practical applications.

Efficient recovery and recycling/upcycling of precious metals using hydrazide-functionalized star-shaped polymers

There is a growing demand for adsorption technologies for recovering and recycling precious metals (PMs) in various industries. Unfortunately, amine-functionalized polymers widely used as metal adsorbents are ineffective at recovering PMs owing to their unsatisfactory PM adsorption performance. Herein, a star-shaped, hydrazide-functionalized polymer (S-PAcH) is proposed as a readily recoverable standalone adsorbent with high PM adsorption performance. The compact chain structure of S-PAcH containing numerous hydrazide groups with strong reducibility promotes PM adsorption by enhancing PM reduction while forming large, collectable precipitates. Compared with previously reported PM adsorbents, commercial amine polymers, and reducing agents, S-PAcH exhibited significantly higher adsorption capacity, selectivity, and kinetics toward three PMs (gold, palladium, and platinum) with model, simulated, and real-world feed solutions. The superior PM recovery performance of S-PAcH was attributed to its strong reduction capability combined with its chemisorption mechanism. Moreover, PM-adsorbed S-PAcH could be refined into high-purity PMs via calcination, directly utilized (upcycled) as catalysts for dye reduction, or regenerated for reuse, demonstrating its high practical feasibility. Our proposed PM adsorbents would have a tremendous impact on various industrial sectors from the perspectives of environmental protection and sustainable development.

Real-Time Compact Digital Processing Chain for the Detection and Sorting of Neural Spikes from Implanted Microelectrode Arrays

Implantable microelectrodes arrays are used to record electrical signals from surrounding neurons and have led to incredible improvements in modern neuroscience research. Digital signals resulting from conditioning and the analog-to-digital conversion of neural spikes captured by microelectrodes arrays have to be elaborated in a dedicated DSP core devoted to a real-time spike-sorting process for the classification phase based on the source neurons from which they were emitted. On-chip spike-sorting is also essential to achieve enough data reduction to allow for wireless transmission within the power constraints imposed on implantable devices. The design of such integrated circuits must meet stringent constraints related to ultra-low power density and the minimum silicon area, as well as several application requirements. The aim of this work is to present real-time hardware architecture able to perform all the spike-sorting tasks on chip while satisfying the aforementioned stringent requirements related to this type of application. The proposed solution has been coded in VHDL language and simulated in the Cadence Xcelium tool to verify the functional behavior of the digital processing chain. Then, a synthesis and place and route flow has been carried out to implement the proposed architecture in both a 130 nm and a FD-SOI 28 nm CMOS process, with a 200 MHz clock frequency target. Post-layout simulations in the Cadence Xcelium tool confirmed the proper operation up to a 200 MHz clock frequency. The area occupation and power consumption of the proposed detection and clustering module are 0.2659 mm2/ch, 7.16 μW/ch, 0.0168 mm2/ch, and 0.47 μW/ch for the 130 nm and 28 nm implementation, respectively.

Selective photothermal and photodynamic capabilities of conjugated polymer nanoparticles

We found out that the conjugated polymers with different molecular weights and fullerene addition selectively controlled the photothermal and photodynamic effects of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs). It turned out that the use of high molecular weight (MW) conjugated polymer increase near infrared absorption, resulting in more photothermal effect than photodynamic effect. The highest photothermal effect was achieved when the more molecular ordering was expected by using a high MW conjugated polymer, phase-separated film dispersion process and a phospholipid-polyethylene glycol with alkyl tails for dense association with alkyl side chains of a conjugated polymer. On the other hand, the photodynamic effect was generally enhanced when less-organized molecular assemblies were expected by using a low MW conjugated polymer, a nanoprecipitation process, and/or a surfactant without compact alkyl chain association with a conjugated polymer. It was notable that fullerene acted differently on the photophysical properties of CPNs, depending on the molecular ordering. With limited fluctuation in the photothermal effect, the fullerene addition into CPNs enhanced the photodynamic effect under situations that can disrupt molecular ordering. In the meantime, the fullerene in CPNs enhanced the photothermal effect while maintaining the photodynamic effect with higher molecular ordering. Our results show that the combination of fullerenes can selectively and significantly increase the phototherapeutic capabilities based on molecular ordering of CPNs, suggesting a strategic approach for efficiency enhancement in the phototherapeutic medicinal applications.

DETERMINING THE OCCURRENCE OF SOME VIRULENCE GENES IN PROTEUS SPECIES ISOLATES

Forty isolates of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria termed as Proteus, widely known for their swarming motility and urease activity, which cause complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), were isolated and identified. Two hundred and ten urine specimens collected from the patients suffering from UTIs, who were hospitalized in Babylon hospitals, were used for the isolation of Proteus species isolates. The morphological features (for cells and colonies), biochemical tests, VITEK 2 compact and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Proteus-specific genes were used for the identification of these isolates. The assessment of the antimicrobial profiles that represent the prevalence and the level of pathogenicity of the isolates was also carried out. Furthermore, the whole genomic DNA of the isolates was extracted to determine the sites of blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaSHV genes on the genome of the isolates. The results revealed that thirty isolates were P. mirabilis and ten isolates were P. vulgaris. These isolates were given names as PM1 to PM30 for P. mirabilis and PV31 to PV40 for P. vulgaris. The most effective antibiotics against the isolates were erythromycin (97.5%), followed by tobramycin (85%), ampicillin (82.5%), chloramphenicol (60%), piperacillin (55%) and 52.5% for each sulfamethoxazole and azithromycin. The meropenem and imipenem showed less resistance (35%) followed by ciprofloxacin (30%) and gentamicin (15%). The PCR assay exhibited that these isolates carried blaTEM gene at the rate of 38/40 (95%), blaSHV gene at the rate of 33/40 (82.5%) and blaCTX-M gene at the rate of 37/40 (92.5%). Therefore, reducing the frequency and severity of infections, however, more research is needed to understand how the rates of pathogenicity of Proteus species isolates can be controlled.

Major criteria of credible integrated development planning in local government: city of Mbombela, Ehlanzeni District, South Africa

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to determine the major criteria for a credible integrated development planning (IDP) process in Mbombela municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilizes a combination of sequential exploratory and explanatory mixed methods. About 120 key informants participated in the structured questionnaire, and a further seven interviews were conducted as elite interviews. Four multistakeholder workshop sessions with up to sixty-six participants each were conducted.FindingsTo strengthen the integrated planning in local government, the study recommended “stakeholder participation and ownership,” “leadership and accountability,” “impact and outcome-based focus,” “a compact value chain” and “monitoring and evaluation.”Originality/valueThe IDP process is a tactical planning gadget designed to achieve transformation and introduce new systems of governance. IDPs currently tend to lack standard criteria to measure their performance in promoting public leadership and responding to community needs, which is a major challenge in many municipalities across South Africa. Since its introduction in 2000 to fast-track service delivery, concerns have been raised about why there are still constant protests alleged to be caused by poor service delivery.

Rheological and thermal properties of an enteral nutrition formula for nutritional support patients using a combined mixture of gelatin and maltodextrin.

Enteral nutrition is a type of nutritional support that provides the necessary sources of energy and protein for patients who suffer from dysphagia, chronic disease, and loss of appetite. In this study, a gelatin-maltodextrin binary biopolymer system has been incorporated into a semi-solid formula. The I-optimal combination design approach was used to create 19 formulations, and the dynamic rheological properties, dynamic laser scattering, and zeta potential responses were evaluated over 30 days of storage at 5°C. Solid viscoelastic behavior has been approved since G' > G″ in the frequency sweep test with no cross-over point. Maltodextrin may interfere within the gelatin network, and increasing the maltodextrin to gelatin (from 0.14 to 1) may lead to a wider linear viscoelastic (LVE) strain range (2.16%), a lower storage modulus at LVE (52%), a lower yield stress (46%), and a lower glass transition temperature (34%). The presence of maltodextrin may reduce the temperature of the sol-to-solid transformation by 48% and enhance its flexibility. In contrast, increasing the gelatin-to-maltodextrin ratio following melting at 37°C led to an increase in the cumulant mean and polydispersity index, indicating a relatively unstable system. The range of zeta potential values between -4.4 and 1.7 mV confirmed a tendency toward coagulation. Microscopic images revealed instability because of irregular or compact chains formed in the gelatin matrix by using higher amounts of maltodextrin. Finally, the best formula had the best rheological stability and was suitable for tube-feeding patients, with a gelatin-to-maltodextrin ratio of 4.35:3.64% w/w on day 17.4.

Conformational Properties of Polymers at Droplet Interfaces as Model Systems for Disordered Proteins.

Polymer models serve as useful tools for studying the formation and physical properties of biomolecular condensates. In recent years, the interface dividing the dense and dilute phases of condensates has been discovered to be closely related to their functionality, but the conformational preferences of the constituent proteins remain unclear. To elucidate this, we perform molecular simulations of a droplet formed by phase separation of homopolymers as a surrogate model for the prion-like low-complexity domains. By systematically analyzing the polymer conformations at different locations in the droplet, we find that the chains become compact at the droplet interface compared with the droplet interior. Further, segmental analysis revealed that the end sections of the chains are enriched at the interface to maximize conformational entropy and are more expanded than the middle sections of the chains. We find that the majority of chain segments lie tangential to the droplet surface, and only the chain ends tend to align perpendicular to the interface. These trends also hold for the natural proteins FUS LC and LAF-1 RGG, which exhibit more compact chain conformations at the interface compared to the droplet interior. Our findings provide important insights into the interfacial properties of biomolecular condensates and highlight the value of using simple polymer physics models to understand the underlying mechanisms.

A Highly Compact Zip Chain Arm with Origami-Inspired Folding Chain Structures.

A deployable robotic arm can be a useful tool for mobile systems to widen accessible areas without removing mobility. For practical use, the deployable robotic arm needs to satisfy two requirements: a high extension-compression ratio and robust structural stiffness against the environment. To this end, this paper suggests, for the first time, an origami-inspired zipper chain to achieve a highly compact, one-degree-of-freedom zipper chain arm. The key component is the foldable chain, which innovatively increases the space-saving capability in the stowed state. The foldable chain is fully flattened in the stowed state, allowing for storage of many more chains in the same space. Moreover, a transmission system was designed to transform a 2D flat pattern into a 3D chain shape in order to control the length of the origami zipper. Additionally, an empirical parametric study was performed to choose design parameters to maximize the bending stiffness. For the feasibility test, a prototype was built and performance tests were executed in relation to extension length, speed, and structural robustness.

Dynamical Evolution of Closely Packed Multiple Planetary Systems Subject to Atmospheric Mass Loss

A gap in exoplanets’ radius distribution has been widely attributed to the photoevaporation threshold of their progenitors’ gaseous envelope. Giant impacts can also lead to substantial mass loss. The outflowing gas endures tidal torque from the planets and their host stars. Alongside the planet–star tidal and magnetic interaction, this effect leads to planets’ orbital evolution. In multiple super-Earth systems, especially in those that are closely spaced and/or contain planets locked in mean motion resonances, modest mass loss can lead to dynamical instabilities. In order to place some constraints on the extent of planets’ mass loss, we study the evolution of a series of idealized systems of multiple planets with equal masses and a general scaled separation. We consider mass loss from one or more planets either in the conservative limit or with angular momentum loss from the system. We show that the stable preservation of idealized multiple planetary systems requires either a wide initial separation or a modest upper limit in the amount of mass loss. This constraint is stringent for the multiple planetary systems in compact and resonant chains. Perturbation due to either impulsive giant impacts between super-Earths or greater than a few percent mass loss can lead to dynamical instabilities.

Substructures in the Isolated Galaxy clusters

The isolated clusters are special objects for understanding the ways of forming observed large-scale distributions of matter. One can consider the isolated clusters as objects evolving without any external influence. We present the results of the analysis of the 2D distribution of galaxies in 31 isolated galaxy clusters with redshifts z < 0.15 and the distance to the nearest neighbor less than 60h−1Mpc. We defined the morphological types of these clusters accordingly to advance Panko’s classification scheme using the “Cluster Cartography” set. The main part of these clusters belongs to the open O-type clusters without any signs of a complex structure. However, we detected the presence of the inner regular substructures for 10 clusters. They are linear substructures, X- and Y-type crosses, and compact short chains. All substructures were detected on a statistically significant level. The detected substructures have special orientations of galaxies, which note to their 3D type. Practically all studied galaxy clusters are young.

Microporous Matrimid/PIM-1 Thin Film Composite Membranes with Narrow Pore Size Distribution used for Molecular Separation in Organic Solvents.

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are a class of microporous organic materials that contain interconnected pores of less than 2nm in diameter. Such materials are of great potential used in membranes for molecular separation, such as drug fractionation in pharmaceutical industry. However, the PIMs membranes are often susceptible to low separation selectivity toward different molecules due to their wide pore size distribution. Herein, a linear polyimide, Matrimid, is incorporated with PIM-1 (a typical member of PIMs) by solution blending, and the blends are dip-coated onto a polyimide P84 support membrane to prepare thin-film composite (TFC) membranes to control pore size distribution while keep high microporosity. The component miscibility, pore characteristics, and molecular separation performances of the Matrimid/PIM-1 TFC membranes are investigated in detail. The Matrimid and PIM-1 are partially miscible due to their similar Hansen solubility parameters. The Matrimid endows the selective layers (coatings) with narrower pore size distribution due to more compact chain packing. The prepared Matrimid/PIM-1 TFC membranes show high selectivity for separation of riboflavin (80% of retention) and isatin (only 5% of retention). The developed membranes exhibit great potential for separating molecules with different molecular weights.

Promoting fine particle agglomeration through organic agglomeration solutions with charged atomization

• The charged atomization technology of organic agglomeration solution was proposed and investigated. • Main influence factors and agglomeration mechanism were fully investigated. • The atomization and agglomeration performance of agglomeration solution before and after charged atomization were compared. • Charged atomization improved the agglomeration ability of organic agglomeration solution greatly. Chemical agglomeration is an effective method for agglomerating fine particles. Generally, an aqueous solution of an organic polymer is used as the agglomeration solution. However, these water-soluble polymers have high viscosity, resulting in a poor atomization effect of the solution, which significantly reduces the probability of collision between the agglomeration solution droplets and particles and further reduces the agglomeration efficiency of particles. To improve the agglomeration efficiency, the charged atomization technology of organic agglomeration solutions was proposed and investigated. The results showed that although the agglomeration effects of different organic agglomeration solutions on particles were different, the agglomeration performance improved after charged atomization. Among the four solutions obtained using the charged atomization technique, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and sodium alginate (SAA) showed the largest improvement in performance. Compared to the uncharged droplet, the agglomeration efficiency of fine particles increased by 53.4% for the 0.01% CMC solution under the charged droplet condition. With an increase in the mass concentration, the agglomeration efficiency of the particles increased but the change rate decreased, and this trend was more apparent after charged atomization. As the concentration increased from 0.03% to 0.1%, the change rates of the relative agglomeration efficiency of CMC before and after charged atomization were 11.2% and 2.4%, respectively. The change in droplet size is among the main reasons for the change in the agglomeration ability of an organic solution. Since the conductivity and viscosity of the solution affect the change in droplet size after charged atomization, it also has an effect on the agglomeration efficiency of the solution. The agglomeration performance of the organic agglomeration solution with high conductivity and low viscosity improved significantly after charged atomization. The particles exhibited characteristics of more compact chains and clusters after charged atomization.

Performance and Integration Results of a High Resolution Time-to-Digital Converter Designed for INO ICAL Experiment

INO ICAL Experiment emphasis on studying various properties of atmospheric neutrinos. A 50 kton Iron Calorimeter and Resistive plate Chamber (RPC) in stacked geometry will be used to track neutrinos. Position and directional information are to be used to identify particle energies. RPC detector signal of rise time less than 1ns is amplified-discriminated and given to Digital Front End (RPC-DAQ). To measure these fast pulses, we designed a low power, compact multi-channel Delay Chain based time-to-digital converter (TDC) in a 0.13μm CMOS process which will be integrated with the RPC-DAQ module. This TDC is capable of handling multiple hits per channel with a single-shot precision better than 65.34 ps. A 4-line or 11-line serial peripheral interface (SPI) is used for readout and configuration. This paper presents the performance and integration results of this TDC.

Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline Phases of Sophorolipid Biosurfactants.

Biological amphiphiles derived from natural resources are presently being investigated in the hope that they will someday replace current synthetic surfactants, which are known pollutants of soils and water resources. Sophorolipids constitute one of the main classes of glycosylated biosurfactants that have attracted interest because they are synthesized by non-pathogenic yeasts from glucose and vegetable oils at high titers. In this work, the self-assembly properties of several sophorolipids in water at high concentrations (20-80 wt %), a range so far mostly uncharted, have been investigated by polarized-light microscopy and X-ray scattering. Some of these compounds were found to show lyotropic liquid-crystalline behavior as they display lamellar or hexagonal columnar mesophases. X-ray scattering data shows that the structure of the lamellar phase is almost fully interdigitated, which is likely due to the packing difference between the bulky hydrophilic tails and the more compact aliphatic chains. A tentative representation of the molecular organization of the columnar phase is also given. Moreover, some of these compounds display thermotropic liquid-crystalline behavior, either pure or in aqueous mixtures. In addition, small domains of the lamellar phase can easily be aligned by applying onto them a moderate a.c. electric field, which is a rather unusual feature for lyotropic liquid crystals. Altogether, our work explored the self-assembly liquid-crystalline behavior of sophorolipids at high concentration, which could shed light on the conditions of their potential industrial applications as well as on their biological function.

Transit Timing Variations for AU Microscopii b and c

We explore the transit timing variations (TTVs) of the young (22 Myr) nearby AU Mic planetary system. For AU Mic b, we introduce three Spitzer (4.5 μm) transits, five TESS transits, 11 LCO transits, one PEST transit, one Brierfield transit, and two transit timing measurements from Rossiter–McLaughlin observations; for AU Mic c, we introduce three TESS transits. We present two independent TTV analyses. First, we use EXOFASTv2 to jointly model the Spitzer and ground-based transits and obtain the midpoint transit times. We then construct an O − C diagram and model the TTVs with Exo-Striker. Second, we reproduce our results with an independent photodynamical analysis. We recover a TTV mass for AU Mic c of M ⊕. We compare the TTV-derived constraints to a recent radial velocity (RV) mass determination. We also observe excess TTVs that do not appear to be consistent with the dynamical interactions of b and c alone or due to spots or flares. Thus, we present a hypothetical nontransiting “middle-d” candidate exoplanet that is consistent with the observed TTVs and candidate RV signal and would establish the AU Mic system as a compact resonant multiplanet chain in a 4:6:9 period commensurability. These results demonstrate that the AU Mic planetary system is dynamically interacting, producing detectable TTVs, and the implied orbital dynamics may inform the formation mechanisms for this young system. We recommend future RV and TTV observations of AU Mic b and c to further constrain the masses and confirm the existence of possible additional planet(s).

Statistical Dynamics of Flow-Driven Globular Polymers.

The response of collapsed polymers to the effects of linear mixed flow is studied theoretically in this paper using a model of a self-interacting finitely extensible Gaussian chain that evolves stochastically in the presence of random thermal fluctuations and an external fluid velocity gradient. The interactions that produce compact chain configurations are described by a harmonic pair potential of strength κ that acts between nonbonded sites on the chain backbone. Several chain properties are calculated analytically from this model as a function of κ for elongational and shear flows, including the dependence of the chain's steady-state mean-square end-to-end distance on the Weissenberg number of the flow, the time-dependence of the chain's relaxation to equilibrium from a steady-state of given chain extension, and the nature of the force-extension curves that are obtained from the free energy change between unperturbed and flow-stretched states of the chain. For both elongational and shear flows (but to different degrees), it is found that the greater the value of κ (and the more compact the chain), the more difficult it is, in general, for the imposed flow to induce a transition between compact and extended states, in broad agreement with available data from numerical simulations. For the relaxation process, the differences between the two flow types are more marked. The characteristic decay time for relaxation from a state prepared by elongational flow is essentially independent of κ, whereas in the case of a state prepared by shear flow, it is distinctly κ-dependent, the relaxation becoming faster at larger κ.

Three-Layer Compact K/Ka Feed Chain Using Enhanced Ortho-Mode Junction

This letter presents a compact dual-band dual circular polarization feed chain consisting of only three metallic layers. The minimum number of layers are accomplished by applying an asymmetric architecture based on an enhanced ortho-mode junction (OMJ) with single quad-ridge waveguide machined in one layer. This solution achieves the compactness of the feed chain while maintaining outstanding electrical performance. The feed chain in the band of 17.7-21.2 GHz and 28.2-31.4 GHz is designed and measured. The measured results show that the reflection coefficient of the common port is less than 19.2 dB, the reflection coefficient in both operative bands is better than 25.5 dB, the left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) to right-hand circularly polarization (RHCP) isolation is higher than 20.3 dB, the transceiver isolation is higher than 40 dB, and the axial ratio is below 0.35 dB. The measured results are in great agreement with predicted ones.