Community-based Mangrove Management Research Articles

Integrating science-based and local ecological knowledge: a case study of mangrove restoration and rehabilitation projects in the Philippines.

Mangrove forest is an ecosystem-based solution for disaster risk reduction in the Philippines, but its historical deforestation has hampered its capacity to protect coastal communities. With the increasing occurrence of storm surge in the Philippines, mangrove reforestation projects have received renewed attention, but many have failed. Community participation was deemed to be essential in those projects that did well. Hence, this paper examines successful mangrove restoration and rehabilitation projects in the Philippines to find out how community participation contributed to the accomplishments. The study found that while the transfer of science-based ecological knowledge from project managers to the community is an important factor in ensuring successful initial planning and implementation, its integration into existing local ecological knowledge-'localisation' of science-based ecological knowledge or hybrid ecological knowledge formation-helped to facilitate long-term community-based mangrove management beyond project duration by empowering community members and enabling project acceptance and ownership. Still, continuous local institutional support is a necessary anchor for community resilience.

Effectiveness of community participation in Mangrove restoration: the evidence from northern Sri Lanka

AbstractAs a result of the past failures in centralized management, community-based management approach was evolved as a better alternative in Mangrove management. However, effectiveness of community-based Mangrove management is remained as an important policy question with limited empirical evidence. This study aims to empirically investigate the effectiveness of community participation on Mangrove restoration using the village-level data collected from lagoon-based fishing villages in northern Sri Lanka during 2009–2020. In addition to the field data, this study adopts satellite imagery data of Landsat-7 and Landsat-8 to estimate the extent of Mangrove cover as an indicator of Mangrove restoration performance. The results show that community participation has a significant and positive impact on Mangrove restoration, suggesting the importance of strengthening community management practices for future Mangrove management.

Changes in density level and mangrove land cover on Teluk Pandan Coast, Lampung, Indonesia, after 10 years of community-based management

Abstract. Hasani Q, Anisa A, Damai AA, Yuliana D, Yudha IG, Julian D. 2023. Changes in density level and mangrove land cover on Teluk Pandan Coast, Lampung, Indonesia, after 10 years of community-based management. Biodiversitas 24: 3735-3742. The mangrove ecosystem in the Teluk Pandan coastal area, Pesawaran District, Lampung Province, Indonesia, is part of the mega-biodiversity of mangroves in Indonesia. Specifically, the mangrove in this region has changed due to tourism, aquaculture, settlement activities and coastal abrasion. This study aimed to assess the changes in density level and area change of the mangrove forests at five coastal villages in Teluk Pandan during the period of community management from 2010 to 2020. The effort and success of the rehabilitation were reported in this study can be useful as a consideration of sustainable management of mangrove ecosystem both in Lampung and in other areas in Indonesia. Mangrove area was estimated through field surveys and data processing of satellite imagery from Landsat 5 in 2010 and Landsat 8 in 2020. The mangrove density level and area change were calculated by layering images of mangrove distribution from different years. The classification of mangrove density was determined based on the NDVI value. Satellite imagery was compared with field data collected from 20 observation points at five villages to ensure the density level and interpretation accuracy. Image data analysis showed the changes in mangrove area from 109.80 ha in 2010, an increase of 16.39% to 127.80 ha in 2020. The area of mangrove forest in the rare category decreased by 49.35%, the moderate category increased by 39.13%, and the dense category increased by 109.71%. The study confirmed the successful effort to manage and preserve mangroves in Teluk Pandan Sub-district. Eventually, community-based mangrove management (CBMM) and cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder management (co-management) has become the core strategy in the successful management of mangrove at five coastal villages in Teluk Pandan Sub-district.

Community-based mangrove management in Berau Regency

The purpose of this study was to determine the picture of community-based mangrove management (attitudes, participation, mangrove conditions, and management institutions) in Teluk Semanting, Biduk-biduk and Sulaiman, Berau Regency. This type of research is descriptive with questionnaire and observation data collection methods. Attitude measurement uses cognitive, affective, and conative aspects. Meanwhile, the measurement of participation uses four stages, namely: in decision making, in implementation, utilization of results and supervision. For mangrove conditions and management from interviews and using secondary data from development partner (NGO) reports. The results of the study obtained that the attitudes of the people in the three villages were positive with a value of 3.88, namely knowing, liking and supporting, where the cognitive aspect value was 3.84, affective 4.15 and conative 3.65. In detail, the attitude values in Teluk Semanting 4.05, Biduk-biduk 3.62 and Teluk Sulaiman 4.15. Community participation in the three villages was generally low at 1.51. In the decision-making stage is 1.46, the program implementation stage is 1.52, the result utilization stage is 1.63 and the supervision stage is 1.45.

Effectiveness of community-based mangrove management for coastal protection: A case study from Central Java, Indonesia

Management and restoration of mangrove forests to protect coasts are promoted in many countries, including Indonesia. Indonesian mangrove forests are actively restored and managed by local communities for their ecosystem services, including coastal protection. Whether community-based mangrove management (CBMM) is effective is still debated. Our study analysed the effectiveness of different CBMM practices in four Central Javan communities by analysing the capacity of their mangrove forests to protect against coastal hazards. We used complementary interviews, field assessments and literature reviews to collect the necessary information.The overall CBMM performance and success significantly differed for each community's mangrove rehabilitation effort and the resulting coastal protection service. Of the four communities, Bedono performed best in terms of mangrove coverage, forest structure and restored coastal protection service. This is explained by multiple factors, such as application of long-term and integrated CBMM approaches, involving appropriate maintenance and additional measures to reduce wave energy. Our results can help governments, practitioners and communities to better understand the factors that contribute to CBMM's success and failure when restoring and managing mangrove forests and protecting coasts.

Spatial-temporal dynamics of mangrove extent in Quang Ninh Province over 33 years (1987–2020): Implications toward mangrove management in Vietnam

Remote sensing technology offers a huge potential to continuously monitor the changes in mangrove forests. Mangrove deforestation has resulted in a loss of coastal ecosystem services and associated economic benefits. Quang Ninh is the third largest mangrove area in Vietnam, but has experienced mangrove deforestation and degradation since 1987. The study used historical Landsat-5/8 and Sentinel-2 data to quantify spatial–temporal dynamics of mangrove extent from 1987 to 2020. The CMRI was used to construct LULC and post-classification comparison was used for change detection analysis over the study period. The overall accuracies of 94.8%, 94.1% 92.4%, and 89.9% were recorded in 2020 (Kappa = 0.917), 2017 (Kappa = 0.906), 2010 (Kappa = 0.872), and 2000 (Kappa = 0.832), respectively. The dynamics of mangrove forests in Quang Ninh were influenced by mangrove deforestation and afforestation. The extent of mangrove forests decreased by 2168.3 ha from 1987 to 2020. Mangrove deforestation was mainly caused by unplanned aquaculture, urban development, and other land uses. However, the root of mangrove deforestation is found due to inappropriate regulations and institutional schemes related to mangrove management. The study suggests that community-based mangrove management model and blue carbon approach are suggested in Quang Ninh and Vietnam.

Effectiveness of community-based mangrove management for biodiversity conservation: A case study from Central Java, Indonesia

Efforts to rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia started in the 1960s and have recently received increased attention. Rehabilitation efforts have been mainly conducted through community-based mangrove management (CBMM) programs, aimed at restoring important services such as food provisioning and coastal protection, and for biodiversity conservation. Our study assessed the effectiveness of CBMM strategies to conserve biodiversity in four adjacent Indonesian coastal villages (Sriwulan, Bedono, Timbulsloko, Surodadi) in Central Java. For this, we used complementary methodologies combining participatory resource mapping, semi-structured interviews, questionnaire-based interviews, field assessments and literature review. This yielded detailed information on mangrove rehabilitation activities, management approaches and the impacts of mangrove rehabilitation on biodiversity in the four villages. Our analysis focussed on mangrove forest structure and diversity and macro invertebrate diversity.The overall comparison of management performance shows a higher achievement of CBMM applied in Bedono in terms of a larger mangrove diversity and net reforestation coverage, also supporting a higher macrobenthic faunal diversity compared to the other villages. The main contributing factors were a) the longer-term funding and maintenance, b) the greater acceptance for protective legislation, c) the higher levels of public support, d) the fact that more species of mangroves were used, e) the much larger spatial scale of mangrove restoration, and f) the presence of additional measures to reduce wave action in highly eroded areas. The results revealed key determinants of success when restoring mangroves for the purpose of biodiversity conservation and the influence of different CBMM approaches.

Effectiveness of Community-Based Mangrove Management for Coastal Protection: A Case Study from Central Java, Indonesia

Effectiveness of Community-Based Mangrove Management for Coastal Protection: A Case Study from Central Java, Indonesia

KELEMBAGAAN PENGELOLAAN MANGROVE BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI KESATUAN PENGELOLAAN HUTAN MODEL WILAYAH III PROVINSI ACEH

Institutional community-based mangrove management as an alternative to sustainable management of mangrove forests. This study aims to analyze which factors from the institution most play a role in guiding the community in managing mangrove forest resources in relation to forest management units (FMU). Primary data were collected through interviews conducted semi-structured to 26 respondents selected by the purposive sampling method. The snowball method is used to capture information from key figures. Deepening is considered complete if information saturation has occurred which is marked by repetition of the same information. While secondary data, obtained from various libraries. Of the three models of mangrove management institutions, namely the community institution of Pusong Kapal Village (PKV), the community institution of Pusong Telaga Tujoh Village (PTTV), and the Community Forestry (CF-BM) Bina Mufakat institution where the analysis shows that the community institutions of Pusong Kapal Village (PKV) are more flexible as an alternative form of community-based mangrove management institutions, because this institution is able to adapt to the changing social and environmental conditions that continue to occur, the collaboration of management with the government, and the recognition of community rights in the use of mangrove forests. FMU as the management authority at the site level has guaranteed the upholding of the rights of the PKV community as the manager of mangrove forests so that the bundle of rights and incentives obtained in the management of mangrove resources by PKV communities becomes strong.

JEJARING KEKUASAAN AKTOR DALAM PENGELOLAAN HUTAN MANGROVE BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI PROVINSI ACEH

The research of actors' power network in community-based mangrove management aims to analyze the interaction and dynamics of actors in forest management networks by local communities through a power approach. Networks can be seen as the arena and interaction of actors in the distribution of information exchange, policy and coordination, allowing only influential actors to influence weak actors in the network. Investigation of the role of these actors through the network establishes the interactional relationships between individuals, groups, or organizations that influence behavior. Through the network it can be judged that every actor (individual or group) has different access to resources (wealth, power, or information). The actor's analytical approach refers to the framework of centralized power actors (ACP), which is an analytical approach for understanding the empirical resources of actors in socio-political relationships and contributing to strongly empirically identified groups of powerful actors. Thus ACP can serve as a tool for the assessment of power networks, useful as preliminary information in forest policy practice. While to know the relationship between network with social network analysis approach (SNA).

Explaining success in community based mangrove management: Four coastal communities along the Andaman Sea, Thailand

Community-based mangrove management (CBMM) in Thailand has been uniquely successful, so that efforts to promote CBMM elsewhere can potentially learn from the Thai experience. This qualitative research identifies factors contributing to success of community-based mangrove management in four coastal communities along the Andaman Sea during 1980–2017. The emergence and consolidation of community-mangrove management took place in distinct phases including collective action with support by NGOs to address a degradation crises; a shift to cooperation with government; and the stabilization and enhancement of sustainable management. Factors explaining the emergence of successful community mangrove management include those internal to the community, such as leadership, occupational change, experience, and capacity to organize into groups; and those that are external to the community including NGO support in the initial phases, and increasing government support and recognition in subsequent phases. The factors that help explain success have changed over time, indicating the flexibility in what might facilitate successful CBMM elsewhere.

Stakeholder Analysis in Community Based Mangrove Management: Case of Forest Management Unit in Region 3 of Aceh Province

Mangrove under the management of Forest Management Unit (KPH) region 3 of Aceh Province is a forest area located in the eastern coastal area of Aceh Province and has great functions and benefits for the community. To find out how big and how many the stakeholders involved in mangrove management was, an analysis to identify and to map how great the interest-power, and ability to interact in the network was carried out. Stakeholders were identified from a selected interview with snowball sampling method. How stakeholders interact in a network describes the relationship among stakeholders and interacts with one another. The results showed that there were 26 stakeholders. With stakeholder mapping, they will ensure their position on the grid can be seen how much power they have and how much interest they have in it. Some actors such as Pusong Kapal Village community, Pusong Telaga Tujoh Village community, community forest, the village head, and community leaders have indicated how to manage through support mechanisms, and foster aspirations when formulating and designing stronger strategies. Thus the FMU can build and maintain long-term relationships that involve patterns of interaction especially with stakeholders who have a significant influence on the network.

Stakeholder Analysis in Community Based Mangrove Management: Case of Forest Management Unit in Region 3 of Aceh Province

Stakeholder Analysis in Community Based Mangrove Management: Case of Forest Management Unit in Region 3 of Aceh Province

Participatory ecosystem service mapping to enhance community-based mangrove rehabilitation and management in Demak, Indonesia

Assessment of mangrove ecosystem services (ES) is essential to understand and manage the contribution of these ecosystems to the well-being of local communities. They are the primary beneficiaries but their experience, knowledge, and information are frequently ignored in ES assessment and mapping. In this study, a participatory resource mapping (PRM) approach was applied using local knowledge and experience to analyze geo-referenced information on mangrove ecosystem services. Local communities were involved from the beginning in method selection, application, evaluation, and verification. This “inclusive participatory ES mapping” was conducted in two villages (Bedono and Timbulsloko, Central Java, Indonesia) from 2014 to 2015. Participants representing different community elements were involved in the mapping process. They first created a historical map of the situation in their villages roughly between 1980 and 1999 (before rehabilitation) and then described the subsequent environmental changes. The mapping exercise also documented different mangrove resources that are utilized by communities and identified key areas, such as harvesting zones, biodiversity hotspots, erosion zones, different fishing grounds, and newly rehabilitated areas. The maps reveal that integrating PRM and indigenous geo-referenced information can elicit past and contemporary information on (changes in) ecosystem service availability and use. The results show that by involving local communities from the beginning, the participatory ES mapping can facilitate social learning, provide the foundation for the creation of social capital, and equip the community with sufficient spatial information to improve local mangrove management. The participatory ES mapping approach presented in this paper can be used as a model to support local and regional decision-making processes and to enhance community-based mangrove management in other coastal regions in Indonesia and beyond.

Developing community-based mangrove management through eco-tourism in North Sumatra, Indonesia

Mangrove forests in North Sumatera, Indonesia existed in the east coast of Sumatera Island and commonly thrived in Langkat, Deli Serdang, Batubara, Tanjung Balai, Asahan, Labuhanbatu until Serdang Bedagai. The present study describes the developing community-based mangrove management (CBMM) through eco-tourism in two locations, Lubuk Kertang (LK) of Langkat and Sei Nagalawan (SN) of Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Mangrove ecosystem, coastal villagers and visitors, and related stakeholder were analyzed to present the potential of mangrove ecosystem, the ecological suitability, and the carrying capacity then continued with SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis. Results showed that mangrove diversity in LK consist of fifteen species which Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia lanata dominated the area, where mangroves in SN found seven species dominated by R. apiculata and A. officinalis. Based on the suitability level of mangrove ecosystem for ecotourism development, LK and SN were categorized as suitable and conditionally suitable, respectively. The carrying capacity of mangrove ecotourism for LK and SN were 36 and 36 people/day respectively. SWOT analysis revealed that both locations of eco-tourism have a potential eco-tourism attraction, high mangrove biodiversity, possible human resources, and real people’s perception on the importance of mangrove conservation, and relatively easy access. The study present suggested that mangrove ecotourism is a sustainable form of land use, to contributing the environmental protection and providing socio-economic benefits to the local people through indirect values of the natural resources.

Degree of community participation in mangrove resources management as livelihood support in West Java, Indonesia

Mangrove forests in the northern coastal region of Pantai Bahagia Village, Muara Gembong, Bekasi Regency, West Java, form a crucial component of the livelihoods of coastal communities. However, mangrove systems are being degraded and lost at an alarming rate due to their conversion to aquaculture and abrasion since 1992. To overcome this problem, community of fishermen, naming themselves as Kelompok Sadar Wisata and Kelompok Bahagia Berkarya voluntarily started mangrove cultivation and began to implement Community-Based Mangrove Management (CBMM) with various approaches and outcomes. This study will examine and the participatory level of the CBMM practice within the community, analyze the achieved rehabilitation and its strategies to accomplish sustainable management of mangrove resources in the village through qualitative and descriptive statistic methods. The local data on institutions, socio-economic conditions, and mangrove resources utilization will be collected through in depth interviews with 40 key actors from 15 households. The study resulted that the degree of participatory in Pantai Bahagia Village is in the Delegated Power level, which means that citizen is given the permit to utilize the area to independently cultivate the mangrove area as long as it complies with government’s regulation.

Effectiveness of community-based mangrove management for sustainable resource use and livelihood support: A case study of four villages in Central Java, Indonesia

Community-Based Mangrove Management (CBMM) is implemented with different approaches and outcomes. This study examined the effectiveness of various CBMM practices to achieve sustainable management of mangrove resources. We analyzed local mangrove resource management strategies in four coastal villages (e.g. Sriwulan, Bedono, Timbulsloko, and Surodadi) on Central Java, Indonesia. Local data on institutions, socio-economic conditions and mangrove resources utilization was collected through participatory resource mapping and interviews with 16 key actors and 500 households. The main differences in CBMM-practices that affect the outcomes in each village were the type of community participation, the level of organizational and economic assistance from external institutions, the magnitude of the rehabilitation project, the time selected for rehabilitation and the maintenance strategies applied in each village. Surodadi achieved most in terms of both efficient resource utilization and local livelihood improvement. Bedono's management strategy was most effective in extending and maintaining the rehabilitated mangrove areas but less in terms of livelihood support while the strategy applied in Timbulsloko resulted in higher resource utilization compared to Surodadi. Sriwulan failed on most criteria. This study suggests that combining the management strategies practiced in Bedono and Surodadi and adding external scientific and technological assistance, income diversification, institutional reinforcement and continuous monitoring of the functioning of local institutions can improve the CBMM performance to sustainably manage mangrove resources and improve livelihoods.

Social Capital in Mangrove Management: A Case Study in Lampung Province, Indonesia

The objective of this study is to identify the individual characteristics and the elements of social capital hence a suitable design of social capital reinforcement can be proposed to promote a sustainable community-based mangrove management. The research conducted in three villages that were selected based on mangrove ecological differences in Lampung Province,Indonesia. Qualitative data was collected through field observation and in-depth interviews with key informants. The results showed that the population in the three villages dominated on roductive ages, worked as farmers, and less educated (only a half of the population had fulfilled the basic education standard of Indonesia). The study results also indicated that the social capital in the communities showed minimum condition of interpersonal attachment and cooperation. This condition was derived from the attitude of the people who only took personal benefit without concerning to others’ welfare. Many programs conducted by government to ensure the conservation of mangroves were project-oriented with minor participation of community. The minor participation might also contributed to the minimum of social capital in the community. To improve social capital, the communities should strengthen mutual trust based on mutual benefit to increase members’ participation in mangrove activity.

Cumulative Impacts of Human Interventions and Climate Change on Mangrove Ecosystems of South and Southeast Asia: An Overview

The paper provides an insight into the chronological extinction of the Indo-Malayan mangroves along the South and Southeast Asian coast and categorizes several area-specific anthropogenic and climatic factors that triggered the annihilation of 1.9 million ha of diverse mangroves. On a regional scale, coastal agricultural land development and shrimp farming were identified as major factors accounting for 90% of the reported loss. The paper also focuses on the existing mangrove management framework of nine developing countries of this region and conducts a comparative analysis of the prevailing legislative arrangement for mangrove management. In general, weak enforcements of legal measures and improper monitoring have been identified as major drawbacks in conservation and restoration initiatives. On the other hand, this paper strongly encourages the prospects of community-based mangrove management (CBMM) and provides good examples from the ecoregion through comparative case studies. Finally, it concludes with recommendations that outline a suitable mangrove management strategy involving more community empowerment, legalization and mainstreaming of comanagement initiatives, inclusive benefit sharing, and regional cooperation for transboundary ecosystem management.

Community based mangrove management: A review on status and sustainability

Community Based Mangrove Management (CBMM) has been advocated by both academia and governing agencies as a viable alternative for sustainably managing the ecologically important mangrove forests which are disappearing rapidly worldwide. Drawing insights from diverse sustainability issues, capabilities and performances of worldwide CBMM initiatives were examined in this paper. Higher numbers of CBMM initiatives were reported from South Asia and lesser from South America and Africa. Identification of the causes of degradation at a site and use-specific zonal replantations with respect to species associations were identified as major criteria of ecological sustainability. Regarding economic sustainability, transformation of potential uses of mangroves known by local communities into actual ones was found to be necessary. Proper disbursement of accrued benefits among community members irrespective of their socio-cultural status is also a major concern. Restructuring of CBMM institutions by ensuring participation of subsistence based users in decision-making and resource sharing have been identified as a prime determinant of institutional sustainability. However, limited number of studies on socio-political and institutional aspects as well as impacts of globalization induced socio-cultural transformations of communities on CBMM had been actually found. More focused researches on these aspects had been recommended for better community management of these highly stressed forests.