Communities In Southeast Nigeria Research Articles

Age – Grades and Community Development in Southeast Nigeria

This paper examines the involvement and participation of age-grades in community development in the southeastern part of Nigeria. It is a known truism that many rural communities in southeast Nigeria just like many other rural in different parts of the country suffer massive underdevelopment as a result of successive governments’ lack of interest in developing the rural areas. Even when they do, it is not usually in consultation with the local people in terms of the kind of projects and infrastructures they need most in their communities. As a result, most times you find development projects that do not have any direct impact on the lives of the people. Different communities therefore resort to self-help in bringing development to their communities and age-grades remain one of the groups that are actively involved in community development in southeast Nigeria. This study focuses on the factors that give impetus to the involvement of age-grades in community development, roles that age-grades play in community development, challenges that age-grades face as a result of their involvement in community development, and measures that can be put in place to ensure continued strong participation of age-grades in community development in southeast Nigeria. The methodology used in this work is essentially descriptive. The theoretical framework for this study is role theory (functionalist approach). The study contends that some of the factors that encourage involvement of age-grades in community development in southeast Nigeria include; sense of identity, recognition and traditional titles, political relevance, lack of development, and replication of what is in place in the cities. Some of the roles that age-grades carry out in community development include, fund raising for development projects, conception, mobilization and implementation of self-help projects, conflict resolution, assisting the less privileged, and encouraging illustrious sons and daughters to bring their investments home. Some of the challenges confronting age-grades include, religious bias, poor funding, abandoned projects, poor leadership, division and lack of unity. Based on these findings, the study recommends amongst others that government should endeavor to partner with age-grades to promote community development. Also, traditional rulers should create awareness on the positive roles of the age-grade in development.

Males' perceptions and practices towards maternity care in rural southeast Nigeria: Policy implication of participatory action research for safe motherhood.

High maternal death is attributable to developing countries' health systems and sociocultural factors This study assessed the effect of participatory-action research on males' perception and practice towards maternity care and safe motherhood in rural southeast Nigeria. A pre-post-intervention study design was employed to study 396 male partners of pregnant women selected through cluster sampling in rural communities in southeast Nigeria. Males' perceptions and practices towards maternity care and safe motherhood were assessed using an interviewer-administered five-point Likert scale questionnaire. A community-participatory intervention was implemented comprising advocacy, and training of community volunteers, who then educated male partners of pregnant women on safe motherhood and facilitated emergency saving and transport schemes. A post-intervention assessment was conducted six months later, using the same questionnaire. Good perception and good practices were determined by mean scores >3.0. Continuous variables were summarised using mean and standard deviation, and categorical variables using frequencies and proportions. A comparison of the mean scores pre- and post-intervention mean scores were compared, and the mean difference was determined using paired T-test. Statistical significance was set at a p-value <0.05. The perception that male partners should accompany pregnant women for antenatal care had the least mean score at the pre-intervention stage, 1.92 (0.83). However, the mean score increased for most variables after the intervention (p<0.05). The mean score for maternity care practices increased post-intervention for accompanying pregnant women to antenatal care, facility delivery, and helping with household chores (p<0.001), with a composite mean difference of 0.36 (p<0.001). Birth preparedness/complication readiness practices-saving money, identifying transport, skilled providers, health facilities, blood donors and preparing birth kits, were good, with a composite mean score that increased from 3.68(0.99) at pre-intervention to 4.47(0.82) at post-intervention (p<0.001). Males' perceptions and practices towards safe motherhood improved after the intervention. This highlights that a community-participatory strategy can enhance males' involvement in maternal health and should be explored. Male partners accompanying pregnant women to clinics should be advocated for inclusion in maternal health policy. Government should integrate community health influencers/promoters into the healthcare systems to help in the provision of health services.

Advancing Efforts and Strategies to Stop Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (Fgm/C) in South-East Nigeria: A Qualitative Approach

This study focused on advancing efforts and strategies to stop Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) in South-East Nigeria using a qualitative approach. The specific objectives included: to find out efforts made towards eliminating FGM/C in South-East Nigeria; and to identify how the practice of FGM/C can be eradicated in South-East Nigeria. The study was anchored on the social norms theory and it is purely qualitative. A combination of purposive sampling, cluster sampling and simple random sampling techniques was adopted to select respondents for this study. A total of 54 interviews were conducted across 9 qualitative population categories in 6 communities in South-East Nigeria. The QDA Miner software was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that a number of efforts have been made to stop FGM/C in South-East Nigeria which include lecture/campaigns/sensitization, health worker education of community members, punishing the offenders and skeletal involvement of men in FGM/C-eradication campaigns. Again, FGM/C can be eradicated in South-East Nigeria especially through the intensification of such culturally specific/grassroots oriented strategies already existent in the communities such as community sensitization/education, community sanctioning and male-targeted FGM/C-eradication campaigns. It was concluded that it is only the strategies that are culturally specific/grassroots oriented that can bring about FGM/C-eradication but must not be fluidly applied. It was therefore recommended that Government and Non-Governmental Organizations should intensify the already existing sensitization efforts towards the eradication of FGM/C in South-East communities.

Prevalence and Predictors of Active COVID-19 Infection in a Rural Community in South-East Nigeria.

Prevalence and Predictors of Active COVID-19 Infection in a Rural Community in South-East Nigeria.

Attitude, knowledge and perception of choice of cooking fuels: Evidence from two large communities in South‐east Nigeria

AbstractThere has been reported low adoption of cleaner cooking fuel technologies and systems in Nigeria. The literature documents that socio‐economic, cultural/behavioral, and environmental factors influence the decision to adopt alternative cooking fuels. However, there is a dearth of evidence on the most important factors influencing transition to clean cooking fuels in South‐east Nigeria. This study therefore analyzed the knowledge, attitude, behavior and practice of rural households' with regards to transition to cleaner cooking fuels particularly liquified petroleum gas (LPG). The study also analyzed the socio‐economic determinants of the transition to LPG in southeast Nigeria. Two communities in southeast Nigeria that benefitted from the Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) project funded by UKAID (DFID) participated in the study. We administered questionnaire to 407 household heads randomly selected from the two communities. This study used descriptive statistics, Likert scale analysis and binary probit model to analyze the data collected. The results show that while LPG was the most (51.84%) preferred choice of cooking fuel, only 0.74% of the households in practice actually used LPG for cooking. The main reason for the very low use of LPG was high cost of LPG and its accessories. The study also revealed that gender, education, household size, membership of cooperative societies, were the significant predictors of clean cooking transition. Therefore, policies and programs should be designed to increase women's access to quality education and encourage them to organize themselves in cooperatives to enhance their access to LPG.

Escaping social rejection, gaining total capital: the complex psychological experience of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) among the Izzi in Southeast Nigeria

BackgroundWhile the deleterious effects of FGM/C on physical health are well documented, the psychological experience of this harmful practice is a neglected area of research, which limits global mental health actions. As FGM/C was a traditional practice in some areas of Nigeria, the study aimed to understand the psychological experience of FGM/C in context.MethodsThis qualitative study was completed in urban and rural Izzi communities in Southeast Nigeria where FGM/C was widely practiced. In-depth interviews were completed with 38 women of the same ethnicity using the McGill Illness Narrative Interview (MINI) to explore the collective psychological experience of FGM/C before, during and after the procedure. The MINI was successfully adapted to explore the meaning and experience of FGM/C. We completed thematic content analysis and used the concepts of total capital and habitus by Bourdieu to interpret the data.ResultsDuring the period of adolescence, Izzi young women who had not yet undergone FGM/C reported retrospectively being subjected to intense stigma, humiliation and rejection by their cut peers. Alongside the social benefits from FGM/C the ongoing psychological suffering led many to accept or request to be cut, to end their psychological torture. Virtually all women reported symptoms of severe distress before, during and after the procedure. Some expressed the emotion of relief from knowing their psychological torture would end and that they would gain social acceptance and total capital from being cut. Newly cut young women also expressed that they looked forward to harassing and stigmatizing uncut ones, therein engaging in a complex habitus that underscores their severe trauma as well as their newly acquired enhanced social status.ConclusionFGM/C is profoundly embedded in the local culture, prevention strategies need to involve the whole community to develop preventive pathways in a participatory way that empowers girls and women while preventing the deleterious psychological effects of FGM/C and corresponding stigma. Results suggest the need to provide psychological support for girls and women of practicing Izzi communities of Southeast Nigeria.

Climatic impacts on socio-cultural behavior, health and psychology of rural communities in South East Nigeria

Climatic effects on aquatic ecosystems are expected to have significant implications on communities using them as drinking water and food sources. The challenges have increased given lack of baseline study and inability to predict accurately how people respond to changing climate, given the variability, flexibility and creativity shown by communities under change. Using quantitative survey technique, 1000 residents in 4 communities were asked to strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree and/or strongly agree with range of statements. Climatic impacts on culture, behavior, environment, psychology, health and other health related issues were investigated. Results showed strong relationship between the variables and people's perception towards climate change. Participants, 3.52 and 18.40% strongly disagreed or disagreed on effects of climate change, 14.48% did not believe in the reality of climate change, 40.20 and 23.40% agreed or strongly agreed on the impacts of changing climate in various aspect of their lives. Mean residents which agreed and/or strongly agreed that climate change affected their culture ranged from 23.20–49.90%, behavior 32.00–49.71%, environment 35.00–57.00%, psychology 22.67–61.00%, health 30.40–53.60%, and health related issues 0–52%. Residents health and psychology were mostly affected (p < 0.05); suggesting that climate change poses significant risk to humans. Thus, sustainable approach on how to best deal with the changes/challenges are required.

Rural Narratives on Travel and Safety, Implications for Community Development in Rural Communities in Southeast Nigeria

Rural Narratives on Travel and Safety, Implications for Community Development in Rural Communities in Southeast Nigeria

Validation of pediatric height estimation formulae in suburban communities in South-east Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.

SummaryBackgroundHeight measurement is one of the common essential anthropometric measurements in clinical pediatrics. The most accurate method of determining a child’s height is to measure the height. However, in emergency situations and some resource limited settings, obtaining the actual height of a child may not be feasible hence the need to estimate. The most common age-based formulae for height estimation in children is the Nelson-Wheech formula, 6n + 77 where n = age in years. The accuracy of this height estimation formulae has not been assessed in a developing setting like ours with high prevalence of malnutrition. This study therefore sought to evaluate the accuracy of the height estimation formula in children in communities across Enugu southeast Nigeria.MethodChildren 2-12 years old who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled over 12 months from three of the 17 Local Government Area of Enugu State. Height was measured using a standard stadiometer and estimated height was calculated 6n + 77. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS.ResultOf the 4046 children enrolled, majority (86.1%) were of normal height. The formula underestimated height of children in the two, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10 years old categories by a factor of 1.2%-10.0% while overestimating height in 8-year old children by 5.1%, 11-year old by 0.2% and 12-year by 2.9%. Overall, the estimated height using the formula was within ± 10% agreement of the actual height of surveyed children in 77.0% of children surveyed.ConclusionThe 6n + 77 formula is a reasonable but not entirely accurate for height estimation for children in our setting.

Perception, pattern of use, partner support and determinants of uptake of family planning methods among women in rural communities in Southeast Nigeria

BackgroundFamily planning is a cost-effective strategy for achieving population development. Family planning uptake is low in sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. We assessed the perception, pattern of use, partner support and determinants of uptake of family planning methods among married women of reproductive age in rural communities of Ebonyi state.MethodsThis is part of a baseline report of a quasi-experimental study. A total of 484 married women of reproductive age were recruited using multistage sampling method. Four focus group discussions (men and women) and pre-tested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect information from the participants. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software and thematic analysis. Chi-square test and logistic regression were carried out at 5% significance level.ResultsOnly 26.2% of respondents were currently using any method of family planning. The most commonly used method was the natural method (57%). Amongst those who reported using artificial methods, 32.7% used condoms, 27.3% used implant while 23.64 and 16.4% used injectables and pills respectively. Predictors of current use of any family planning method were: older age (AOR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.01–3.00), having more than five children (AOR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.05–2.83), minimum of secondary level of education for respondent (AOR = 3.3, CI = 1.60–6.96) and their husband/partner (AOR = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.05–3.92). Qualitative findings showed that only few families were using a method of family planning and those who did not practice family planning perceived it to interfere with God’s plan for fruitfulness and to be counter-productive to household income due to decreased manpower for agricultural activities. Poor partner involvement and support for family planning was also cited as a deterrent by both male and female participants.ConclusionsPerception and use of family planning methods is poor in rural communities of Ebonyi state. Improving uptake of family planning methods in these rural communities will require proper demographic targeting as well as debunking fatalistic views, and cultural and religious myths around family planning.

Malaria prevalence and its sociodemographic determinants in febrile children - a hospital-based study in a developing community in South-East Nigeria.

SummaryBackgroundMalaria remains one of the major contributors of child mortality in many developing countries in Africa. Identifying its determinants will help in prevention and prompt intervention in these settings.MethodsThis cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted over an eight-month period. It enrolled 382 children who were presented with fever to the children outpatient and emergency unit of a tertiary hospital in South-east Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic factors. Blood film microscopy for malaria and parasite density was done on all subjects that tested positive for malaria.ResultThe malaria prevalence rate was 16.7%, 26.7%, 29.9% and 46.2% in children < 5 years, 5 to < 10 years, 10 to < 15 years and 15-17 years respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that malaria was more prevalent in older children but children under the age of 5 years were more prone to higher parasite density. Also, children of mothers with lower educational attainment, children from families of lower socio-economic class and resident in rural settings had higher likelihood of malaria infection.ConclusionsSustained improvement in strategies to prevent malaria infection is still imperative in children of all ages, especially those under 5 years, children from families of low socio-economic class and those residents in rural communities.

Increasing Trend of Overweight and Obesity in a Rural Community in South East Nigeria

Background: There is a global trend of increasing obesity, affecting mostly the high-and-middle income countries. Obesity was more prevalent in the urban areas but recent studies have suggested a disproportionate increase in obesity in the rural areas outstripping that of urban areas thus fueling the global obesity epidemic. This cross-sectional community study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of obesity in a rural community in South east Nigeria using Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. Materials and Methods: Adults (≥18 years) in a rural community in Enugu State were studied in July 2019. The weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference of the participants were taken. The BMI was calculated from the weight and height and the waist-hip ratio was determined for each participant. Results: A total of 210 participants were studied and analyzed. The prevalence of obesity and overweight by BMI was 10.9% and 28.0% respectively. There was no difference in the prevalence of obesity in males and females (10.9% vs 10.9%) and overweight (27% for males and 28% for females). Significantly more females (40%) than males (7.3%) were obese by sex specific waist circumference (p p = 0.629) and females (p = 0.439). However, middle aged females (40 - 59 years) had higher waist circumference than the younger and older females (p = 0.025), while the older males (60 - 79 years) had higher waist-hip ratio than younger age groups p = 0.002. Conclusions: The result of this study shows an increasing trend of obesity and overweight in a farming rural community in South east Nigeria compared with the prevalence recorded in the region in the past.

Association of short sleep duration with cardiometabolic risk factors in a population of rural Nigerian women: A cross-sectional study

Background: Short sleep duration of less than 5.5h a day has been associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Epidemiological evidence suggests a rising trend in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases in Nigeria. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between traditional cardiometabolic risk factors, prediabetes, and short sleep duration in a group of rural Nigerian women. Subjects and Methods: Five hundred and thirty-eight women living in Ihuokpara, a rural community in Southeast Nigeria, participated in the study. A structured questionnaire was administered to the participants to obtain demographic information and self-reported nighttime sleep duration. Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were recorded. Participants underwent a 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test using standard protocols. Prediabetes was defined using the World Health Organization criteria (fasting plasma glucose 110–125 mg/dL or 2h post-glucose 140–199 mg/dL) and hypertension was defined using the Joint National Committee (JNC-7) criteria. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 49.9 ± 16.2 years and 280 (52%) had no formal education. Hypertension was present in 238 (44.2%), prediabetes was present in 120 (22.3%), generalized obesity in 32 (5.9%), and increased waist circumference (>88cm) in 116 (21.6%) women. Average sleep duration of less than 5.5h per night was reported in 182 (33.8%) women. Short sleep duration was significantly associated with prediabetes and hypertension but not obesity or older age in the subjects. Conclusion: More than a third of the women had short sleep duration and this was a significant risk factor for prediabetes and hypertension in them.

Household rat infestation and methods of its control in a lassa fever endemic community in Southeast Nigeria

Background and Objectives: High rat burden and control methods may influence Lassa virus transmission in endemic communities. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of household rat infestation and its control methods in a Lassa fever endemic region, Southeast, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study participants were caregivers who sought care in a tertiary health institution in Abakiliki (a Lassa fever endemic community) in Southeast, Nigeria. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect information regarding the presence of rats in homes and methods of its control. The analysis was done using SPSS version 22. Multivariate Binary Logistic Regression was used to assess the predictors of the presence of rats in homes. The level of statistical significance was set at P

Oral hygiene status of primary school children

Background: The purpose of using tooth cleaning aids like chewing stick, toothbrush with locally made powder or fluoride containing toothpaste, is to attain good oral hygiene compatible with good oral health. Aim: To determine the oral hygiene status of public primary school children in a rural community in South-east Nigeria. Methodology: A cross sectional descriptive study of primary school children was done in a public primary school in Nkanu -West local Government Area of Enugu State. Ethical clearance for this study was sought and obtained, all participants who gave their assent were recruited. Socio-demographic data was obtained using interviewer -administered questionnaire. Oral hygiene status was determined using simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). After data collection, oral hygiene education and tooth brushing demonstrations were done. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20. P values &lt; 0.05 were accepted as being statistically significant. Results: 57(46.3%) males, 66(53.7%) females were seen and examined, giving a male to female ratio of about 1:1.2. The age range of the participants was 8 to 14 years with a mean age of 10.2 ± 1.4 years. The mean OHI-S score was 1.5 ± 0.4. 80 (65.0%) had fair oral hygiene, 41(33.3%) had good oral hygiene while 2(1.7%) had poor oral hygiene status. Majority of the school children brush their teeth once daily, using the horizontal scrub technique. Conclusion: In this study, most of the school children had fair oral hygiene status. Good oral hygiene status was seen more among 9-10 year old children, while fair oral hygiene status was seen more among 10-11 year children. The association between oral hygiene status with age or gender was not statistically significant.

Impacts of Caregivers’ Nutrition Knowledge and Food Market Accessibility on Preschool Children’s Dietary Diversity in Remote Communities in Southeast Nigeria

Empirical evidence is scanty on the nexus between caregivers’ nutrition knowledge, market accessibility, and preschool children’s dietary diversity in remote communities of Africa’s most populous country, Nigeria. To fill this gap, this study evaluated the effects of caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and access to food market on dietary diversity of preschool children. We used cross-sectional data from four hundred households selected from twenty remote communities in Southeast Nigeria. The study adopted instrumental variable regression to estimate the impacts of nutrition knowledge and food market access on preschool children’s dietary diversity. The findings show that in remote communities, caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and households’ closeness to the market improved preschool children’s dietary diversity. The study demonstrates the potential of improving preschool children’s nutrition outcomes through enhancing access to food market and the nutrition knowledge of the caregivers.

The relationship between prevalence and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and body mass index and mid-abdominal circumference in men in a resource-poor community in Southeast Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundThere is paucity of information on the community-based prevalence and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men who are 40 years and older in the southeast region of Nigeria. This study seeks to determine the community-based prevalence of LUTS and the relationship between LUTS, and body mass index (BMI) and mid-abdominal circumference (MAC) in men.MethodsAn interviewer-administered, questionnaire-based survey. Three of nine settlement clusters were randomly selected while systematic random sampling of 1 in 3 eligible subjects was used to select participants. Analysis was done using SPSS® version 20.ResultsOne thousand three hundred and nineteen duly completed questionnaires were analyzed. The respondents are within ages 40-92 years with mean age 54.2 ± 10.2 years, mean BMI 25.97 ± 4.18Kg/m2 and mean MAC 89.80 ± 12.43 cm. Overall prevalence of LUTS is 20.2%. Nocturia at a prevalence of 19.2% is the most prevalent lower urinary tract symptom and also the earliest to manifest. LUTS prevalence and severity increases with increasing age. About 9.6% report moderate LUTS while 2.3% report severe LUTS. Storage LUTS are reported more frequently than voiding LUTS. LUTS did not vary significantly with BMI, MAC or Wealth-Index.ConclusionLUTS prevalence and severity vary with age, but not with BMI, MAC or Wealth-Index.

Exposure to mass media malaria messages and use of insecticide-treated nets and artemisinin combination therapy among Southeast Nigeria residents

Background: Malaria remains endemic in Nigeria. The National Malaria Elimination Programmeutilizes the mass media to educate Nigerians to adopt insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) for malaria prevention and treatment respectively. This study investigated the influence of media messages on ITN and ACT use in Southeast Nigeria. Methods: Data was collected with a structured questionnaire from 480 respondents across 15 communities in Southeast Nigeria. Analysis was carried out on the data using percentages and logistic regression. Results: Results indicated high exposure to malaria messages, but limited effect on ITN and ACT use. Regression results showed that exposure to newspapers (OR=1.017); magazines (OR=1.639) and internet (OR=1.444) increased the odds of ITN use. Exposure to television messages(OR=1.707;P<0.001);billboards(OR=2.098;P<0.011);Internet(OR=1.805;P<0.011) and tertiary education(OR=8.454;p<0.000) positively predicted ACT use. Conclusions: Exposure to malaria messages has not resulted in population-wide adoption of ITNs and ACT. There is need for the National Malaria Elimination Programme to address factors that hinder ITN and ACT use.

BWS Effort in Cancer Screening in Rural Communities

Background and context: Nigeria, being the most populous African country has the highest cancer burden. Most of the population reside in rural areas where there are no functional health centers. Life in these communities is marked by profound ignorance, superstition and stigma, concerning cancers. There is no cancer control plan in place in the country. Aim: BWS aims at increasing awareness of the need for prevention and early detection of cancers. Strategy/Tactics: Three-pronged approach of education, screening and vaccination, with navigation where required. Monthly education and cancer screening in rural communities. Provision of a navigation system of medical follow-up for patients with a positive screening result; establishing treatment and support care for patients and recruiting and training volunteers and local advocates for cancer awareness campaigns. Program/Policy process: Monthly education/enlightenment activities in various rural communities in southeast Nigeria. Dissemination of information on screening activities is done via church and other community groups; town criers, WhatsApp, radio and banners at strategic locations. Outcomes: A total of 1990 participants (1388 females and 602 males) were screened from January 2016 to December 2017. 1342 women had CBE, 96 were referred for mammography. 105 out 1041 females who had VIA with colposcopy were positive and 26 of them had cryotherapy. 426 girls and young women (9-26 years) received HPV vaccination. 12 out of 204 men who had PSA tests were positive and referred to urologists. Since the launch of project Rid Nigeria of Late Cancer Detection in 2016, BWS has acquired a physical infrastructure for daily screening and continued her monthly rural screening services. What was learned: Women need to take permission from their husbands to even get screened, therefore involvement of traditional rulers, local government chairmen, opinion molders, leaders of faith-based organizations, and local cancer advocates from the community, is helping to increase awareness and reduce stigmatization. Taking the screening to the community is helping combat “late presentation syndrome”. However, financing rural awareness and screening is quite a challenge without financial support.

Assessing the psychological consequences of communal conflicts among the inhabitants of two conflict-affected communities in south east Nigeria

Assessing the psychological consequences of communal conflicts among the inhabitants of two conflict-affected communities in south east Nigeria