Community Loan Research Articles

The Effect of Circulating Funds, Time Deposit, Loans And Savings On Gross Domestic Product

Business activities in Indonesia are greatly influenced by the situation of the country. It can be seen that with the existence of Covid-19, the number of community loans for working capital, for business and for consumption has increased but decreased from 2017 to 2020. So that with a decreasing increase in the number of loans, it can be interpreted that the community's business business activities have decreased. With the decline in community business, funds for operational business activities are saved. So that deposits and savings are increasing from 2017 to 2020. Due to the decline in business business operations, it will result in a decrease in Gross Domestic Product from 2017 to 2020. However, the reality is that funds circulating in the community are increasing during the Covid-19 pandemic. After the covid-19 pandemic passed, the funds in circulation in 2022 decreased again. With this condition, the research is aimed at finding out whether there is an influence relationship between circulating funds, loans, deposits and savings on Gross Domestic Product in Indonesia.

Determinants of Savings and Community Loans in Ngawi District, 2010 - 2018 A Macro Economic Approach

This study aims to analyze (1) the effect of income on community savings; (2) the effect of savings interest on community savings; (3) the effect of savings on community lending (4) the effect of loan interest on community lending; (5) the influence of external funds on community lending; (6) the right theory is applied in order to increase the receipt of savings and lending to the people of Ngawi Regency. This research is a type of quantitative research. The unit of analysis in this study is inter-time development data on the amount of savings and public loans, the determination of the interest rates for savings and loans on average per year, external funds, and income in Ngawi Regency during 2010-2018. Data analysis techniques using multiple linear regression in the form of log-linear. The results of the study found that: (1) Revenue did not have a real impact on the savings of the people of Ngawi Regency. (2) The determination of savings interest does not support the receipt of savings from the people of Ngawi Regency in BRI and Bank Jatim. (3) Savings can increase community loans in Ngawi Regency. (4) The policy for determining loan interest rates carried out at BRI and Bank Jatim is less able to have a real impact on the distribution of loans to the people of Ngawi Regency. (5) External funds are able to encourage the fulfillment of Ngawi Regency community loan disbursement. (7) Savings and less interest can be used to increase the savings and loans of the people of Ngawi Regency. This shows that the right theory applied to increase the receipt of savings and lending Ngawi Regency is Keynes's theory

IPTEKS PENGENDALIAN INTERNAL DALAM MEMINIMALKAN RESIKO KREDIT BERMASALAH PADA LEMBAGA PEMBIAYAAN

PT. FIFGROUP as a company engaged in financing services is a company whose main source of profit comes from interest on community loans. Therefore the main problem that is often faced for a finance company is bad credit, which is where consumers do not smoothly make installment payments that cause losses, so that the company must think hard to reduce the credit risk so that the company's operational activities can run well. Therefore the internal control system at the company is very important, especially in terms of internal control of credit. The purpose of this study is to find out the internal controls that are applied in the company through the process of credit submission by consumers to billing to minimize credit risk.Keyword : internal control, credit risk

On a unified theory of development: New institutional economics & the charismatic leader

Rural communities face a number of compelling and specific challenges in relation to economic and social development. Issues such as declining or isolated populations, inadequate technological and commercial infrastructure, and restricted social networks are only some of the difficult challenges which must be overcome by successful development programmes; these challenges often require that unique and innovative development efforts take place. Government and third-party development organisations encourage rural development through community outreach and extension, education and training, social and economic research, and various grants and subsidised community loans. While many development efforts are structured in similar ways, there are varying degrees of success, with some outright failures. The success of a development programme differs even within similar geographies, which adds further complication to the development process. To try to enhance understanding of why this might be, we propose a focus on the role of “institutions”. Institutions are central to many rural development efforts as they offer a place of reference for community members, development researchers, and practitioners to develop a sense of norms and understanding from which to work. Over the past three decades, New Institutional Economics (NIE) has gained prominence in rural development literature through its attempt to understand how institutions allow for an efficient catalyst of economic growth in rural areas. While much advancement in rural development have been made vis-à-vis NIE theory, there is little research on which processes lead to the creation of successful indigenous institutions in rural areas. This paper argues that the creation of local institutions does not happen spontaneously, as understood by NIE theorists; rather, institutions manifest through the natural behaviour of what Max Weber called the charismatic leader. Moreover, it is maintained that the extemporaneous nature of the formation of institutions can be explained by the spontaneous virtues of the charismatic leader. Removing this specific uncertainty from NIE theory and placing it within the domain of local leadership in a rural community context reconciles key social and economic theory – which, ultimately, allows for the exploration and advancement of a unified theory of development.

Availability and Continuity of Care for Maternal Health Services in the Primary Health Centres in Nnewi, Nigeria (January - March 2010).

Background:In some primary health care settings, even where the health services are not available, provisions are not made to ensure continuity of care. This study aimed to determine the availability and level of continuity of care for maternal health services in the primary health centers (PHCs) in Nnewi, Nigeria.Methods:This was a cross-sectional survey. Using multistage sampling technique, 280 women utilizing maternal health services from four randomly selected public PHCs in Nnewi, Nigeria were chosen for the study. Data collection employed a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods.Results:The mean ± standard deviation for age of the respondents was 29.2 ± 5.9 years. The facilities studied provided out-patient services, but the only in-patient services provided was for women who delivered or those in labor. None of the facilities is equipped to provide even basic essential obstetric care services. None had standardized a protocol for referring clients, referral forms, a transport system, or a community loan scheme in place. Forty-four (15.7%) women were referred for care outside of the PHCs for the following reasons: Lack of drugs and supplies (9.1%); lack of equipment (90.9%), lack of skilled personnel (45.5%) among others.Conclusions:This study showed that despite the unavailability of some services, appropriate strategies were not in place to ensure the coherent pattern of services within and between the PHCs and other levels of care. Delivery to the clients of comprehensive and integrated maternal health services, and efficient referral systems are thus recommended.

Cervical cancer screening: barriers to access and potential solutions for Nigeria

In developed countries, giant strides have been made in reducing mortality due to cervical cancer. The success recorded has been largely attributed to effective screening programmes. In contrast, the burden and mortality due to this disease is rising in developing countries. Access to screening services remains a major challenge for the majority of the population at risk. This paper reviews the current demand-side barriers to cervical cancer screening inNigeriaand identifies potential solutions. Using academic databases and grey literature, a review was carried out to identify current screening modalities, barriers to access, and potential solutions. The current innovative method for control is early detection and treatment using “See and Treat” which involves visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) and cryotherapy. Lack of awareness, cost, and availability were identified as major barriers to access. Potential solutions feasible in the Nigerian context were categorized as financial and non-financial. The potential financial interventions include voucher schemes, conditional cash transfers, health equity, community loan funds, and prepayment mechanisms. Potential non-financial interventions that would be useful include raising awareness via health education and counseling, community participation, community based interventions, and pre-payment mechanisms.

Utilization and management of maternal and child health funds in rural Nepal.

Maternal and neonatal mortality rates are highest in the poorest countries, and financial barriers impede access to health care. Community loan funds can increase access to cash in rural areas, thereby reducing delays in care seeking. As part of a participatory intervention in rural Nepal, community women's groups initiated and managed local funds. We explore the factors affecting utilization and management of these funds and the role of the funds in the success of the women's group intervention. We conducted a qualitative study using focus group discussions, group interviews and unstructured observations. Funds may increase access to care for members of trusted 'insider' families adjudged as able to repay loans. Sustainability and sufficiency of funds was a concern but funds increased women's independence and enabled timely care seeking. Conversely, the perceived necessity to contribute may have deterred poorer women. While funds were integral to group success and increased women's autonomy, they may not be the most effective way of supporting the poorest, as the risk pool is too small to allow for repayment default.

Community loan funds and transport services for obstetric emergencies in northern Nigeria

Preliminary studies: Focus group discussions and a community survey indicated that inadequate funds and transport caused delays in deciding to seek emergency obstetric care and in reaching facilities. Interventions: Following improvements in the quality of obstetric services, a community loan program was established in early 1995. Community members determined its features: compulsory contributions; community administration; loans for obstetric complications only; no interest; a 6-month grace period; and 24-month repayment. A transport system was also established, in which private vehicle drivers agreed to respond to calls for emergency transport and charge a set fee. Results: The equivalent of US $20 500 was collected from 81 annual and 2273 one-time contributors. Eighteen loans were approved in 9 months. Repayment data are not yet available. For the transport system, 23 drivers pledged permanent participation and 58 pledged to take part in 6-month rotations. They transported 18 women. Costs: The cost of these interventions was $3409 for the loan fund and $2272 for the transport system. Sixty percent of the cost was paid by the community and the rest by the PMM project. Conclusions: Community-managed loan and transport systems for women with obstetric emergencies can be established and may contribute to reducing delay in obtaining emergency obstetric care.© 1997 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics

Promoting the use of obstetric services through community loan funds, Bo, Sierra Leone

Preliminary studies: Focus group discussions revealed that a lack of funds often contributed to a delay for women receiving treatment for obstetric complications. Interventions: Improvements were made in health facilities and transport, then, beginning in 1992, meetings were held to mobilize communities to establish emergency loan funds. Per capita levies were set and repayment was enforced by the most paramount chief of the area. Funds were managed by existing village development committees and loans were granted to women who could not pay hospital bills immediately. Results: Of the six chiefdoms contacted, two successfully established loan funds. Utilization of Bo Government Hospital by women with complications from the two chiefdoms with loan funds increased from five in 1992 to 12 in 1993. Utilization from other chiefdoms remained basically unchanged. Of women from loan fund chiefdoms, half paid their hospital bills in full and one-third paid in part. Costs: The cost of community mobilization was about US $472. Conclusions: The establishment of loan funds depended on strong community leadership and required substantial mobilization efforts. Where community loan funds are established, utilization of emergency obstetric care may increase.© 1997 International Federation of Gyneology and Obstetrics

Eco‐investing: Financing sustainable economic development

Many Canadian communities are facing resource depletion and high unemployment as a result of a model of economic development which has consistently promoted large capital‐intensive, resource‐based companies. A new model of sustainable community development is required which incorporates ecological, economic and social concerns. One aspect of sustainable community development is the use and promotion of locally‐based and controlled financing mechanisms, including community loan funds, community bonds, and peer lending circles providing micro‐credit. Widely successful across the USA and Canada, these ‘alternative’ financing mechanisms use local control and a proximity to local ecosystems to foster small businesses which are less resource‐intensive and create long‐term jobs within communities. Improving these financing tools through broader government facilitation of them as innovative public policy instruments, and the incorporation of specific ecological lending and investment screens, could dramatically further the development of healthy communities.

Market Power and Land Development Timing

noticed the trend in recent years toward larger development projects. As a careful observer of these markets, the Urban Land Institute notes that dramatic shifts in the scale and characteristics of real estate development projects have occurred. . . . Projects have become increasingly broad in scope, more complex, and involving much greater capital investment (Wilburn and Gladstone 1972, p. 9). Factors cited as contributing to the trend are public programs like urban renewal and Title VII new, community loan guarantees and grants, and new capital sources brought about through the corporatization of the development industry. An indisputable consequence of this trend is that development decisions devolve to a smaller number of agents. This challenges the traditional view of economists that real estate markets are competitive and raises some of the market power issues long associated with industrial markets. The purpose of this paper is to examine the consequences of market power in real estate markets on the timing and efficiency of development.