Diagnosis Of Community-acquired Pneumonia Research Articles

Community-acquired pneumonia caused by Micrococcus antarcticus: a rare case report

Background Micrococcus antarcticus (M. antarcticus) is an aerobic Gram-positive spherical actinobacterium that was initially isolated from Chinese Great-Wall station in Antarctica in 2000. M. antarcticus was considered to be of low pathogenicity, no previous cases of human infection by this organism have been reported. Here we describe the first report with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by M. antarcticus.Case presentationAn 87-year-old female was presented to the Central Hospital of Wuhan in November 2023 with a chief complaint of cough, sputum production, and chest tightness for 2 weeks. Microbial culture of the patient’s bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and identification of the isolates using Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed M. antarcticus infection. Combined with clinical symptoms, laboratory and imaging examination, the patient was diagnosed with CAP. Then cefoperazone/sulbactam and levofloxacin was administrated, the patient’s condition was improved and she was discharged after a week after admission, no abnormalities were detected during a 5-month follow-up.ConclusionsThis case highlights that M. antarcticus, first identified from a patient with CAP, is an extremely rare pathogenic microorganism. Clinicians should be aware of its potential as a pathogen in the diagnosis and treatment of CAP.

Clinical utility of bedside Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis of pneumonia in elderly patients: Comparison with clinical, -radiological and ultrasound diagnosis.

to measure the clinical impact of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the diagnosis of -community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), compared to clinical, radiological and ultrasound diagnosis. 84 patients (47/37 males/females, mean age:78,57±11,7 Y) with clinical suspicion of pneumonia and with ultrasound findings of peripheral lung lesions, were investigated with CEUS for a better characterization. Final diagnosis of 65 cap was obtained with complete disappearance of symptoms and pulmonary nodule(s); 19 neoplasms: 16 patients performed histologically with bronchoscopy; 3 refused (non-invasive diagnosis with basal CT-scan and positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)). Sensitivity, specificity, overall diagnostic accuracy (ODA) (and corresponding AUROC) of clinical-data (CD), chest X-ray(CXR), Lung-ultrasound(LUS), CEUS were calculated with SPSS 26.0 software. Final diagnosis: 65 CAP, and 19 chest cancers. 9/65 (13%) patients died, of these 7/9 with older age and heart disease as comorbidity. CD: True-Positive (TP):23, True-negative (TN): 17; False-Positive (FP):2; False-negative (FN):42 (sens:35,4% spec:89,5% ODA10%: PPV:92%, NPV:28,8%) (AUROC±SEauc:0,46±0,076); CXR: TP: 36, TN:14; FP:5, FN:29; (sens: 55,4%; spec: 73,7%; ODA: 32%; PPV:87,5%, NPV:32,66%) (AUROC±SEauc:0,645±0,068). US: TP:59; TN: 14; FP:5, FN:6 (sens: 90,8%, spec: 73,7%, ODA: 84,9%, PPV:92,2%, NPV:70%) (AUROC±SEauc:0,9417±0,024); CEUS: TP: 63; TN: 19; FP:0; FN:2 (sens: 96,9%; spec: 100% ODA: 97,5%; PPV: 100%, NPV:90,5%) (AUROC±SEauc:0,98±0,01). Clinical-data and chest X-RAYS are insufficient to obtain a correct diagnosis of CAP in elderly population; US demonstrated a good accuracy to establish CAP, but with a relatively low specificity; in these cases, CEUS is able to give a correct characterization, allowing you to save the need for a chest contrast-enhanced-CT (CECT).

Outcome of Empirical Antibiotic Prescription for the Treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia

Background: The primary cause of illness and death in Bangladesh is community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Many hospitals in Bangladesh lack the resources to perform sputum cultures and sensitivity tests, making it difficult to identify the etiological agent of an infection. As a result, antibiotics are prescribed on a "empirical basis" rather than as part of a specific anti microbial treatment. The optimal antibiotic for treating CAP should be chosen using an empirical approach. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of various empirical antibiotic choices in the management of CAP. Methods: Eighty-two patients with CAP were included in this prospective observational research at a tertiary medical college hospital in Bangladesh. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to choose patients. Chest x-rays confirmed the diagnosis of CAP. The antibiotic was chosen based on clinical experience, which is an empirical method. The majority of patients received a combination antibiotic, whereas the remaining handful received monotherapy. The result served as an evaluation of the empiricism used in selecting the antibiotic. During the research, data were recorded in standardized formats. SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. Results: A total of 82 people were treated, and of them, 62 (or 76%) were men and 20 (or 24%) were women. The average age was 54.4% (9.6%). The round of antibiotics was supposed to last for a week. There were no unwanted medication reactions. No cases of lung abscess or parenchymal damage to the lungs occurred, and only one patient had paraneumonic effusion. Every single person made a full recovery. Conclusion: In many hospitals in Bangladesh, the choice of antibiotic for treating CAP is made on a "empirical" basis. Selecting an appropriate antibiotic requires better sputum culture and sensitivity testing in hospital labs.

Purulent pericarditis and cardiac tamponade in HIV: a case report on a dreaded complication of streptococcus pneumoniae

Introduction and importance: Purulent pericarditis is an uncommon complication of Streptococcus pneumoniae, which commonly occurs in an immunocompromised state such as HIV and can lead to life-threatening complications such as cardiac tamponade and potentially death if untreated. Early identification, pericardiocentesis, and general measures such as antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications can be life-saving. Case presentation: We present a case of a 64-year-old male with HIV who presented with clinical symptoms suggestive of pericarditis. Chest imaging revealed multifocal airspace diseases and moderate pericardial effusion. He had worsening lactic acidosis, and bedside point-of-care ultrasound showed pericardial effusion with features suggestive of cardiac tamponade. His lactic acidosis improved with emergency pericardiocentesis. Blood and pericardial fluid cultures revealed Streptococcus pneumoniae. He was further treated with intravenous antibiotics, colchicine, and ibuprofen. Clinical discussion: Although Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), it has not been cited as the leading cause of pericarditis or pericardial effusion. In immunocompromised patients, it is necessary to consider a broad differential diagnosis as an etiology of acute chest pain, as it may be challenging to differentiate pleuritic and pericarditic chest pain from clinical presentation only. Moreover, infectious etiology of acute pericarditis and pericardial effusion should be considered in this patient population, especially those with HIV. At the same time, it is crucial to promptly identify and treat cardiac tamponade to prevent further deterioration. Conclusion: Our case provides insight into the diagnosis and management of CAP and its potential complication of purulent pericarditis and cardiac tamponade in immunocompromised patients.

The frequency and associated factors of pulmonary fibrosis by the twelfth month after community-acquired pneumonia

Aims: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a term used to describe an acute lung infection that develops outside of a hospital setting. Radiological sequelae may remain in a certain part of these patients that may affect their lives. We aimed to investigate the frequency of sequelae parenchymal lesions and influencing factors in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with CAP. First, patients who were admitted to the chest diseases outpatient clinic for any reason and who were treated with the diagnosis of CAP in the emergency department 12 months ago at the earliest were selected. Among these patients, patients with thorax computed tomography (chest-CT) under the control of the chest diseases outpatient clinic were included in the study. Chest-CT results, demographic data and laboratory data were evaluated. Results: A total of 80 patients, 32 (40%) female and 48 (60%) male, diagnosed with CAP were included. The mean age of our patients was 56.83±13.41 (min-max: 18-71). Twenty-three (28.75%) of the patients did not have pathology in the control chest-CT, while 57 (71.25%) patients had various levels of sequelae changes. Of the sequelae observed in 57 patients, 34 (42.5%) had single linear atelectasis or single band formation or ectasia in a single bronchus, while fibrotic structure was detected in 23 (28.75%). Five (6.25%) patients had pulmonary fibrosis. Age and smoking have a statistically significant effect on the presence of fibrosis in patients with CAP. Conclusion: Mild to severe fibrotic changes were observed in one-third of our patients one year after CAP treatment. In our study, fibrotic changes were found to be highly correlated with age and smoking.

Community-acquired pneumonia in people with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) during the current era of effective antiretroviral therapy: A multi-center retrospective cohort study.

It is unclear if Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection affects the prognosis for community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the current era of effective anti-retroviral therapy. In this multi-center retrospective cohort study of patients admitted for CAP, we compared the in-hospital mortality rate between people with HIV (PWH) and people without HIV. The study included consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of CAP across 31 hospitals in Ontario, Canada from 2015 to 2022. HIV infection was based on discharge diagnoses and anti-retroviral prescription. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Competing risk models were used to describe time to death in hospital or discharge. Potential confounders were balanced using overlap weighting of propensity scores. Of 82,822 patients admitted with CAP, 1,518 (1.8%) patients had a diagnosis of HIV. PWH were more likely to be younger, be male and have less comorbidities. In hospital, 67 (4.4%) PWH and 6,873 (8.5%) people without HIV died. HIV status had an adjusted sub-distribution hazard ratio (sHR) of 1.02 (95% CI 0.80-1.31 P=0.8440) for dying in hospital. Of 1,518 PWH, 440 (29.0%) patients had a diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS diagnosis had an adjusted sHR of 3.04 (95% CI 1.69-5.45 P=0.0002) for dying in hospital compared to HIV without AIDS. People with and without HIV admitted for CAP had a similar in-hospital mortality rate. For PWH, AIDS significantly increased the mortality risk. HIV infection by itself without AIDS should not be considered a poor prognostic factor for CAP.

Incidence of drug-resistant pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia at a safety net hospital.

The 2019 Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline for the management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) emphasizes the need for clinician to understand local epidemiological data to guide selection of appropriate treatment. Currently, the local distribution of causative pathogens and their associated resistance patterns in CAP is unknown. A retrospective observational study was performed of patients admitted to an 870-bed safety net hospital between March 2016 and March 2021 who received a diagnosis of CAP or healthcare-associated pneumonia within the first 48 hours of admission. The primary outcome was the incidence of CAP caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) as determined by comparing the number of satisfactory sputum cultures or blood cultures with these drug-resistant organisms to the total number of reviewed patients. Secondary outcomes studied included risk factors associated with CAP caused by drug-resistant organisms, utilization of broad-spectrum antibiotics, appropriate antibiotic de-escalation within 72 hours, and treatment duration. In this 220-patient cohort, MRSA or PsA was isolated from three sputum cultures and no blood cultures. The local incidence of drug-resistant pathogens among the analyzed sample of CAP patients was 1.4% (n = 3/220). The overall incidence of CAP caused by MRSA or PsA among admitted patients is low at our safety-net county hospital. Future research is needed to identify local risk factors associated with the development of CAP caused by drug-resistant pathogens.IMPORTANCEThis study investigates the incidence of drug-resistant pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa among community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients at a safety net hospital. Understanding local bacteria resistance patterns when treating CAP is essential and supported by evidence-based guidelines. Our findings empower other clinicians to investigate resistance patterns at their own institutions and identify methods to improve antibiotic use. This has the potential to reduce the unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antibiotic agents and combat the development of antibiotic resistance.

The Role of Chest Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Thoracic Tuberculosis

Abstract Introduction There is limited data on the role of chest ultrasound (CUS) in thoracic tuberculosis (TTB). If the diagnostic accuracy of CUS for pulmonary TB (PTB) is similar to that for CUS in diagnosis of pneumonia, CUS could play an important role in diagnosis of PTB in areas without ready access to chest x-ray. Aim of the work This study aimed to describe the diagnostic features and utility of CUS in TTB. Comparing CUS findings in PTB versus community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Patients and methods Consecutive patients presenting with TTB and CAP to Abbasia Chest hospital between May 2019 to April 2020 were enrolled in this cohort study. CT of the chest, CUS, mediastinal ultrasound (US) and abdominal US to detect pericardial effusion were performed. CUS lesion pattern in thoracic TB, pulmonary TB and CAP cases were recorded. Results Sub-pleural nodules (97 patients, 95%), air-bronchograms (79 patients, 77,45%) and sub-pleural consolidations (SPC) (77 patients, 75.49%) were the most frequent features recorded by CUS in TB patients, CUS was able to report; pleural gap (28 patients, 27%), fragmented pleura (35 patients,34%), sub-pleural fluid collection (3 patients, 2.9%), and sub-pleural nodules (97patients, 95%) not detected by CT with P value < 0.05 for all. CUS was not only equal to CT in visualizing air-bronchogram (24 patients, 96%) and pleural effusion (4 patients,100%) in CAP, but also could detect fragmented pleura (12 patients, 48%) and SPC (8 patients, 32%) not detected by CT with P value < 0.05 for all. Conclusion CUS was more accurate than CT chest in diagnosis of TTB and CAP, it can report new patterns (pleural gap, fragmented pleura, sub-pleural fluid collection, SPN and SPC) not detected by CT.

An Examination of Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Antibiotic Treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia

Background: Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is the most common reason for antibiotic treatment in hospitalized adults. Some prior studies have found treatment differences by race/ethnicity but research on the topic is limited, results are mixed, and it is unclear if clinical outcomes are affected. We sought to examine whether guideline-concordant CAP care and patient outcomes varied by race/ethnicity. Methods: Using the Vizient clinical database, we conducted a cross sectional analysis of all hospitalized patients > = 18 years of age with a primary diagnosis of pneumonia (ICD10 codes: J12-J18) from 2018-2021. Univariate and bivariate analyses examined the distribution of demographic, clinical and hospital characteristics across race/ethnicity. The primary outcome was receipt of therapy concordant with ATS/IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline for CAP. Final models included only patients with bacterial pneumonia and examined the relationship between race/ethnicity and guideline-concordant antibiotic treatment. Secondary analysis examined the interaction between race/ethnicity and concordant antibiotic treatment with length of stay >7 days, 30-day hospital readmission, adverse events or complications in separate models. We used hierarchical multivariable regression models accounting for clustering within patients and among patients hospitalized at the same facility. Due to sample size, significance was assessed with an OR > = 1.2 and p≤ 0.05. All analyses used SAS (v.9.4, SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC). Results: There were 1,277,770 admissions with a primary diagnosis of bacterial CAP. Sixty-nine percent of the sample was White, 18% Black, 8% Hispanic, 2% Asian and 3% identified as other. 56% of the sample received concordant care. In adjusted models Black patients had greater odds of overall concordant care (OR 1.22; p 7 days (OR 0.67 p <.0001), complication or adverse event (OR 0.75 p <.0001), but not readmission within 30 days. Conclusion: We observed differences between Black and White patients in the receipt of concordant treatment. Hospital bed size, CMI and region played an important role in both antibiotic treatment decisions and clinical outcomes, indicating that hospital and regional prescribing cultures may play in role in treatment inequities.

Diagnostic Performance of Plasma SP-D, KL-6, and CC16 in Acutely Hospitalised Patients Suspected of Having Community-Acquired Pneumonia-A Diagnostic Accuracy Study.

Community-acquired pneumonia is a common cause of acute hospitalisation. Identifying patients with community-acquired pneumonia among patients suspected of having the disease can be a challenge, which causes unnecessary antibiotic treatment. We investigated whether the circulatory pulmonary injury markers surfactant protein D (SP-D), Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), and Club cell protein 16 (CC16) could help identify patients with community-acquired pneumonia upon acute admission. In this multi-centre diagnostic accuracy study, SP-D, KL-6, and CC16 were quantified in plasma samples from acutely hospitalised patients with provisional diagnoses of community-acquired pneumonia. The area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC) was calculated for each marker against the following outcomes: patients' final diagnoses regarding community-acquired pneumonia assigned by an expert panel, and pneumonic findings on chest CTs. Plasma samples from 339 patients were analysed. The prevalence of community-acquired pneumonia was 63%. AUCs for each marker against both final diagnoses and chest CT diagnoses ranged between 0.50 and 0.56. Thus, SP-D, KL-6, and CC16 demonstrated poor diagnostic performance for community-acquired pneumonia in acutely hospitalised patients. Our findings indicate that the markers cannot readily assist physicians in confirming or ruling out community-acquired pneumonia.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia Diagnosis Following Emergency Department Visits for Respiratory Illness.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is often considered for children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with respiratory symptoms. It is unclear how often children are diagnosed with CAP following an ED visit for respiratory illness. We performed a retrospective case-control study to evaluate 7-day CAP diagnosis among children 3 months to 18 years discharged from the ED with respiratory illness from 2011 to 2021 and who receive care at 4 hospital-affiliated primary care clinics. Logistic regression was performed to assess for predictors of 7-day CAP diagnosis. Seventy-four (0.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.6%, 0.9%) of 10 329 children were diagnosed with CAP within 7 days, and fever at the index visit was associated with increased odds of diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.75-6.28). Community-acquired pneumonia diagnosis after discharge from the ED with respiratory illness is rare, even among children who are febrile at time of initial evaluation.

Community Acquired Pneumonia pada Lansia

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in elderly patients. Establishing a diagnosis of CAP in elderly patients is a challenge for clinicians considering that the symptoms are not always typical and specific. The following is a case report of a 72-year-old woman with a diagnosis of CAP without any previous complaints of shortness of breath. There is an infiltrate on chest X-ray and symptoms of cough, productive sputum, fever, and leukocytosis confirm the diagnosis of CAP in this patient. The patient was given antibiotic levofloxacin 1 x 750 mg until Klebsiella pneumoniae was found in the sputum culture results.

A CASE REPORT ON STENOTROPHOMONAS MALTOPHILIA

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is stated as the Gram-negative bacterium that is often resistant to multiple antibiotics. It is among the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension. In this case, the patient’s pneumonia did not respond to empiric antibiotic treatment with ceftriaxone and azithromycin. However, his symptoms resolved after treatment with levofloxacin. This case report highlights the importance of considering S. maltophilia in the differential diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in patients with underlying medical conditions. Sputum culture with an antibiogram is essential for making the diagnosis and selecting appropriate antibiotic treatment.

Community-acquired pneumonia: use of clinical characteristics of acutely admitted patients for the development of a diagnostic model – a cross-sectional multicentre study

ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of adults with suspected acute community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) on hospitalisation, evaluate their prediction performance for CAP and compare the performance of the...

The diagnostic value of lung ultrasound in children with community-acquired pneumonia

Objective: To investigate the diagnostic value of lung ultrasound in hospitalized children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods: In the cross-sectional study, a total of 422 children with CAP who were hospitalized in the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, from February 2021 to August 2022 and completed lung ultrasound examination within 48 hours after admission were enrolled. The clinical characteristics, lung ultrasound and chest CT were collected. The patients were divided into two groups according to the signs of pneumonia indicated by chest CT, and the signs of lung ultrasound with diagnostic value were screened according to the signs of pneumonia indicated by chest CT by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression. According to severity of the disease, the children were divided into the severe group and the mild group, and the differences of lung ultrasound signs between the two groups were compared. Kruskal-Wallis test, Fisher's exact test was selected for comparison between groups. Random forest classifier wes used to evaluate the value of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of CAP and prediction of severe pneumonia in children. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the prediction effect. Use DeLong test to compare the area under the curve. Results: Among the 422 cases of CAP, there were 258 males and 164 females, and the age of onset was 2.8 (1.3, 4.3) years. The confluent B-line, consolidation and pleural effusion detected by lung ultrasound were 309 cases (73.2%), 232 cases (55.0%) and 16 cases (3.8%), respectively, and the size of consolidation was 3.0 (0, 11.0) mm. One hundred and ten children (26.1%) with CAP completed chest CT. There were 90 cases with signs of pneumonia in chest CT and 20 cases without signs of pneumonia. Lasso was used for feature selection.Lung consolidation (OR=2.46), bilateral lung consolidation (OR=1.16) and confluent B-line (OR=1.34) were the main index. With random forest classifier, the accuracy of models using full variables and Lasso-selected variables were 0.79 (95%CI 0.70-0.86) and 0.79 (95%CI 0.70-0.86), the sensitivity were 0.81 and 0.81, and the specificity were 0.75 and 0.70, and the area under curve were 0.87 (95%CI 0.81-0.94, P<0.001) and 0.84 (95%CI 0.76-0.91, P<0.001), respectively. There were 97 cases in severe group and 325 cases in mild group. Compared with the mild group, the detection rate of consolidation, multiple consolidation, the size of consolidation and the size of consolidation was adjusted by body surface area (consolidation size/body surface area) in severe group were higher (66 cases (68.0%) vs. 166 cases (51.1%), 42 cases (43.3%) vs. 93 cases (28.6%), 8.0 (0, 17.0) vs. 1.0 (0, 9.0) mm, 12.5 (0, 24.6) vs. 2.1 (0, 17.6), χ2=8.59, 9.98, Z=14.40, 12.79, all P<0.05). Using lung ultrasound lung consolidation size and consolidation size/body surface area to predict the severe CAP, the optimal cut-off value were 6.7 mm and 10.2, the accuracy was 0.80 (95%CI 0.75-0.83) and 0.89 (95%CI 0.86-0.92), the sensitivity was 0.99 and 0.99, the specificity was 0.14 and 0.56, respectively, and the area under the curve was 0.66 (95%CI 0.60-0.72, P<0.001) and 0.76 (95%CI 0.70-0.83, P<0.001), respectively. The area under the curve of consolidation size/body surface area was higher than that of consolidation size (Z=5.50, P<0.001). Conclusions: Consolidation and confluent B-line, are important index for lung ultrasound diagnosis of CAP in children. The actual consolidation size adjusted by body surface area is superior to the size of consolidation in predicting severe CAP.

Inappropriate Diagnosis of Pneumonia Among Hospitalized Adults

Little is known about incidence of, risk factors for, and harms associated with inappropriate diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). To characterize inappropriate diagnosis of CAP in hospitalized patients. This prospective cohort study, including medical record review and patient telephone calls, took place across 48 Michigan hospitals. Trained abstractors retrospectively assessed hospitalized patients treated for CAP between July 1, 2017, and March 31, 2020. Patients were eligible for inclusion if they were adults admitted to general care with a discharge diagnostic code of pneumonia who received antibiotics on day 1 or 2 of hospitalization. Data were analyzed from February to December 2023. Inappropriate diagnosis of CAP was defined using a National Quality Forum-endorsed metric as CAP-directed antibiotic therapy in patients with fewer than 2 signs or symptoms of CAP or negative chest imaging. Risk factors for inappropriate diagnosis were assessed and, for those inappropriately diagnosed, 30-day composite outcomes (mortality, readmission, emergency department visit, Clostridioides difficile infection, and antibiotic-associated adverse events) were documented and stratified by full course (>3 days) vs brief (≤3 days) antibiotic treatment using generalized estimating equation models adjusting for confounders and propensity for treatment. Of the 17 290 hospitalized patients treated for CAP, 2079 (12.0%) met criteria for inappropriate diagnosis (median [IQR] age, 71.8 [60.1-82.8] years; 1045 [50.3%] female), of whom 1821 (87.6%) received full antibiotic courses. Compared with patients with CAP, patients inappropriately diagnosed were older (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.08; 95% CI, 1.05-1.11 per decade) and more likely to have dementia (AOR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.55-2.08) or altered mental status on presentation (AOR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.39-2.19). Among those inappropriately diagnosed, 30-day composite outcomes for full vs brief treatment did not differ (25.8% vs 25.6%; AOR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.79-1.23). Full vs brief duration of antibiotic treatment among patients was associated with antibiotic-associated adverse events (31 of 1821 [2.1%] vs 1 of 258 [0.4%]; P = .03). In this cohort study, inappropriate diagnosis of CAP among hospitalized adults was common, particularly among older adults, those with dementia, and those presenting with altered mental status. Full-course antibiotic treatment of those inappropriately diagnosed with CAP may be harmful.

Compendium: Management of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Viral Fever), Involving Its Pathogenesis

The term "Viral Hemorrhagic Fever" (VHF) describes a severe feverish sickness characterized by aberrant vascular control, vascular damage, and hemorrhagic symptoms. Multiple viruses belonging to distinct families are the cause of this illness. The viruses that cause VHF are categorized into seven distinct families according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses' most recent classification: Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Filoviridae, Phenuiviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Arenavidae, and Flaviviridae are the families involved. The concept of virus hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) originated in the 1930s when Soviet researchers were studying hantaviral hemorrhagic fever (HF) with renal dysfunction. Dengue fever/Dengue haemorrhagic fever and Kyasanur forest sickness are the two most common viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) in India that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. The diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CCHF) in India is greatly hampered by the co-occurring symptoms of hemorrhagic fevers such as dengue, Kyasanur forest sickness, Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever, and other illnesses such as leptospirosis, meningococcal infections, and malaria. The pathophysiology, aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, symptoms, and indicators of virus hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are all covered in this review article.

Community-acquired pneumonia in young children living in various climatogeographic zones of the Republic of Dagestan

Introduction. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in early childhood continues to cause significant morbidity and remains one of the most common serious infections in childhood. Each region of the Russian Federation exhibits specific manifestations of CAP morbidity. Knowledge of CAP etiology is crucial for planning therapeutic and preventive measures. &#x0D; Aim. To determine the etiological and immunological features of CAP in early childhood, residing in various climatogeographical zones of the Republic of Dagestan.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The material includes the results of examination and treatment of CAP 204 young children. living in lowland, foothill and mountain climatogeographical zones of the Republic of Dagestan. The selection criterion was the clinical-radiological diagnosis of CAP, using the classification of clinical forms of bronchopulmonary diseases in children.&#x0D; Results. The study revealed a rise in the incidence of respiratory organ diseases, including CAP, among children in the Republic of Dagestan (RD) over the past 5 years. Among infants under one year, the CAP rate was twice as high. The prevalence can be attributed to the climatogeographical conditions of children’s living environments. Streptococcal infection was also observed to predominate in the ethnostructure of CAP in early childhood across all climatogeographical zones. Streptococcus pneumoniae (48.1%) was more frequently isolated in all climatogeographical zones, while Staphylococcus aureus (13.3%) dominated in the mid-mountain zone. In mild pneumonia, cellular immunity components, represented by reduced CD3, CD4, CD25, CD71, react primarily. Disease exacerbation leads to depletion of CD8, CD16, CD20. Severe pneumonia triggers the involvement of humoral immunity, leading to changes in clinical blood analysis — leukocytosis and an increase in mature and immature forms of neutrophils. The levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 in blood serum increase depending on the area of inflammation and the CAP severity. In observed children with focal-draining and segmental CAP, their levels significantly increased. For empirical antibacterial therapy of CAP, recommendations include amoxicillin, protected ampicillins, third-generation cephalosporins, macrolides, and vancomycin in mono- or combination therapy.&#x0D; Conclusion. The conducted research highlights the need for managing ethnological monitoring with antibiotic sensitivity testing of infectious agents causing CAP in children.

Does the Recovery of Respiratory Viruses Impact Pulmonary Function at Baseline and 1-, 6-, and 12-Month Follow-Up in People Living with HIV and Pneumonia?

The frequency of respiratory viruses in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and their impact on lung function remain unclear. We aimed to determine the frequency of respiratory viruses in bronchoalveolar lavage and induced sputum samples in PLHIV and correlate their presence with lung function. A prospective cohort of adults hospitalized in Medellín between September 2016 and December 2018 included three groups: group 1 = people diagnosed with HIV and a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), group 2 = HIV, and group 3 = CAP. People were followed up with at months 1, 6, and 12. Clinical, microbiological, and spirometric data were collected. Respiratory viruses were detected by multiplex RT-PCR. Sixty-five patients were included. At least 1 respiratory virus was identified in 51.9%, 45.1%, and 57.1% of groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Among these, 89% of respiratory viruses were detected with another pathogen, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis (40.7%) and Pneumocystis jirovecii (22.2%). The most frequent respiratory virus was rhinovirus (24/65, 37%). On admission, 30.4% of group 1, 16.6% of group 2, and 50% of group 3 had airflow limitation, with alteration in forced expiratory volume at first second in both groups with pneumonia compared to HIV. Respiratory viruses are frequent in people diagnosed with HIV, generally coexisting with other pathogens. Pulmonary function on admission was affected in patients with pneumonia, improving significantly in the 1st, 6th, and 12th months after CAP onset.

Clinical and Epidemiological Assessment of Children and Adolescents Hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 in the Pre-Amazon Region.

SARS-CoV-2 infection usually presents similarly to other respiratory viral pathogens. Children and adolescents do not present as a group that is highly affected by the disease, having low infection rates. However, limited publications are associated with the findings of pneumonia in pediatric patients with COVID-19. To analyze the clinical and epidemiological aspects of children and adolescents hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 in a pre-Amazon region. A retrospective study, carried out in four public hospitals in São Luís, Brazil where medical records of children and adolescents aged from 0 to 13 years, of both sexes, with clinical diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia were evaluated from March 2020 to March 2021. Almost 40.0% of children were aged between 1 year and 5 years. Of the 128 children who had SARS-CoV-2, 3 are of indigenous ethnicity. Additionally, 78.6% of the children had fever and there was no significant difference between COVID-19 patients and those of other respiratory viruses. Eighteen patients had chronic neurological disease, which is the most common comorbidity observed in patients with coronavirus infection. Ground glass opacity attenuation was observed in 24.8% of children and adolescents with COVID-19. Anemia and increased inflammatory response markers were related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. More than 90.0% of patients admitted to hospital, regardless of etiology, were treated with antibiotics. Eighteen patients died. Pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (PMIS) was diagnosed in 17 patients. SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents is mild, but the condition of patients with PMIS is more serious, with an increase in inflammatory biomarkers which can lead to death. Therefore, rapid diagnosis and differentiation of agents causing respiratory diseases are necessary for better therapeutic decision making, since the results of this study make us question the excessive use of antibiotics without meeting well-defined clinical-epidemiological criteria.