Community Diversity Of Fungi Research Articles

Indoor Bacterial and Fungal Burden in "Moldy" versus "Non-Moldy" Homes: A Case Study Employing Advanced Sequencing Techniques in a US Metropolitan Area.

The presence of fungi in the indoor environment is associated with allergies and other respiratory symptoms. The aim of this study was to use sequencing and molecular methods, including next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches, to explore the bacterial and fungal communities and their abundance in the indoor environment of houses (n = 20) with visible "moldy" (HVM) and nonvisible "non-moldy" (HNM) in Memphis, TN, USA. Dust samples were collected from air vents and ground surfaces, and the total DNA was analyzed for bacteria and fungi by amplifying 16S rRNA and ITS genes on the Illumina Miseq. Results indicated that Leptosphaerulina was the most abundant fungal genus present in the air vent and ground samples from HNM and HVM. At the same time, the most abundant bacterial genera in the air vent and ground samples were Propionibacterium and Streptococcus. The fungi community diversity was significantly different in the air vent samples. The abundance of fungal species known to be associated with respiratory diseases in indoor dust samples was similar, regardless of the visibility of fungi in the houses. The existence of fungi associated with respiratory symptoms was compared with several parameters like dust particulate matter (PM), CO2 level, temperature, and humidity. Most of these parameters are either positively or negatively correlated with the existence of fungi associated with respiratory diseases; however, none of these correlations were significant at p = 0.05. Our results indicate that implementing molecular methods for detecting indoor fungi may strengthen common exposure and risk assessment practices.

Exploring Fungal Species Diversity in the Premature Yeast Flocculation (PYF) of Barley Malt Using Deep Sequencing

Premature yeast flocculation (PYF) is the early flocculation of yeast during fermentation, which causes logistical and financial hardship to the malting and brewing industries. The occurring of PYF is suspected to be caused by the fungal infection of the barley or at least in part. The aim of this study was to perform a non-culture approach to uncover the fungal diversity in PYF malt. The genomic DNA was extracted and analyzed by amplicon sequencing. A total pairs read number of 209,523 sequences was obtained and used for taxonomic classification. The dominant fungal communities on the PYF malt were obtained based on the microbial diversity analysis by species annotation. The internal transcribed spacers sequencing analysis showed a decreased number of fungal species in PYF malt. Results showed that compared with control malt, PYF malt displayed a higher abundance of Ascomycota at the phyla level, and the abundance of Candida and Gibberella was exceptionally high in two PYF malts at the genus level. The absolute abundance of Candida and Gibberella baccata at the species level was also higher in PYF malts. The fungal species diversity within the malt indicated that the fungi community diversity was greater in the control malt than in the PYF malt. Taken together, exploring the diversity of the fungal community could be useful for malt quality control and for eliminating contamination risks.

The wood decomposition system and community diversity of fungi

Fungi are critical agents of the global carbon cycle, however, our ability to link fungal community composition to ecosystem functioning is constrained by a limited understanding the wood decomposition rates of fungus. Here we examined the wood decomposition rate of fungus and the impact of fungal community diversity on the wood decomposing. To understand the relationship between the wood decomposition rate and the traits of fungi, we introduced 37 types of fungus into the wood decomposition system and set the growth rate and moisture tolerance of fungus as the explanatory variables. In addition, we constructed the competition, parasitic and symbiotic model based on Malthus-block growth comprehensive to analyze and predict the interactions between different fungus. The entropy weight-TOPSIS model was established to understand the biodiversity of fungus and obtain the relative dominance degree which can reflect the advantages and disadvantages of different fungus. The ARIMA model was used in five different environments to predict the impact of fungal community diversity on the overall efficiency of wood decomposing. Our research can not only help us to better understand the fungus community, but also significant for improving the quality of climate and the carbon cycle.

The potential use of fungi community in postmortem interval estimation in China

Body provides a home for diverse commensal microbiota. Microorganisms such as fungi have major roles in this microbial community stability. Postputrefaction fungi have been recorded in association with decomposed mammalian cadavers in disparate regions. The succession and diversity of these fungi are reviewed with a view to their potential as a forensic tool. The researches of mycology would be an interface to forensic investigation and may provide a means to estimate PMI within serious decomposition. To evaluate the use of succession and diversity of fungi species for PMI estimation, we investigate the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of fungi community on 3 points of time of rat carcasses conducted by Illumina MiSeq platform. Through high-throughput sequencing, several fungi genus such as Aspergillus, Ophiocordyceps are found in community succession. The community structure of each sample significantly differs in taxon richness and relative abundance patterns within decomposition progress. The succession and diversity of fungi community in corpse decomposition revealed by the indicator of ITS would be a potential forensic tool for PMI estimation.

Accumulation and Distribution of Cadmium in Flue-Cured Tobacco and Its Impact on Rhizosphere Microbial Community

To explore the accumulation and distribution of Cadmium (Cd) in flue-cured tobacco and the effect on soil microbial community structure in the rhizosphere, pot experiments were conducted with different treatment levels of Cd (0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg·kg -1 ). The Cd accumulation in different organs of flue-cured tobacco was analyzed, and the bacteria and fungi community structures in the rhizosphere were examined using PCR-DGGE fingerprinting with universal bacteria and fungi primers. Results showed that the order of Cd contents in different organs of flue-cured tobacco was: leaf > stem > root. Increasing Cd concentration in the pot soil elevated Cd contents in different organs of flue-cured tobacco. As to the soil microbial community, the bacterial fingerprinting bands in rhizosphere with 4 mg·kg -1 Cd level were significantly less than other treatments. Some bacteria disappeared with increasing soil Cd concentrations. Nevertheless, some special bacteria apparently had a strong restoration capability in the rhizosphere at a high Cd contamination level (16 mg·kg -1 ). Among the 8 clusters of bacterial communities identified by the sequencing, the Bacterium ellin, Acidobacteria bacterium ellin, and Mycobacterium had strong resistance and adaptability to Cd contamination of different concentrations, whereas the Leptolyngbya had strong adaptability to Cd contamination of moderate concentration, which could become the dominant population at this level. The fungi community diversity in the rhizosphere with different concentrations of Cd was significantly different from the pattern of bacteria. Some fungi appeared with the increase of Cd concentration, but some fungi disappeared at the moderate Cd concentration (4 mg·kg -1 ). Among the 4 clusters of fungal communities identified by the sequencing, the Fusarium and unknown species were the dominant species in the fungi community, which existed in all treatments and had strong adaptability to different Cd concentrations. The Acremonium sclerotigenum was sensitive to Cd contamination and disappeared at Cd concentrations greater than 2 mg·kg -1

Relationship between microbial community and soil properties during natural succession of forest land

Recently, there has been increasing research focus on microorganism community structure in secondary forest succession. This study aimed at analyzing the community diversity of bacteria and fungi in the forest in six different ecological regions of Changbai Mountains in Jilin Province of China, by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP). Results show that the fungal and bacterial diversity differed greatly between forest succession and plants species. Species richness and the Shannon’s diversity index of fungi and bacteria in broad mid-age forest and broad-leaved Korean pine mixed maturity forest were higher than that of other forest successions in the six regions. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicate that the stages of forest successions had no strict specificity with bacterial community diversity but strict specificity with fungal community, while environmental condition had great influence on fungal community diversity and soil nutrient, and pH was a primary influencing factor. These results suggest that the environmental conditions exhibit greater influence on the community diversity of fungi than bacteria. And soil nutrient and pH were more indicative of the change of community diversity of fungi and bacteria. Key words: Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP), forest succession, Northeast China.