Community Periodontal Index Score Research Articles

Associations of remaining teeth number, periodontal disease, and occlusal support status with erectile dysfunction in community-dwelling men.

Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have reported positive relationships between erectile dysfunction (ED) and periodontal disease. However, no study has evaluated the relationships of occlusal support status and the number of remaining teeth with ED. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between ED and the remaining teeth number, periodontal disease, and occlusal support status. This study included 400 community-dwelling men. Periodontal health status and occlusal support condition were evaluated using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Eichner classification. Multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships between ED and the remaining teeth number, periodontal disease, and occlusal support status. The median age was 53 years. Of the 400 men, 333 (83%) were classified into ED group. In univariable analyses, remaining teeth number, CPI score, and Eichner classification were significantly associated with ED. In multivariable analyses, the remaining teeth number (odds ratio [OR]: 0.907, p = 0.114) and CPI score (OR: 0.978, p = 0.864) were not significantly associated with ED, whereas the Eichner classification was independently and significantly associated with ED (OR: 3.490, p = 0.042). Poor occlusal support status was significantly associated with ED in community-dwelling men, as opposed to remaining teeth number and periodontal health status.

Oral health status of prisoners in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Given the high prevalence of oral health problems among prisoners, the goal of this systematic review is to provide a better knowledge of the scope of this problem. Electronic searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar were performed. Studies that investigated inmates aged 18 or older with oral health problems were eligible. Variables reported in four or less studies were described narratively. Conversely, for variables reported in more than four studies, a meta-analysis was performed using random effect model. Furthermore, meta-regression and sensitivity analysis is also performed to evaluate moderator effect on outcome. Doi and LFT index is applied to assess publication bias. Out of 494 results, 12 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of caries among prisoners is 78.42% (59.48%-92.58%). On meta-regression, the prevalence of caries appears to be lower in studies with a higher male percentage; however, non-significant (p=.079) due to small sample size. Community periodontal index (CPI) scores revealed periodontal disease, with scores of 3 and 4. Moreover, a significant need for oral hygiene instruction, prosthesis, extraction, and tooth ache, periodontal disease, oral mucosal lesions, leucoplakia, attrition, abrasion, bruxism, and smoking behaviors were also reported. Poor oral health status in the incarcerated population highlights the urgent need for comprehensive oral health intervention in prisons.

VARIATIONS IN SERUM CONCENTRATIONS OF Hs-CRP IN PERIODONTITIS AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS

CRP is a plasma protein that measures the acute phase response to systemic inflammation and is one of the markers of choice in monitoring numerous chronic diseases. Patients with periodontitis have specific haematological variations, such as higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and elevated pro-inflammatory mediator levels. This study aims to quantify Hs-CRP levels in periodontally healthy and diseased subjects and evaluate the relationship between periodontitis and Hs-CRP levels. This Case-control study recruited 120 patients from two study groups—60 cases of chronic periodontitis (moderate to severe) and 60 controls. Periodontitis is assessed by three different index scores, namely: Community periodontal index score (CPI), Clinical attachment level (CAL) and periodontal probing depth (PPD). The Hs-CRP is measured due to its high sensitivity to assess systemic inflammation, making it more effective than conventional CRP tests. Our study results indicate that Hs-CRP levels increase subsequently with the severity of the periodontal disease. Moreover, Clinical attachment level (CAL) is the most significant indicator of Periodontitis that correlates with systemic inflammation in the body. Hence, concluding that periodontitis, being an oral condition, can have a massive impact on general systemic health, and elevated Hs-CRP levels, considered a biomarker of chronic systemic inflammation, can be a future risk to several fatal systemic diseases.

Assessment of Oral Mucosal Lesions (OML), Periodontal Health Conditions, and Unmet Dental Treatment Needs in the Rural Adult Population of Jharkhand, North India.

Background Dental diseases like caries, periodontal diseases, and oral mucosal lesions (OML) are common findings in rural adult populations that greatly impact their quality of life. Aim To assess OML, periodontal health conditions, and unmet dental treatment needs in the rural adult population in Jharkhand. Methodology A total of 700 permanent residents of Bero Block, Jharkhand, North India, in the age group of 35-44 years, participated in this cross-sectional study. Both men and women were equally represented. Their socio-demographic characteristics and previous dental visits were collected using standardized proforma. An assessment of periodontal health conditions, OML, and unmet dental treatment needs was done using the World Health Organization (WHO) Oral Health Assessment Proforma of 1997. Results It was found that over half (54.3%) of the studypopulation had the adverse habit of smoking and chewingpaan. Males were more likely to experience leukoplakia (18.87%), whereas females were more likely to experience abscesses (9.43%). The majority of males and females had a community periodontal index (CPI) score and loss of attachment (LOA) score greater than two, which indicated poor periodontal health as assessed by the periodontal index. Both males and females needed extraction of the diseased teethas their primary treatment. Conclusion The rural adult population residing in the Bero block of Jharkhand showed poor periodontal health and high unmet dental treatment needs. These people need effective oral health promotion policies and dental health education to improve their oral health.

Relationship between body mass index (BMI) and oral health status among government bus drivers of Belagavi, India: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundTransport workers have a haphazard and incongruent schedule which makes it difficult for them to follow proper oral hygiene practices. Bus drivers whose lifestyle is primarily sedentary and characterized by poor eating habits are at increased risk. This study aimed to investigate the association between BMI and oral health status among NWKRTC (North West Karnataka Road Transport Corporation) bus drivers in Belagavi, India. MethodsA self-designed validated questionnaire was employed to assess oral hygiene status and record soft tissue variations among the bus drivers. A sample size of 300 was recruited for the study using the convenience sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Kruskal Wallis test, Spearman's correlation, and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analyses. ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 42.47 ± 8.44 years. The mean BMI score was found to be 25.43 ± 3.51. The prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease was found to be 82.7% and 67.6%, respectively. Hypertension (15.67%), diabetes mellitus (14.33%), leukoplakia (8.33%), and OSMF (3.33%) were prevalent and statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). A positive linear correlation and a significant relationship was found between Decayed, Missing, Filled teeth (DMFT) score (r = +0.44) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) score (r = +0.17) with BMI. Participants with dental caries (aOR:1.20; 95%CI: 0.55–2.61) and periodontal disease BMI (aOR:1.91; 95%CI:1.19–3.06) exhibited increased odds of having higher BMI. ConclusionThe study revealed a significant association between BMI and both oral health status and systemic conditions among government bus drivers in Belagavi.

Effectiveness of a Therapeutic Educational Oral Health Program for Persons with Schizophrenia: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial and Qualitative Approach.

The oral health of people with schizophrenia (PWS) is very poor, suggesting a need for oral health promotion programmes with a high level of evidence. The aim of the EBENE study (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02512367) was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary therapeutic educational programme in oral health (TEPOH) for PWS. A multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial, with outpatient psychiatry centres as the unit of randomisation, was designed to compare the effectiveness of TEPOH (intervention group) versus standard care (control group). The trial was conducted in 26 outpatient psychiatry centres in France (14 in the intervention group, 12 in the control group). Eligible patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were enroled between 2016 and 2020 and followed for 6 months. The TEPOH group received a multicomponent intervention (comprising an introductory session, three educational sessions, and a debriefing session). The primary endpoint was the evaluation of periodontal disease as a community periodontal index (CPI) score ≥ 3 at Month 6. The trial was completed using a qualitative approach based on semi-structured interviews with caregivers conducted between July 2018 and December 2019. The trial was stopped early due to difficulties in recruiting patients. Overall, 81 patients (of 250 planned) were included, and 54 patients completed the trial: 40 in the TEPOH group and 14 in the control group. At baseline, the percentage of CPI ≥ 3 was 42.5% in the TEPOH group and 9.1% in the control group. At Month 6, the percentage of CPI ≥ 3 was 20% in the TEPOH group and 14.3% in the control group. The qualitative evaluation underlined that the professionals emphasised the "seriousness" and "assiduity" of the patients' participation in this programme and that the TEPOH reinforced carers' investment in oral hygiene. It also highlighted structural factors (lack of resources for professionals, lack of teeth in PWS, COVID-19 pandemic) that may have exacerbated the difficulties with enrolment and follow-up. The effectiveness of this TEPOH, developed for PWS as part of the EBENE study, has not been demonstrated. Certain aspects of the programme's content and implementation need to be reconsidered. In particular, an adapted subjective measurement scale should be developed.

Association and comparison of periodontal and oral hygiene status with serum HbA1c levels: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundDiabetes Mellitus and periodontitis are chronic diseases with known reciprocal association. Studies have shown that uncontrolled diabetes increases the risk of development and progression of periodontal disease. This study aimed to explore the association and severity of periodontal clinical parameters and oral hygiene with HbA1c levels in non-diabetics and T2DM patients.Materials and methodsIn this cross-sectional study, the periodontal status of 144 participants, categorized into non-diabetics, controlled T2DM, and uncontrolled T2DM and were assessed via the Community Periodontal Index (CPI), Loss of Attachment Index (LOA index), and the number of missing teeth, while oral hygiene was measured by utilizing the Oral Hygiene Index Simplified (OHI-S). SPSS was used for data analysis. Chi-square test was used to find out the association of different independent variables with HbA1c groups, while ANOVA and post-hoc tests were run for inter-group and intra-group comparison respectively.ResultsOut of 144 participants, the missing dentition was prevalent in uncontrolled T2DM with mean 2.64 ± 1.97 (95% CI 2.07–3.21; p = 0.01) followed by controlled T2DM 1.70 ± 1.79 (95% CI 1.18–2.23; p = 0.01) and non-diabetics 1.35 ± 1.63 (95% CI 0.88–1.82; p = 0.01) respectively. Furthermore, non-diabetics had a higher proportion of CPI score 0 (Healthy) [30 (20.8%); p = 0.001] as compared to uncontrolled T2DM [6 (4.2%); p = 0.001], while CPI score 3 was more prevalent in uncontrolled T2DM in comparison to non-diabetics. Loss of attachment (codes-2,3 and 4) was also frequently observed in uncontrolled T2DM compared to non-diabetics (p = 0.001). Similarly, based on Oral Hygiene Index- Simplified (OHI-S), the result showed that poor oral hygiene was most commonly observed in uncontrolled T2DM 29 (20.1%) followed by controlled T2DM patients 22 (15.3%) and non-diabetic [14 (9.7%); p = 0.03].ConclusionThis study showed that periodontal status and oral hygiene status were deteriorated in uncontrolled T2DM patients compared to non-diabetic participants and controlled T2DM.

Patterns and predictors of periodontal disease and tooth loss among users of smokeless tobacco

BackgroundSmokeless tobacco (SLT) products of several different types are widely used in several South Asian countries including Pakistan. These products are consumed in different forms and with different names. The study aims to determine adverse effects of the SLT consumption on periodontal tissues.MethodsThis cross sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. It recruited 377 users of (SLT) with 231 males (61.3%) and 146 females (38.7%) of age 15 to 45 years. After obtaining informed consent, quantitative data were collected via a questionnaire followed by intra oral clinical examination to determine presence of periodontal diseases using community periodontal index (CPI). To determine the association between periodontal diseases and smokeless tobacco consumption habits, Chi Square test was conducted.ResultsGingival recession (Class II-IV) (65.8%) was the most prevalent periodontal disease among SLT users. CPI score was high (CPI score 3 and 4) in 31.3% participants, whereas tooth loss was found in 21%. Among types of SLT products, gutka (28.6%) and betel quid (23.3%) were most commonly used. Using SLT for five or more years was found to be associated with a high CPI score, gingival recession (Class II-IV), moderate to severe tooth mobility, and presence of tooth loss.ConclusionsThe study found statistically significant association between duration in years of using SLT and periodontal disease including gingival recession, tooth mobility and tooth loss. However, no significant results were found between retention during single use and frequency of SLT use per day. However, the link of these factors with the periodontal disease cannot be eliminated.

Evaluation of periodontal status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome versus healthy women: a cross-sectional study.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects approximately 4% to 12% of females of reproductive age. Previous studies have shown an association between systemic and periodontal diseases. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of periodontal disease in women with PCOS and healthy women. A total of 196 women aged 17 to 45 years were included in this study. Oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S), gingival index (GI), community periodontal index (CPI), and loss of attachment (LA) were assessed. Individuals who smoked, were pregnant, had any systemic disease (such as type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, malignancy, osteoporosis, and thyroid dysfunction), had a history of systemic antibiotic use in the past three months, or received any periodontal intervention in the past 6 months of screening were excluded. Student t-test was used to analyze the data. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Despite similar OHI-S scores (p=0.972) in the two groups, women with PCOS had significantly higher GI, CPI, and LA scores than healthy women (p<0.001). Periodontal disease was more prevalent in women with PCOS than in healthy women. This finding may be due to the synergistic effects of PCOS and periodontitis on proinflammatory cytokines. PCOS may have an effect on periodontal disease, and vice versa. Hence, education on periodontal health and early detection and intervention for periodontal diseases is of paramount importance in patients with PCOS.

The effect of orthodontic fixed appliance treatment on periodontal health of among patients reporting to Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar.

Objective: To determine effect of orthodontic fixed appliance treatment on periodontal health. Study Design: Quasi Experimental. Setting: Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar. Period: 1st January 2021 to 30th July 2022. Material &amp; Methods: This study was conducted 385 patients by non probability consecutive sampling technique. The inclusion criteria was both males and females, age 15-25 years, and having full complement of permanent dentition including first and second molars. Patients who were under medications affecting periodontal health, systemic conditions, para-functional habits and previous orthodontic treatment were excluded. Age and gender of patients were recorded. Community periodontal index (CPI) was recorded before the placement of orthodontic fixed appliances and after six months using CPI probe. Paired samples t-test was run to compare the CPI score before and after 6 months of orthodontic treatment. Results: The mean age was 22±4.95 year. The females were 200(62%) and males were 185(48%). The mean CPI score was statistically (p&lt;0.001) highest after six months (2.88±1.19) than pre treatment (0.90±0.65). Among all age groups the CPI score increase statistically (p&lt;0.001). The mean change (95% CI) in CPI score was 2.67(2.44, 2.90) in age group 15-20 years while 2.51(2.31, 2.70) in age group 21-25 years. In both males and females the results were statistically significant. Conclusion: Orthodontic fixed appliance treatment can adversely affect the periodontal health of the patients.

Salivary aquaporin-3 as a screening biomarker for xerostomia in patients with periodontal disease and the effects of xerostomia on oral health-related quality of life.

Xerostomia is a subjective condition of dryness of the oral cavity that may lead to several oral problems deteriorating oral health-related quality of life. This study aimed to (1) determine the prevalence of xerostomia, (2) compare the general health status, unstimulated salivary flow rate, and oral health-related quality of life in xerostomics and non-xerostomics, and (3) investigate the potential of salivary aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) as a screening biomarker for xerostomia in patients with periodontal disease. Demographics and systemic health data were collected from 109 healthy participants, 20 to 55 years old, with Community Periodontal Index (CPI) score ≥ 3. For subjective assessment of xerostomia, Shortened Xerostomia Inventory (SXI) was used. For objective assessment of xerostomia, unstimulated salivary flow rate was measured. Shortened Oral Health Impact Profile (S-OHIP) was utilized for oral health-related quality of life assessment. The collected saliva samples were processed and stored at -80°C. Quantification of salivary AQP-3 protein was done with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Xerostomia was reported in 78% of the subjects based on SXI score. Median concentration of AQP-3 was significantly higher in xerostomics compared to non-xerostomics, p = 0.001. Moreover, oral health-related quality of life was significantly poor in xerostomics compared to non-xerostomics, p = 0.002. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between AQP-3 and SXI (r = 0.21, p = 0.025), AQP-3 and S-OHIP (r = 0.2, p = 0.042), S-OHIP and SXI (r = 0.37, p < 0.001), unstimulated salivary flow rate and random blood glucose level (r = 0.32, p = 0.001), and body mass index and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.44, p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that body mass index, CPI score 3, and salivary AQP-3 were suitable predictors for presence of xerostomia. AQP-3 could be a potential screening biomarker for xerostomia in patients with periodontal disease for its early identification may help improve oral health-related quality of life of the individuals.

Associations between oral health status and risk of fractures in elder adults

Oral health condition, bone mineral density, skeletal muscle mass, fall, fracture, and frailty seem to be strongly interconnected. This study aimed to investigate associations between probability of osteoporotic fractures and oral health in the elderly. In total, 2322 Korean subjects from the 2008—2009 Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey aged over 65 years were included. The 10-year probabilities of major and hip fractures were calculated using the Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) tool. Data on anthropometry, skeletal bone mineral density, sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity, individual history of fractures and falls, parental history of osteoporosis, number of teeth, metabolic syndrome, the Decayed, Missing, and Filled permanent Teeth index, and Community Periodontal Index (CPI), were collected. Participants were classified into three groups based on FRAX score for major osteoporotic fractures. A multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to analyze associations between FRAX scores and oral health-related factors, adjusting for confounding factors. BMI, presence of metabolic syndrome, number of teeth, dental patterns, and CPI score showed significant differences among three groups in males and females. Results from multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated significant relationships between total tooth number and probabilities of fracture in male and female elderly. The interdisciplinary approach for handling osteoporosis and sarcopenia including dentists, physicians is necessary to facilitate a better quality of life in the elderly.

Assessment of Oral Lesions With Tobacco Usage: A Cross-Sectional Clinicopathological Study in Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India.

Background Tobacco usage in the form of smoking or chewing has increased the risk of oralpotentiallymalignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer. These deleterious habits are also related to changes in dentition and the oral mucosa. Aim The aim of our study was to evaluate the oral changes associated with tobacco usage among residents of Sri Ganganagar. Materials and methods This study was conducted among the residents of Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India, using stratified cluster random sampling, prestructured questionnaires, and detailed oral examination. A total of 100 patients with a previous history of tobacco usage were enrolled in this study after obtaining informed consent. Age- and gender-matched controls were also evaluated to correlate the findings. Clinical details were documented, including the Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), Decayed-Missing-Filled Teeth (DMFT) index, Community Periodontal Index (CPI), loss of attachment, dental findings, and oral mucosal changes. Suspicious lesions were stained with toluidine blue, and a biopsy was performed for histopathological evaluation. The tabulated results were statistically analyzed using theStatistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY, USA)for significance. Results Attrition, abrasion, and erosion of teeth were more frequent in tobacco users than in controls. Smoker's palate, tobacco pouch keratosis, and leukoplakia were commonly noted mucosal lesions. The mean values of the parameters of the DMFT score (3.560), CPI score (2.190), and loss of attachment score (0.542) were higher among tobacco users, and it was statistically significant (P value < 0.05). Out of 100 patients, 17 had suspicious lesions. It included seven cases of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), two cases of tobacco pouch keratosis, and eight cases of leukoplakia. Toluidine blue staining and biopsy were performed. Histopathological examination of suspicious lesions revealed hyperkeratosis, various grades of epithelial dysplasia, and differing inflammatory responses. Out of 17 biopsied cases, there were two cases of hyperkeratosis with severe epithelial dysplasia, four cases of hyperkeratosis with moderate epithelial dysplasia, two cases of hyperkeratosis with mild dysplasia, two cases of superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma, five cases of advanced OSMF, and two cases of moderately advanced OSMF. Conclusion Tobacco usage produces visible changes in dentition and latent alterations in the oral mucosa. Suspicious lesions should always be referred for histopathological examination to identify oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancerso that prompt treatment could be initiated. Patient education is mandatory to avoid the usage of tobacco in any form.

Association between obesity and periodontal disease among 35 - 44 years old patients visiting Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Research Centre, Moradabad: A cross sectional study.

Obesity had been the most neglected public health problem increasing at an alarming rate affecting both the developed and developing countries. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease which is highly prevalent worldwide affecting 20-50% of the global population. Thus, a research was conducted to evaluate the relationship between obesity and periodontal disease among 35-44-year-old patients who were visiting the Oral Medicine and Radiology Department (OMDR) in TMDCRC, Moradabad. To know the prevalence of obesity and periodontal health. To record the body mass index (BMI) and to co-relate with periodontal disease. To recommend preventive measures for periodontitis and the obese population. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of OMDR, TMDCRC, Moradabad. A total of 566 subjects were examined aged 35-44 years visiting the out patient department (OPD) of the OMDR Department. Informed consent was obtained from the participants. Questionnaire-based proforma was used comprising information regarding oral hygiene practices, frequency of toothbrushing, and method of brushing. A World Health Organization (WHO)-modified 2013 assessment form was used to record the periodontal status of the participants. The examination of 550 subjects was done. It was found that there is a significant association of periodontal disease in factors like BMI, age, gender, smoking status, and loss of attachment (LOA) is found in BMI, gender, smoking status, and smoking frequency. It was also found that there is a significant association of the community periodontal index (CPI) scores in obese individuals. The main aim is to find and control the risk factor and eliminate it. Our study confirms that obesity is one of the risk indicators of periodontitis. With the scope and limitations of the study, it has been concluded that obesity and periodontitis have a significant relationship with each other. This study states the importance of good oral hygiene maintenance in obese and normal patients.

Comparison of Microalbuminuria Status in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Chronic Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BackgroundDiabetes has increased the risk for various other ailments in various organs of the body. This can be contributing to periodontitis also as it is the sixth complication related to diabetes mellitus. There is a bidirectional relationship between both. Given the high global prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with periodontitis, it is of great importance to determine the link between periodontitis and microalbuminuria in T2DM patients, which shows early renal disease.MethodologyIn the present study, a total of 500 patients having T2DM were assessed for periodontitis using Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were obtained. Blood samples were estimated for glycemic control tests such as fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profile. The subjects who participated in the study were categorized into three groups depending on the albuminuria level. The data were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS Statistics software (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA).ResultsOut of 500 T2DM subjects, 342 subjects had periodontitis. A statistically significant difference was found in FPG, HbA1c, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) between subjects with periodontitis and without periodontitis using a t-test (p = <0.001). The prevalence of normoalbuminuria, micro-, and macroalbuminuria among periodontitis patients was 24.6%, 72.8%, and 2.6% respectively, and the Chi-square analysis revealed that was highly significant. In terms of albuminuria, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed statistically significant differences among the periodontitis subjects for the following variables: inputs such as the number of teeth, diabetes mellitus (DM) duration, the level of LDL, and also the depth of the pocket. Intergroup comparison of variables among subjects with albuminuria using the statistical test of Tukey Post Hoc found that there is a significant difference between normoalbuminuria and microalbuminuria. CPI score, tooth mobility, smoking, education level, family income, tooth brushing duration, along with the use of other dental hygiene aids was also found to be statistically significant among subjects with periodontitis.ConclusionThe study concluded that T2DM patients had a higher incidence of microalbuminuria among individuals with periodontitis. These subjects also had significantly higher HbA1c and FPG levels than subjects with normoalbuminuria. In addition, subjects with periodontitis exhibited a significant reduction in the total teeth numbers present in the case of albuminuria. The longitudinal correlation between DM, microalbuminuria, and periodontitis could be further investigated in detail to explore possible pathways.

Periodontal disease status in the diabetic patients with different glycemic levels – A cross sectional study

Periodontitis is often associated with diabetes and might be considered one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), both in Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM). This cross sectional study was designed to evaluate the possible association between clinical periodontal disease status and glycemic levels in diabetes patients (T2DM) among the population of city Hyderabad, INDIA. A total of 200 individuals were examined and out of which 179 were enrolled fulfilling the selection criteria were initially given a health questionnaire to gather information regarding their demographic data, oral hygiene practices. Based on Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, they were grouped into: Good, Moderately and Poorly controlled Type 2 Diabetic patients. Oral hygiene index-simplified, CPI and clinical attachment level (CAL), Tooth mobility and Tooth loss due to mobility were evaluated. Nearly Half the individuals have good glycemic control. (47.5% are &amp;#60;121mg/dl), 29.1% have moderately controlled (&amp;#60;121-180mg/dl), 23.5% have poorly controlled (&amp;#60;181-240mg/dl) plasma sugar levels. Average Patients showed 5-10 years of diabetic history with 121- 180mg/dl fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. Average participants had fair OHI-S scores. Patients with Good FPS levels showed fair oral hygiene status. Community periodontal index (CPI) scores showed (14.52%) Gingivitis, (20.11%) mild, (8.93%) moderate, (2.79%) severe periodontitis patients with good controlled FPS Levels. Average CAL values ranged between 3-5mm in good to moderately controlled FPS levels. Tooth mobility and tooth loss is less in over all participants. Patients with high plasma sugar levels were more susceptible for severe periodontal disease. CPI values and mobility of teeth was less in subjects with FPG&amp;#60;126mg/dl. With Loss of attachment up to 5mm was observed. Both Periodontist and Diabetologist individually and together should improve awareness regarding periodontal health and diabetic control.

Association of oral bacteria with oral hygiene habits and self-reported gingival bleeding.

AimTo describe associations of gingival bacterial composition and diversity with self‐reported gingival bleeding and oral hygiene habits in a Norwegian regional‐based population.Materials and MethodsWe examined the microbiome composition of the gingival fluid (16S amplicon sequencing) in 484 adult participants (47% females; median age 28 years) in the Respiratory Health in Northern Europe, Spain and Australia (RHINESSA) study in Bergen, Norway. We explored bacterial diversity and abundance differences by the community periodontal index score, self‐reported frequency of gingival bleeding, and oral hygiene habits.ResultsGingival bacterial diversity increased with increasing frequency of self‐reported gingival bleeding, with higher Shannon diversity index for “always” β = 0.51 and “often” β = 0.75 (p < .001) compared to “never” gingival bleeding. Frequent gingival bleeding was associated with higher abundance of several bacteria such as Porphyromonas endodontalis, Treponema denticola, and Fretibacterium spp., but lower abundance of bacteria within the gram‐positive phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Flossing and rinsing with mouthwash twice daily were associated with higher total abundance of bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum but with lower bacterial diversity compared to those who never flossed or never used mouthwash.ConclusionsA high frequency of self‐reported gingival bleeding was associated with higher bacterial diversity than found in participants reporting no gingival bleeding and with higher total abundance of known periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas spp., Treponema spp., and Bacteroides spp.

Oral health status and related risk factors among adolescents attending high schools in Khartoum, Sudan: A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesEffective dental services must be based on reliable evidence of oral diseases status and treatment needs. The aim of this study was to assess oral health status and associated risk factors among adolescents attending high school in Khartoum, Sudan. MethodsA school-based survey was conducted among 420 adolescents (13–18 years old). Participants completed a questionnaire about their socio-demographics and oral habits. They received clinical examination, assessing their oral health status using the World Health Organization (WHO) oral health survey for dentition and periodontal status; mean Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT), and Community Periodontal Index (CPI). ResultsHigh dental caries prevalence of 91.1%, with mean DMFT of 3.3 (±1.8) and Significant Caries index (SIC) of 5.2 were found among the participants. Untreated decayed teeth dominated the DMFT scores (DT = 3.06 ± 1.7). The results of CPI depicted that 96% of participants had unhealthy periodontium, with majority of subjects (79.5%) having CPI maximum scores of 2. Increased age and being enrolled in a public school were the main risk factors associated with caries (p = 0.01). Increased CPI scores were found to be significantly higher among males (p = 0.006) and among public schools' attendees (p = 0.039). High maternal education was associated with participants’ healthier periodontium (p < 0.01). ConclusionsSudanese adolescents have high prevalence of caries and unhealthy periodontium, which imposes a need for preventive and treatment programs to improve their oral health status. The significant associations between participants' oral health status and their gender, school-type and age may suggest considering these when designing schools’ oral health programs.

The Relationship between Pulse Pressure and Periodontal Disease in Korean Populations with or without Hypertension

Aims: This study evaluated the relationship between pulse pressure (PP) and periodontal disease in Korean adults with or without hypertension (classified as HTN and non-HTN, respectively). Methods: Data on 3496 adults (≥20 years) were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2015). We classified those with HTN as SBP ≥ 140 mmHg, DBP ≥ 90 mmHg, or current use of anti-hypertensive medications. Results: There were a few key findings: when logistic regression analysis was applied for periodontal disease (community periodontal index score ≥ 3), the odds ratios (OR) were significantly higher in the high PP (PP &gt; 60 mmHg) than in the normal PP (PP ≤ 60 mmHg) in the HTN group (OR, 2.131; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.579–2.876). However, periodontal disease was not associated with high PP in the non-HTN group and was not significant (OR, 0.866; 95% CI, 0.494–1.518). Conclusions: In Korean adults, periodontal disease was positively associated with PP in the HTN group but not in the non-HTN group.

Effect of Periodontal Disease on Long-Term Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for De Novo Coronary Lesions in Non-Smokers.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of periodontal disease (PD) on the outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods and Results: The study included 77 consecutive non-smoking patients with de novo coronary lesions treated with a drug-eluting stent (DES). Periodontal measurements, including the community periodontal index (CPI), were performed by independent periodontists. A CPI score of ≥3 was used to define PD. The occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), which were defined as a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization, or non-target lesion revascularization, was compared between patients with and without PD. Of the 77 patients, 49 (63.6%) exhibited a CPI score of 3 or 4 and were assigned to the PD group. The remaining 28 patients (36.4%) were assigned to the non-PD group. Baseline clinical characteristics and angiographic findings were comparable between the 2 groups. MACEs occurred in 13 (26.5%) of the PD patients and 2 (7.1%) of the non-PD patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly lower MACE-free survival rate in the PD group than for the non-PD group (P=0.034). PD at baseline was associated with an increased risk of MACEs in CAD patients who were treated with a DES for de novo coronary lesions.