Communication Processing Research Articles

Commercial Wearables for the Management of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) necessitates comprehensive management, addressing complex challenges in social communication, behavioral regulation, and sensory processing, for which wearable technologies offer valuable tools to monitor and support interventions. Therefore, this review explores recent advancements in wearable technology, categorizing devices based on executive function, psychomotor skills, and the behavioral/emotional/sensory domain, highlighting their potential to improve ongoing management and intervention. To ensure rigor and comprehensiveness, the review employs a PRISMA-based methodology. Specifically, literature searches were conducted across diverse databases, focusing on studies published between 2014 and 2024, to identify the most commonly used wearables in ASD research. Notably, 55.45% of the 110 devices analyzed had an undefined FDA status, 23.6% received 510(k) clearance, and only a small percentage were classified as FDA Breakthrough Devices or in the submission process. Additionally, approximately 50% of the devices utilized sensors like ECG, EEG, PPG, and EMG, highlighting their widespread use in real-time physiological monitoring. Our work comprehensively analyzes a wide array of wearable technologies, including emerging and advanced. While these technologies have the potential to transform ASD management through real-time data collection and personalized interventions, improved clinical validation and user-centered design are essential for maximizing their effectiveness and user acceptance.

Learning Languages in the 21st Century: the Digital and Ai Transformation

The article deals with the problem of the learning languages in the 21st century: the digital and AI transformation. The aim of this article is to explore and clarify the transformative impact of digital technologies on foreign language teaching. This article explores the evolution of language learning from classroom-based methods to the incorporation of digital instruments, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Digital tools such as language learning applications, online dictionaries, multimedia resources, and language exchange platforms have made language acquisition more accessible and engaging. AI technologies introduce intelligent tutoring systems, personalized learning experiences, and advanced language processing capabilities, while ICT tools like Learning Management Systems (LMS) and virtual classrooms facilitate effective communication and information processing. The benefits of these advancements are multifaceted, including increased accessibility and flexibility, enhanced engagement and motivation, personalized learning paths, and improved collaboration and communication. However, challenges such as the digital divide, variability in resource quality, data privacy concerns, and the need for continuous teacher training must be addressed. Looking ahead, future trends such as augmented and virtual reality, blockchain technology, AI-driven content creation, IoT integration, and multimodal learning experiences promise to further transform the landscape of language education. These innovations will pave the way for more immersive and interconnected language learning experiences, contributing to a more multilingual global society.

Enhanced Coplanarity and Giant Birefringence in Hydroxypyridinium Nitrate via Hydrogen Bonding between Planar Donors and Planar Acceptors.

Birefringent crystals, which possess optical anisotropy, are important optical components. However, designing and synthesizing birefringent crystals faces the challenge of achieving anisotropic structures, especially coplanar geometries. Herein, we achieve a significant birefringence in an ionic compound (C5H6ON)+(NO3)-, (4-hydroxypyridinium nitrate, 4HPN) by hydrogen bonding between planar donors and planar acceptors. We demonstrate that the interactions between the planar hydrogen bond donor ((C5H6ON)+) and planar hydrogen bond acceptor ((NO3)-) ensure the coplanarity during the crystal packing, generating the desired giant optical anisotropy. On two manually cut crystal chips, we observe a = 0.494 (= 0.593), which is the largest among nitrates, or hydroxypyridinium derivatives. This value already surpasses those of the benchmark crystals, e.g., YVO4 and CaCO3, commonly used in the UV to visible and near IR spectral range. 4HPN also exhibits a strong second harmonic generation response (9.55 × KDP). This strategy offers a promising avenue for the design and development of birefringent crystals with potential applications in optical communication, sensing and signal processing devices.

From Light to Logic: Recent Advances in Optoelectronic Logic Gate

This review delves into the advancements in optoelectronic logic gate (OELG) devices, emphasizing their transformative potential in computational technology through the integration of optical and electronic components. OELGs present significant advantages over traditional electronic logic gates, including enhanced processing speed, bandwidth, and energy efficiency. The evolution of OELG architectures from single‐device, single‐logic systems to more sophisticated multidevice, multilogic, and reconfigurable OELGs is comprehensively explored. Key advancements include the development of materials and device structures enabling multifunctional logic operations and the incorporation of in‐memory functionalities, critical for applications in high‐performance computing and real‐time data processing. This review also addresses the challenges that need to be overcome, such as stability, durability, integration with existing semiconductor technologies, and efficiency. By summarizing current research and proposing future directions, this review aims to guide the ongoing development of next‐generation optoelectronic architectures, poised to redefine the landscape of optical computing, communication, and data processing.

Interlayer excitons diffusion and transport in van der Waals heterostructures

Abstract The assembly of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) in Van der Waals heterostructures yields the formation of spatially separated interlayer excitons (IXs) with large binding energies, long lifetimes, permanent dipole moments and valley-contrasting physics, providing a compelling platform for investigating and engineering spatiotemporal IX propagation with highly tunable dynamics. Further twisting the stacked TMD monolayers can create long-term periodic moiré patterns with spatially modified band structures and varying moiré potentials, featuring tailored traps that can induce strong correlations with density-dependent phase transitions to modulate the exciton transport. The rich exciton landscapes in TMD heterostructures, combined with advancements in valleytronics and twistronics, hold great promise for exploring exciton-integrated circuits base on manipulation of exciton diffusion and transport. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress in understanding IXs and moiré excitons, with a specific focus on emerging exciton diffusion and transport in TMD heterostructures. We put emphasis on spatial manipulation of exciton flux through various methods, encompassing exciton density, dielectric environment, electric field and structure engineering, for precise control. This ability to manipulate exciton diffusion opens up new possibilities for interconverting optical communication and signal processing, paving the way for exciting applications in high-performance optoelectronics, such as excitonic devices, valleytronic transistors and photodetectors. We finally conclude this Review by outlining perspectives and challenges in harnessing IX currents for next-generation optoelectronic applications.

Coherent control of dressing interaction of sequential-doubly-dressed four-wave mixing

Abstract We investigate the coherent control of dressing interaction in four-wave mixing (FWM) in a Y-type four-level atomic system based on the dressed states theory. We study the density matrix equation acted by two dressing fields simultaneously governing FWM signal intensity and the eigenvalues under the dressed state formalism. It is shown that the peak position and intensity of Autler–Townes splitting both originate from the dressing interaction as the detuning of the probe field is scanned. Moreover, it is observed that the interaction could be controlled by the dressing fields. Such flexibly controlled nonlinear signal has potential applications in optical communication and quantum information processing.

Resonance scattering generated by rotating bodies

Abstract The scattering of rotating bodies to a polarized plane wave, including the dielectric cylinder and sphere, is studied. The resonance caused by rotation is emphasized. Numerical results prove that the resonance scattering caused by rotation can be realized in the optical range. It is sensitive to the rotation dimensionless parameter γ. The internal Mie mode corresponding to the electromagnetic field intensity changes with γ, and the resonant mode appears when the particle rotates at a specific speed. Moreover, the resonant mode changes with γ. It causes resonance scattering to appear in the same particle at different speeds. Inside particles, resonant rings are composed of a series of array points and are determined by γ. Under resonance conditions, the energy near the rotating cylinder is consistent with its rotation direction. In contrast, the direction of energy flow in the rotating sphere model is opposite to the direction of particle rotation. This work provides a novel idea for the design of ultra-sensitive sensors and resonators. It has promising applications in optical communication, optical microscopy, and optical signal processing.

Dynamical evolution of a five-level atom interacting with an intensity-dependent coupling regime influenced by a nonlinear Kerr-like medium

We present an analytical solution for a quantum system characterized by a double Λ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\Lambda$$\\end{document} five-level atom interacting with an intensity-dependent coupling regime, influenced by a nonlinear Kerr-like medium. We also derive the constants of motion through Heisenberg’s equations. Furthermore, the dynamical evolution of the entanglement and quantum coherence between the atom and the field is discussed using linear entropy and l1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$l_{1}$$\\end{document}-norm of coherence. Through a comprehensive examination of the quantum system, it is observed that both the detuning and the Kerr-like parameters exert a significant impact on the degree of entanglement and coherence. However, the impacts of detuning and the Kerr effect become less pronounced when the photon multiplicity is high. In addition, we conduct a comparison between the five-level atomic system and a four-level system, revealing that the number of energy levels has a profound impact on the behavior of entanglement and coherence. These findings highlight the importance of atomic structure and photon multiplicity in controlling and optimizing quantum processes, particularly in applications involving quantum communication and information processing.

Phase analysis of biphoton joint spectra by interference between different SPDC sources

In spontaneous parametric down-conversion, the spectral correlations between the signal and the idler are expressed by the joint spectral amplitude (JSA) function. However, in the standard coincidence measurements, the phase information of the JSA is lost, and only the square of the absolute value of the JSA is recorded, thus preventing full characterization of the biphoton state. Here, we present an experimental technique to investigate the interference of biphoton joint spectral amplitudes, unlocking new avenues in quantum photonics research. Our method explores phase-dependent phenomena within entangled biphoton spectra. This is achieved by simultaneously pumping two structured nonlinear photonic crystals and observing their interference, which reveals previously inaccessible effects with direct intensity measurements. We demonstrate the versatility of our technique by analyzing two types of joint spectra: one exhibiting a two-lobe shape and the other a three-lobe shape. Additionally, we reconstruct the joint spectral amplitudes for both scenarios and observe good agreement with theoretical predictions. These results pave the way for developing advanced quantum communication and information processing technologies using biphoton spectra.

Multi-Layered Unsupervised Learning Driven by Signal-to-Noise Ratio-Based Relaying for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network-Supported Intelligent Transport System in eHealth Monitoring.

Every year, about 1.19 million people are killed in traffic accidents; hence, the United Nations has a goal of halving the number of road traffic deaths and injuries by 2030. In line with this objective, technological innovations in telecommunication, particularly brought about by the rise of 5G networks, have contributed to the development of modern Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) systems for communication. A New Radio V2X (NR-V2X) was introduced in the latest Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) releases which allows user devices to exchange information without relying on roadside infrastructures. This, together with Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) and Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), has led to the significantly increased reliability, coverage, and efficiency of vehicular communication networks. The use of artificial intelligence (AI), especially K-means clustering, has been very promising in terms of supporting efficient data exchange in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). K-means is an unsupervised machine learning (ML) technique that groups vehicles located near each other geographically so that they can communicate with one another directly within these clusters while also allowing for inter-cluster communication via cluster heads. This paper proposes a multi-layered VANET-enabled Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) framework powered by unsupervised learning to optimize communication efficiency, scalability, and reliability. By leveraging AI in VANET solutions, the proposed framework aims to address road safety challenges and contribute to global efforts to meet the United Nations' 2030 target. Additionally, this framework's robust communication and data processing capabilities can be extended to eHealth monitoring systems, enabling real-time health data transmission and processing for continuous patient monitoring and timely medical interventions. This paper's contributions include exploring AI-driven approaches for enhanced data interaction, improved safety in VANET-based ITS environments, and potential applications in eHealth monitoring.

Efficient photon-pair generation in layer-poled lithium niobate nanophotonic waveguides

Integrated photon-pair sources are crucial for scalable photonic quantum systems. Thin-film lithium niobate is a promising platform for on-chip photon-pair generation through spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). However, the device implementation faces practical challenges. Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN), despite enabling flexible quasi-phase matching, suffers from poor fabrication reliability and device repeatability, while conventional modal phase matching (MPM) methods yield limited efficiencies due to inadequate mode overlaps. Here, we introduce a layer-poled lithium niobate (LPLN) nanophotonic waveguide for efficient photon-pair generation. It leverages layer-wise polarity inversion through electrical poling to break spatial symmetry and significantly enhance nonlinear interactions for MPM, achieving a notable normalized second-harmonic generation (SHG) conversion efficiency of 4615% W−1cm−2. Through a cascaded SHG and SPDC process, we demonstrate photon-pair generation with a normalized brightness of 3.1 × 106 Hz nm−1 mW−2 in a 3.3 mm long LPLN waveguide, surpassing existing on-chip sources under similar operating configurations. Crucially, our LPLN waveguides offer enhanced fabrication reliability and reduced sensitivity to geometric variations and temperature fluctuations compared to PPLN devices. We expect LPLN to become a promising solution for on-chip nonlinear wavelength conversion and non-classical light generation, with immediate applications in quantum communication, networking, and on-chip photonic quantum information processing.

Generation of sub-100 fs vortices from a Kerr-lens mode-locked Hermite-Gaussian Yb:CALGO oscillator.

Mode-locked oscillators with high-order transverse modes are excellent platforms for generating femtosecond optical vortices with high average power and good propagation stability. These have important applications in diverse fields such as optical communication, strong-field physics, and laser processing. So far, generating vortex pulses with ultrashort pulse duration remains a challenge. In this Letter, we report a Kerr-lens mode-locked Yb:CALGO laser oscillator delivering Hermite-Gaussian (HG) pulses with a pulse duration of 86 fs using a non-collinear pumping technique. 91 fs optical vortex pulses were generated by using a cylindrical-lens mode converter. To the best of our knowledge, this is the shortest pulse duration ever obtained from a diode pumped solid-state mode-locked oscillator with a pure high-order Hermite-Gaussian mode. The phase structures of the generated femtosecond vortices are characterized.

Characteristics study of a dual-wavelength polarization filter based on gold-filled square lattice photonic crystal fiber

This study proposes a polarization filter based on gold-filled photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with a square lattice structure. Utilizing the finite element method (FEM), the filtering characteristics of the model were numerically simulated. The dispersion relation and loss characteristics of this structure were analyzed, and the optimal structural parameters were obtained through structural adjustments. Furthermore, the performance of the filter was evaluated under a 2% variation in manufacturing tolerances for gold film thickness (), air hole spacing (), and air hole diameters () and (). Results indicated that at the 1310 nm and 1550 nm communication windows, the confinement losses of the filter were 1354.6 dB/cm and 869.04 dB/cm, respectively, while the losses for the -polarization were merely 16.97 dB/cm and 0.98 dB/cm. When the filter length was set to 0.5 mm, the maximum extinction ratios (ERs) for the two windows reached 588.2 dB and 370.6 dB, and the filter bandwidth extended to 640 nm. Moreover, the characteristics of the filter under manufacturing tolerances were computed, revealing that the filter’s performance remained stable and feasible despite manufacturing errors. The proposed rectangular gold-coated PCF is anticipated to have broad applications in optical fiber communication and optical information processing.

Fostering Inclusive Virtual Learning Communities in Developing European Countries

Aim. This article investigates how Virtual Collaborative Learning environments can be integrated into university courses and what their implications are so that they promote more meaningful learning. Two pilot courses, which were part of the Erasmus+ CBHE Valeu-X project, Business Communication and Image Processing offered by "Aleksander Moisiu", University Durres, were part of this research. This study focuses on how the designs of VCL can help students improve problem-solving skills, confidence, and communication skills, encourage engagement and social interaction, and inspire creativity. Methods. Qualitative research design was used in this study with data collected and analysed manually by the researcher. The participatory observation was used in the implementation of two pilot courses – Image Processing and Business Communication using Teams as their online learning platform. The data were gathered through the close observation of the dynamics in Virtual Collaborative Learning environments focusing on the roles and interactions between the participants. Results. This research proves that assigning roles to students during online learning group activity helps them collaborate effectively. At the same time, tutors were preferred as they are referred to as helpers among students. Teams were able to study together and socialize with one another by assigning specific tasks to the team members and by using the appropriate tools. Conclusion. Virtual collaborative learning ought to be taught in university courses, particularly in Europe's emerging nations. It involves assigning tasks to group members to foster productivity and cooperation. According to the study's participants, e-tutors play a critical role in the educational process.

Vectorial manipulation of twisted vector vortex optical fields in strongly nonlocal nonlinear media

Abstract We theoretically investigate the propagation properties and vectorial manipulation of twisted vector vortex beams (TVVB) with a cross-phase in a strongly nonlocal nonlinear medium (SNNM). The root mean square beam-width (RMS-BW) and the critical power required to retain the invariant RMS-BM of the TVVB in an SNNM are derived using the coupled nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Numerical calculations reveal novel characteristics of the evolution of the state of polarization (SoP) and the optical intensity distributions during the TVVB propagating in an SNNM. It is found that mode conversions between a Laguerre Gaussian and a Hermite Gaussian mode take place during propagation in an SNNM, and the topological charge of the TVVB can be accurately measured by observing the interference intensity structure in the cross-section. Manipulation of the beam shape, SoP, and rotation of the TVVB is achieved by controlling factors such as the initial power, twisting coefficient, initial beam-width, and topological charge. These findings hold promise for applications in optical micro-manipulation, optical communication, and material processing.

Dual-band topological refractive properties in solid phononic crystals

The lossless transmission of topological edge states and the robustness of defect immunity make topological refractive materials have important application prospects in acoustic communication and integrated acoustic devices. However, most topological refractive materials only have a single operating frequency band, which obviously limits their application in multi-band and multi-function devices. Therefore, a phononic crystal with dual-frequency topological states is designed in this paper, and its dual-topological refractive properties are investigated and discussed. The existence of in-plane bulk elastic wave edge states is demonstrated by calculating the band structure of supercell comprising phononic crystals with different topological phases. Numerical simulations of the constructed acoustic topological waveguide are performed and negative refraction is observed at the low bandgap while zero refraction is observed at the high bandgap. Then, the topological zero refraction is investigated for different incidence angles. The designed dual-band acoustic topological insulator has potential applications in multi-band acoustic communication and acoustic information processing.

English Jokes in Azerbaijani: Not Always on the Same Train

People do not use humour just for the sake of entertainment, it is a part of everyday communication and information processing system. Since it touches many areas of human life, translators will be tasked with translating jokes at the end of the day. However, translating a joke is not a simple task. Maintaining the spirit of jokes requires translator’s proper and special skills. The main purpose of the paper is to identify which kinds of jokes are translatable or untranslatable from English into Azerbaijani. The researchers made an attempt to classify jokes according to their translatability extent and translation difficulties. Theoretical information is supported by practical examples. The study reveals that jokes that present unique perspectives can be easily translated; however, the ones that are based on linguistic ambiguity, namely lexical-semantic, structural-syntactic and phonological ambiguity pose essential difficulties for the translator.

Learning L2 formulaic sequences from meaning-focused activities

Abstract Formulaic language is becoming an increasingly popular topic of investigation in second language acquisition research. As linguistic units that provide language users with many benefits in communication and language processing, formulaic sequences have now taken up a central role in theoretical approaches to SLA theory and L2 pedagogy. This paper provides a review of studies investigating how formulaic sequences are acquired from meaning-focused L2 activities. The article starts by defining formulaic language and discussing the advantages of formulaic sequences for SLA. It then addresses key issues in L2 processing and use of formulaic sequences, before reviewing research into L2 acquisition of formulaic sequences through meaning-focused activities. Finally, the paper identifies some future directions for research on meaning-focused L2 learning of formulaic language.

Mobility-aware parallel offloading and resource allocation scheme for vehicular edge computing

Vehicle edge computing (VEC) enhances the distributed task processing capability within intelligent vehicle-infrastructure cooperative systems (i-VICS) by deploying servers at the network edge. However, the proliferation of onboard sensors and the continual emergence of new applications have exacerbated the inadequacy of wireless spectrum resources and edge server resources, while the high mobility of vehicles reduces reliability in task processing, resulting in increased communication and task processing delays. To address these challenges, we propose a mobile-aware Many-to-Many Parallel (MTMP) offloading scheme that integrates: a) millimeter-wave (mmWave) and cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) to mitigate excessive communication delays; and b) leveraging the underutilized resources of surrounding vehicles and parallel offloading to mitigate excessive task processing delays. To minimize the average completion delay of all tasks, this paper formulates the objective as a min-max optimization problem and solves it using the maximum entropy method (MEM), the Lagrange multiplier method, and an iterative algorithm. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed scheme in comparison with other baseline algorithms. Specifically, our proposal achieves a 47 % reduction in task completion delay under optimal conditions, a 31.3 % increase in task completion rate, and a 30 % decrease in program runtime compared to the worst-performing algorithm.

Improving the creation of SiV centers in diamond via sub-μs pulsed annealing treatment

Silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers in diamond are emerging as promising quantum emitters in applications such as quantum communication and quantum information processing. Here, we demonstrate a sub-μs pulsed annealing treatment that dramatically increases the photoluminescence of SiV centers in diamond. Using a silane-functionalized adamantane precursor and a laser-heated diamond anvil cell, the temperature and energy conditions required to form SiV centers in diamond were mapped out via an optical thermometry system with an accuracy of ±50 K and a 1 μs temporal resolution. Annealing scheme studies reveal that pulsed annealing can obviously minimize the migration of SiV centers out of the diamond lattice, and a 2.5-fold increase in the number of emitting centers was achieved using a series of 200-ns pulses at a 50 kHz repetition rate via acousto-optic modulation. Our study provides a novel pulsed annealing treatment approach to improve the efficiency of the creation of SiV centers in diamond.