Income Level Of Community Research Articles

Spatiotemporal analysis of HPV vaccination and associated neighborhood-level disparities in Texas-an ecological study.

HPV is responsible for most cervical, oropharyngeal, anal, vaginal, and vulvar cancers. The HPV vaccine has decreased cervical cancer incidence, but only 49% of Texas adolescents have initiated the vaccine. Texas shows great variation in HPV vaccination rates. We used geospatial analysis to identify areas with high and low vaccination rates and explored differences in neighborhood characteristics. Using Anselin's Local Moran's I statistic, we conducted an ecological analysis of hot and cold spots of adolescent HPV vaccination coverage in Texas from 2017 to 2021. Next, we utilized a Mann-Whitney U test to compare neighborhood characteristics of vaccination coverage in hot spots versus cold spots, leveraging data from the Child Opportunity Index (COI) and American Community Survey. In Texas, there are 64 persistent vaccination coverage hotspots and 55 persistent vaccination coverage cold spots. The persistent vaccination coverage hot spots are characterized by ZIP codes with lower COI scores, higher percentages of Hispanic residents, higher poverty rates, and smaller populations per square mile compared to vaccine coverage cold spots. We found a more pronounced spatial clustering pattern for male adolescent vaccine coverage than we did for female adolescent vaccine coverage. In Texas, HPV vaccination coverage rates differ depending on the community's income level, with lower-income areas achieving higher success rates. Notably, there are also gender-based discrepancies in vaccination coverage rates, particularly among male adolescents. This knowledge can aid advocates in customizing their outreach initiatives to address these disparities.

HUBUNGAN SISTEM KEPERCAYAAN DAN JENIS PEKERJAAN DENGAN TINGKAT PARTISIPASI NELAYAN DALAM UPACARA ADAT SEDEKAH LAUT DI DESA GEMPOLSEWU, KECAMATAN ROWOSARI, KABUPATEN KENDAL, JAWA TENGAH

Sea almsgiving is a tradition that is still consistently carried out in various coastal areas of Indonesia. As a relic from ancestors that has been passed down from generation to generation, it makes people believe in myths related to the phenomenon of sea alms. Sea almsgiving itself is carried out as a form of community gratitude for the abundant marine products as well as gratitude for the safety and blessings that have been given by God Almighty in carrying out activities as fishermen. The first aim of this research is to determine the level of trust of the fishing community towards sea alms ceremonies, the second is to determine the income level of fishermen in Gempolsewu Village and the third is to determine the relationship between belief systems and type of work on fishermen's participation in traditional sea alms ceremonies. in Gempolsewu village, Rowosari District, Kendal Regency, Central Java. This research uses quantitative research methods, in determining the population the researcher uses sampling techniques and uses survey techniques for data collection. The results of this research state that the fishing community's level of trust in the sea alms ceremony is in the high category, while the fishing community's income level is in the medium category. The relationship between belief system and type of work does not show a significant relationship with fishermen's participation in the traditional sea alms ceremony in Gempolsewu village, Rowosari District, Kendal Regency, Central Java.

Structuring And Fostering Traditional Markets, Shopping Centers, And Modern Stores At The Community Income Level

The market is a medium for bartering between the needs of sellers and buyers where sellers expect profits while buyers expect efficiency at very affordable prices. The purpose of this study is to explore the changes in the arrangement and guidance as well as the impact on the income level of the community after the fire. This research used a qualitative method with a case study approach. Three data collection techniques were used including observation, interview, and documentation. The research findings show that the authorized parties in implementing the policy are only the Cirebon Regency Trade and Industry Office. In terms of structuring, it is divided based on 3 elements, namely dry, semi, and wet zones. Based on Public Policy, structuring, and coaching have been implemented in accordance with government policy and in accordance with existing data. Policy Stakeholders have been well implemented, but not optimal because the traders are still not orderly and consumer interest is more to the marketplace making it easier for them to shop and more efficient in terms of time and expenses. Policy Environment has been well implemented, because it makes it easier for traders and consumers when selling and shopping. The conclusion of the impact on the income of business actors decreased due to a lot of competitiveness.

Do Local Fiscal Decisions Impact Economic Growth: The Case of Wisconsin

This study revisits how local fiscal policies, specifically taxing and expenditures, affect economic growth. Using a panel (1990–2020) of Wisconsin general-purpose governments, we estimate a fixed effects variable parameter model and find that taxes have a dampening effect on the growth rate in income prior to the Great Recession but a positive effect over recent years. We also find that the impact of taxes on growth varies across community income levels. For lower income places taxes have a dampening effect on growth, but a positive effect in higher income areas. The results suggest that the impact of fiscal policies on economic growth vary over time and income levels. As such, blanket statements that high taxes harm the business climate and hence economic growth are generally not supported by the research.

POTRET SOSIAL EKONOMI BUDAYA MASYARAKAT SEKITAR HUTAN (KASUS PULAU BANDA BESAR) KECAMATAN BANDA NEIRA KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

POTRET SOSIAL EKONOMI BUDAYA MASYARAKAT SEKITAR HUTAN (KASUS PULAU BANDA BESAR) KECAMATAN BANDA NEIRA KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

Association of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion With Secondary Overtriage among Young Adult Trauma Patients

BackgroundPrevious work has shown that the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansion decreased the uninsured rate and improved some trauma outcomes among young adult trauma patients, but no studies have investigated the impact of ACA Medicaid expansion on secondary overtriage, namely the unnecessary transfer of non-severely injured patients to tertiary trauma centers. MethodsStatewide hospital inpatient and emergency department discharge data from two Medicaid expansion and one non-expansion state were used to compare changes in insurance coverage and secondary overtriage among trauma patients aged 19-44 y transferred into a level I or II trauma center before (2011-2013) to after (2014-quarter 3, 2015) Medicaid expansion. Difference-in-difference (DD) analyses were used to compare changes overall, by race/ethnicity, and by ZIP code-level median income quartiles. ResultsMedicaid expansion was associated with a decrease in the proportion of patients uninsured (DD: -4.3 percentage points; 95% confidence interval (CI): -7.4 to -1.2), an increase in the proportion of patients insured by Medicaid (DD: 8.2; 95% CI: 5.0 to 11.3), but no difference in the proportion of patients who experienced secondary overtriage (DD: -1.5; 95% CI: -4.8 to 1.8). There were no differences by race/ethnicity or community income level in the association of Medicaid expansion with secondary overtriage. ConclusionsIn the first 2 y after ACA Medicaid expansion, insurance coverage increased but secondary overtriage rates were unchanged among young adult trauma patients transferred to level I or II trauma centers.

KONDISI EXISTING SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN BUDAYA MASYARAKAT SEKITAR PERTAMBANGAN BATUBARA DI KECAMATAN ANGSANA KABUPATEN TANAH BUMBU PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

The presence of mining companies is expected to bring benefits and prosperity to the surrounding community. Angsana District, Tanah Bumbu Regency has several coal mining companies operating. The intent of research is to know the existing social, economic and cultural conditions of the community around coal mining. The research method is statistical test calculation method and interactive model (Miles and Hubermen). Sampling and Observation through data collection using interviews and documentation with observations in Angsana District, on Ring I, Ring II and Ring III of the research area. Result : Ring III community income level is higher than Ring I and Ring II, social conditions have a relatively positive and negative impact, cultural conditions have little influence. The conclusion is that the existing social, economic and cultural conditions around coal mining in Angsana District have increased.

P147 Interaction effects between covid-19 outbreak and community income levels on excess mortality among patients visiting emergency department

P147 Interaction effects between covid-19 outbreak and community income levels on excess mortality among patients visiting emergency department

IMPLEMENTASI KELAYAKAN ANGGARAN BUMDES DIKECAMATAN TAROWANG KABUPATEN JENEPONTO

The Village Fund allocation is very important in order to finance the development of disadvantaged areas in a development area system. The implementation of the Village Fund Allocation is aimed at physical and non-physical programs related to Village development indicators, which include education level, community income level, and health level. One of the rational reasons why there is a need for Village Fund Allocation (ADD) is because the village is positioned as the basis for decentralization. The ADD policy is very relevant to the perspective that places the village as the basis for participation, because the village is directly facing the community and community control is stronger. This study aims to determine the implementation of the Bumdes budget feasibility in accordance with the type of business program, and to determine the implementation of the Bumdes program in managing the budget allocated in the Tarowang sub-district, Jeneponto Regency. This research was obtained from several observations and interviews with related parties, this type of research is descriptive qualitative by selecting several informants. The data source used is the primary data source that is information sourced from direct observation of the research location by observation and interview. While secondary data sources are data sources obtained from documentation or literature studies to supplement primary data. Field research data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of the Bumdes budget suitability in accordance with the type of business program in the Tarowang sub-district of Jeneponto district is considered feasible, but the implementation of the Bumdes program in managing the budget allocated in the Tarowang sub-district is less than optimal because of the lack of capabilities and human resource skills

The association between the rate of potentially pharmacist-manageable emergency department visits and community income level and primary care provider availability: A spatial analysis.

The association between the rate of potentially pharmacist-manageable emergency department visits and community income level and primary care provider availability: A spatial analysis.

Water quality inequality: a non-targeted hotspot analysis for ambient water quality injustices

ABSTRACT Water is an essential human resource tied to many social and environmental needs and values. Although water has been a focal point of many environmental justice studies, ambient water quality (i.e. water quality before the tap) has been overlooked. This oversight has resulted in only a partial understanding of how water quality may correlate with communities facing environmental justice issues. We analyzed data from the US Environmental Protection Agency STORET database and the 2010 US Census to identify poor ambient water quality within non-white and low-income communities across the Southeastern USA using hotspot analysis, Ordinary Least Squares, and Geographically Weighted Regressions. Our analyses indicate that non-white and low-income communities are significantly impacted by copper, lead, and mercury contamination. Race correlates more strongly with poor ambient water quality than community income levels. Results suggest our approach and analyses are effective for identifying potential environmental justice issues across large spatial scales from a top-down rather than bottom-up approach.

DAMPAK PANDEMI COVID-19 TERHADAP PENDAPATAN MASYARAKAT DI PROVINSI BALI DENGAN KUNJUNGAN WISATAWAN SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

This study aims to determine and analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on local people's income with the level of tourist visits as an intervening variable. This research is sourced from primary and secondary data. Data obtained from the results of questionnaires and literature review from various literature studies. Technical analysis used is path analysis method using SPSS. Based on the results of the analysis, it is found that the COVID-19 pandemic and tourist visits simultaneously affect the income level of local communities by 45 percent or in the path analysis results of 0.7416, whereas partially, the COVID-19 pandemic and tourist visits have a positive and significant effect on local community income level with a coefficient of 0.9343
 Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, Tourist Visits, Local Community Income

Association of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion with Trauma Outcomes and Access to Rehabilitation among Young Adults: Findings Overall, by Race and Ethnicity, and Community Income Level

BACKGROUND:Low-income young adults disproportionately experience traumatic injury and poor trauma outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion, in its first 4 years, on trauma care and outcomes in young adults, overall and by race, ethnicity, and ZIP code-level median income.STUDY DESIGN:Statewide hospital discharge data from 5 states that did and 5 states that did not implement Medicaid expansion were used to perform difference-in-difference (DD) analyses. Changes in insurance coverage and outcomes from before (2011–2013) to after (2014–2017) Medicaid expansion and open enrollment were examined in trauma patients aged 19 to 44 years.RESULTS:Medicaid expansion was associated with a decrease in the percentage of uninsured patients (DD −16.5 percentage points; 95% CI, −17.1 to −15.9 percentage points). This decrease was larger among Black patients but smaller among Hispanic patients than White patients. It was also larger among patients from lower-income ZIP codes (p < 0.05 for all). Medicaid expansion was associated with an increase in discharge to inpatient rehabilitation (DD 0.6 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.9 percentage points). This increase was larger among patients from the lowest-compared with highest-income ZIP codes (p < 0.05). Medicaid expansion was not associated with changes in in-hospital mortality or readmission or return ED visit rates overall, but was associated with decreased in-hospital mortality among Black patients (DD −0.4 percentage points; 95% CI, −0.8 to −0.1 percentage points).CONCLUSIONS:The Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion, in its first 4 years, increased insurance coverage and access to rehabilitation among young adult trauma patients. It also reduced the socioeconomic disparity in inpatient rehabilitation access and the disparity in in-hospital mortality between Black and White patients.

Identifying factors influencing the low-income community in urban slum settlements in South Sumatera, Indonesia

The study is identifying factors influencing the low-income community in urban slum settlements in South Sumatra. The data utilized is primary data is taken through surveys and in-depth interviews. The samples were taken from 115 respondents purposively in the three cities of Palembang, Prabumulih, and Pagar Alam that are receiving benefits from the KOTAKU Program. The methods utilized are descriptive qualitative and quantitative approaches by applying multiple regression models. This study's findings indicate that jointly the variables of education level, age, family members, income expectations, and work types significantly affect the low-income communities' income level. Likewise, partially the education level variables, the family members, income expectations, and types of work positively and significantly affect income level. In contrast, the age variable has a negative and significant effect on the low-income community's income level in urban slums of South Sumatra.

Interaction Effects between COVID-19 Outbreak and Community Income Levels on Excess Mortality among Patients Visiting Emergency Departments.

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to examine the effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on excess in-hospital mortality among patients who visited emergency departments (EDs) and to assess whether the excess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic varies by community income level.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study using the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) database in Korea. The study population was defined as patients who visited all 402 EDs with medical conditions other than injuries between January 27 and May 31, 2020 (after-COVID) and for the corresponding time period in 2019 (before-COVID). The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The main exposure was the COVID-19 outbreak, and the interaction variable was county per capita income tax. We calculated the risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality rates by COVID-19 outbreak, as well as the difference-in-difference of risk-adjusted rates between the before-COVID and after-COVID groups according to the county income tax using a multilevel linear regression model with the interaction term.ResultsA total of 11,662,167 patients (6,765,717 in before-COVID and 4,896,450 in after-COVID) were included in the study with a 1.6% crude in-hospital mortality rate. The risk-adjusted mortality rate in the after-COVID group was higher than that in the before-COVID group (1.82% vs. 1.50%, difference: 0.31% [0.30 to 0.33]; adjusted odds ratio: 1.22 [1.18 to 1.25]). The excess in-hospital mortality rate of the after-COVID in the lowest quartile group of county income tax was significantly higher than that in the highest quartile group (difference-in-difference: 0.18% (0.14 to 0.23); P-for-interaction: < 0.01).ConclusionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, there was excess in-hospital mortality among patients who visited EDs, and there were disparities in excess mortality depending on community socioeconomic positions.

Distance to treatment center is associated with survival in children and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Socioeconomic and demographic categories such as income, race, insurance status, and treatment center type are associated with outcomes in acute leukemia. This study was aimed at determining whether the distance to treatment center affects overall survival for children and young adults with acute leukemia. The National Cancer Database was queried for patients 39 years old or younger who were diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A backward elimination procedure was used to select final multivariate Cox models. In total, 12,301 patients with AML and 22,683 patients with ALL were analyzed. The ALL model included distance to treatment center, Charlson-Deyo score, age, race, insurance status, and community income level. US census definitions of urban and rural were not statistically significant, and no interaction was significant for included variables. Compared with distances > 50 miles, all other distances were associated with improved survival (hazard ratio [HR] for ≤10 miles, 0.91; P=.04; HR for >10 to ≤20 miles, 0.86; P=.004; HR for >20 to ≤50 miles, 0.87; P=.005). The final model for AML included the same variables as the ALL model except for distance to treatment center, which was not statistically significant. For children and young adults with ALL, distances > 50 miles are associated with inferior overall survival; however, no difference is seen for AML. Although it is unknown whether differences in survival for patients with ALL based on distance are driven by relapse or treatment-related mortality, increased attention to adherence, supportive care, and logistics for patients traveling long distances is warranted. For children and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, living more than 50 miles from the treatment center is associated with worse outcomes.

Three decades of on-road mobile source emissions reductions in South Los Angeles

ABSTRACT In May 2018, the University of Denver repeated on-road optical remote sensing measurements at two locations in Lynwood, CA. Lynwood area vehicle tailpipe emissions were first surveyed in 1989 and 1991 because the area suffered from a large number of carbon monoxide (CO) air quality violations. These new measurements allow for the estimation of fuel-specific CO and total hydrocarbon (HC) emissions reductions, changes in the longevity of emission-control components, and the prevalence of high emitters in the current fleet. Since 1989 CO emissions decreased approximately factors of 10 (120 ± 8 to 12.3 ± 0.2 gCO/kg of fuel) and 20 (210 ± 8 to 10.4 ± 0.4 gCO/kg of fuel) at our I-710/Imperial Highway and Long Beach Blvd. sites, respectively. These reductions are also reflected in the local ambient air measurements. Tailpipe HC emissions have decreased by a factor of 25 (50 ± 4 to 2.1 ± 0.3 gHC/kg of fuel) since 1991 at the Long Beach Blvd. location. The decreases are so dramatic that the vast majority of vehicles now have HC measurements that are indistinguishable from zero. The decreases have increased the skewedness of the emissions distribution with the 99th percentile now responsible for more than 37% (CO) and 28% (HC) of the totals. Ammonia emissions collected in 2018 at both Lynwood locations peak with 20-year-old vehicles (1998 models), indicating long lifetimes for catalytic converters. In 1989 and 1991, the on-road Lynwood fleets had significantly higher emissions than fleets observed in other locations within the South Coast Air Basin. The 2018 fleets now have means and emissions by model year that are consistent with those observed at other sites in Los Angeles and the U.S. This indicates that modern vehicle combustion management and after-treatment systems are achieving their goals regardless of community income levels. Implications: Recent on-road vehicle emission measurements at two locations in the Lynwood, CA area, first visited in 1989, found significant fuel specific CO and HC emission reductions. CO emissions have decreased by a factor of 10 and 20 at each location and HC emissions have declined by a factor of 25. This has increased the skewedness in both species emissions distribution. The 2018 fleets have means and emissions by model year that are now consistent with those observed at other U.S. sites indicating that modern vehicle emissions control advancements are achieving their goals regardless of community income levels.

Differences in Predictors of Mortality and Resource Utilization Among Adult Patients with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia and Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Introduction: Both acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) require hospitalization for intensive chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, and disease or treatment-related complications. There is a dearth of evidence in prediction of inpatient resource utilization and hospital outcomes among patients with these conditions. The goal of this study is to identify predictors of average length of stay in the hospital (ALOS) and inpatient mortality in adult ALL and AML patients.Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of the National Inpatient Sample 2014 Database (HCUP-NIS). Patients were included in the study if they had a principal diagnosis of ALL or AML and age 18 years or older. We used descriptive statistics to characterize the cohort in terms of personal demographic factors (age, race, sex, insurance type, community income level), hospital characteristics (size, geographical region, teaching status, and urban or rural location), and admission timing (weekend or weekday). We performed univariate and multivariate regression to analyze the association of these factors with mortality and ALOS. All analyses apply the HCUP-NIS weights.Results:The ALL cohort included 5,550 admissions. Most ALL patients were white (65%) males (60%), and approximately half were age 50 years or younger. The AML cohort included 18,930 admissions. Most AML patients were white (74%) males (54%), aged 60 years or older (59%). Nearly all (95%) of ALL patients had insurance coverage, either private (40%), Medicare (25.9%), Medicaid (25%), or another type (5%). In contrast, most AML patients had Medicare (46%), followed by private insurance (36%), Medicaid (11.0%), other insurance (3.8%) or no insurance (2.8%). Care for both cohorts occurred most often in large, urban, and teaching hospitals. While Charlson index was the only statistically significant predictor of mortality in the ALL cohort (AMD 1.34, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.63, p=0.002), age (OR 1.02; 95% CI 1.014 - 1.03), Charlson index (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.16 - 1.34) and other type of insurance were associated with increased mortality for AML. ALOS was similar for both cohorts: ALL 18.5 days and AML 18.9 days. For ALL, multivariate analysis showed Charlson index (AMD 1.53, 95% CI 0.32 - 2.74, p=0.013), and hospital type (urban AMD 5.73; 95% CI 2.73 to 8.73, p<0.01 and teaching hospital AMD 6.86, 95% CI 4.36 to 9.36, p<0.01) to be independent predictors of ALOS. For AML, age (AMD -0.22, 95% CI -0.27 to -0.17), insurance type (Medicaid AMD 3.02, 95% CI 0.65 - 5.39, private insurance 4.10, 95% CI 2.60 - 5.60), Charlson index (AMD 0.63, 95% CI 0.25-1.01), and hospital type (urban AMD 6, 95% CI 2.65 to 8.72), and teaching AMD 7, 95% CI 6.06 to 9.09) predicted ALOS.Discussion: Care for ALL and AML occurs primarily in large, urban teaching centers. Although ALOS is similar for the two, age and insurance carrier (Medicaid and private) are associated with increased ALOS only for AML. The increased LOS with age is possibly because of increased complexities associated with it. LOS is longer in AML patients with Medicaid and a few private insurances possibly because the placement to health care facilities tends to be significantly more difficult and time-consuming than for Medicare. Similarly, age and other type of insurance are associated with increased mortality only in AML. No regional or racial/ethnic differences were seen for either cohort for ALOS or mortality. Understanding factors influencing ALOS may help institutions in planning health care resource allocation. Health policy decisions that negatively impact the financial health of large, urban teaching centers may influence their ability to provide the complex and expensive care for this group of patients. DisclosuresMarks:UPMC: Employment; Odonate: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Heron: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Seattle Genetics: Equity Ownership; Lilly: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Bussel:Uptodate: Honoraria; Momenta: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Prophylix: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen Inc.: Consultancy, Research Funding; Protalex: Consultancy; Rigel: Consultancy, Research Funding.

Abstract 137: Neighborhood Income and 30-day Readmissions for Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack

Background: Residence in a socioeconomically challenged neighborhood is associated with increased stroke incidence and shorter post-stroke survival. Little is known about the relationship between socioeconomic status and 30-day post-stroke readmissions. We used a nationally representative readmission database that includes both insured and uninsured patients to determine whether there is a relationship between community-level income and 30-day readmissions after stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods: Hospitalizations were identified in the 2013 Nationwide Readmissions Database for patients aged ≥18y with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH; ICD-9 430), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH; ICD-9 431), ischemic stroke (IS; ICD-9 433, 434, 436), and TIA (ICD-9 435). We used mixed logistic regression models with hospital-specific random effects to assess the relationship between community income level (measured according to the median household income quartile for a patient’s ZIP code) and 30-day readmissions. Models were stratified by age and adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: There were 7,061 hospitalizations for SAH, 17,325 for ICH, 212,306 for IS, and 67,606 for TIA. In unadjusted analyses, 30-day readmission rates decreased with increasing income quartile for younger patients hospitalized with IS and SAH (figure). In adjusted analyses, this association persisted only among those with IS aged 18-44y for whom each quartile increase in income was associated with a 7% decrease in 30-day readmission (figure). There were no significant associations between income and 30-day readmission for SAH, ICH, and TIA. Conclusions: Overall, community income was not associated with readmission for hemorrhagic stroke and TIA, but higher income was associated with lower 30-day readmission for younger IS patients. Possible explanatory factors such as better access to post-stroke care warrant further research for this subgroup.

Affecting Factors of Stunting Incidences among Children Aged 12-59 Months in West Nusa Tenggara Province Indonesia

Introduction: Stunting is a state body that very short to exceed the deficit two Standard Deviation (SD) under the median length or high body of the population that shown indicator of welfare condition, education and income level of community. In the whole world, one of four children under the age of five years had experienced stunted growth. Stunting may have a permanent effect on children’s development growth, such as disturbance in motoric capability. Purpose: To figure out the correlations between antenatal care visits and stunting incidences amongs children aged 12-59 months in North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province Indonesia in year of 2016, by involving extraneous variables such as the age of mother during pregnancy and the family income level. Methods: This research was a case control study design by using a retrospective data. The respondents of this research were 128 children aged 12-59 months (ratio of case group and control group was 1:1. The Schlessman and Stolle calculation was conducted to determine of the sample size of each groups. The univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis with level p<0.05 and OR 95% were conducted as statistical data analysis. Results: There was a correlation between ANC (Antenatal Care) visits and the incidence of stunting among children aged 12-59 months by involving extraneous variables such as the age of the mother during pregnancy, family income level, birth weight and body length (OR 2.13 (95% CI: 1,012-4,494)). Conclusion: Antenatal Care visits by involving extraneous variables such as the age of the mother during pregnancy and family income level have strong correlation with stunting incidences.