Deployment Of Communication Networks Research Articles

Research on the deployment of communication networks in circular areas under field conditions

This paper provides a solution for the deployment of communication nodes for network coverage in a circular area in a field environment. First, considering the overlapping of communication node coverage areas, two deployment methods are proposed, namely the regular hexagonal and the ring deployment methods, based on deployment from the center of the circle outwards and from the circumference of the circle inwards. Then, the number of nodes required for the regular hexagonal deployment method is derived and proved, and the calculation of the minimum number of communication nodes required for the ring deployment method is given. Finally, the optimal selection interval for the communication radius of the nodes is obtained through simulation, and the selection criteria for the two deployment methods are given based on the ratio of the point communication radius to the radius of the operational area.

Reliability Analysis of Next Generation Power Communication Network Based on SDN

To provide basic support of information communication technology for the construction of the next generation power communication network, the reliability service support mechanism of SDN controller in the power communication network deployment scheme is studied in this paper. We analyze the security protection architecture design of power communication network based on SDN, and establish a mathematical model of controller deployment that conforms to the characteristics of power communication. Then, the inter community reliability analysis and backup method is introduced to solve the controller deployment problem in SDN network by optimizing the power of the controller in the community. In the simulation process, the network virtualization and controller are designed in detail. The experimental results show that the SDN controller placement algorithm based on community clustering ensures the reliable operation of the power grid, and it can effectively reduce the service transmission delay and packet loss rate.

Comparative Evaluation of the Performance of ZigBee and LoRa Wireless Networks in Building Environment

ZigBee and LoRa are communication technologies widely used in the application of the Internet of things (IoT), especially in the field of smart building environmental monitoring. The main purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the transmission performance of ZigBee and LoRa wireless communication networks in the building. Through two indicators of packet loss rate (PLR) and round-trip time (RTT), this paper discusses in detail the transmission performance of ZigBee and LoRa technologies in whole buildings under the same working conditions. We set up three experimental scenarios of line-of-sight, horizontal and vertical to evaluate the communication performance of these two networks by changing the baud rate and packet length, and cost and power consumption were considered. Experiments have shown that LoRa networks outperform ZigBee networks in most cases and are the best choice for building communication networks. The experimental results provide basic data support and engineering reference for the application of these two technologies in buildings, especially for the deployment of communication networks throughout buildings. The innovation and contribution of this paper are to discuss the effect of packet length, baud rate, distance, and different locations within a building on the performance of ZigBee and LoRa transmissions, using RTT and PLR as metrics through three experimental scenarios.

Wideband hybrid precoding techniques for THz massive MIMO in 6G indoor network deployment

Terahertz (THz) communication is becoming an up-and-coming technology for the future 6G networks as it offers an ultra-wide bandwidth. Appropriate channel models and precoding techniques are indispensable to support the desired coverage and to resolve the severe path loss in THz signals. Initially, in this work, the Sub-THz channel (140 GHz) response is investigated by using NYUSIM Channel Simulator for 6G indoor office scenario.The major highlight will be on radio propagation mechanisms, which impact the network performnace in the form of path-loss, received power, time delays, azimuth AoD, Azimuth AoA, Elevation AoD, Elevation AoA and RMS delay in LOS environments. Recent hybrid precoding techniques depending upon frequency-independent phase-shifters not able to cope up with the beam split effect in THz massive MIMO systems, where the directional beams will split into various physical directions at various sub-carrier frequencies. The beam split effect will result in a serious array gain loss across the entire bandwidth, which has not been well investigated in THz massive MIMO systems. Therefore, to address this challenge, delay-phase precoding is proposed in this work. We then extensively investigate its diverse number of time delayers, varying number of antenna elements, and comparison with frequency—mmWave and Sub-THz have been discussed. Finally, the proposed delay-phase precoding techniques outperforms the other existing narrowband and wideband precoding techniques. Therefore,it is an effective technique to implement the future 6G indoor communication network deployment.

Mode analysis of atmospheric turbulence mitigation with Multi-Plane Light Conversion

Developing standard and accessible atmospheric turbulence mitigation is of paramount importance to enable laser communication network deployment. Multi-Plane Light Conversion (MPLC) [1]–[3] is proving to be an effective technique to improve coupling efficiency of a perturbated wave-front profile towards a single-mode fiber [4]–[6]. However, to date, experimental studies are restricted to a fixed number of modes. In this work, we numerically and experimentally study performance improvement of the MPLC technique and mode collection compared to direct single mode fiber coupling for several D/r0 ratio, D being the receiver aperture diameter and r0 the Fried parameter. We calculate the coupling efficiency, represented in Fig 1. Collection for SMF only is shown in Fig 1-a while the summation of the 15 first Hermite-Gaussian modes is represented in Fig 1-b. Collection for each mode for D/r0=4 is displayed in Fig 1-c. We demonstrate that 15 modes MPLC appears to be a good compromise between number of modes and complexity of the device. This configuration typically improves the collection efficiency by >7 dB in the case of strong turbulence when D/r0 >4. More important, the minimum collection efficiency that would correspond to a link failure is dramatically increased compared to SMF fiber alone. MPLC thus shows high robustness to turbulence fluctuation.

Study on the adaptability of 5G and wireless private network applied to the protection of medium voltage distribution network

With a large number of grid connected renewable energy power generation brings new challenges to the operation and management of power grid in the future, the deep penetration of distributed energy makes the distribution network from the passive network with unidirectional power flow to the active network with bidirectional power flow, and the protection business of distribution network presents the situational demand of large data volume, high performance and new energy access. This paper makes use of the characteristics of 5G communication network, such as large bandwidth, low time delay and high reliability, to avoid the difficulties of traditional communication network deployment, and makes in-depth research and comparison from two aspects of demand and technology to explore the adaptability of 5G communication and future medium voltage distribution network protection servicebearing.

LED Half-Power Angle Optimization for Ultra-Dense Indoor Visible Light Communication Network Deployment

Due to limited interference range, the advantage of visible light communication (VLC) over wireless fidelity (WiFi) lies more in the unit-area transmission rate rather than the single-link transmission rate. To characterize the achievable transmission rate per unit area, we consider an indoor downlink VLC network with dense attocell configuration for the transmitters with single-color light-emitting diode (LED) and multi-color LEDs, assuming binomial distributed users. We divide each attocell into central region and boundary region, and propose the transmission protocols based on such attocell division. We optimize the LED half-power angle to maximize the mean achievable transmission rate per unit area. More specifically, we investigate the rates of cell-center and cell-boundary users under fairness consideration for the single LED transmitter system. We characterize the mean achievable transmission rate per unit area under the white light constraints in the multiple LEDs transmitter system. The performance of the proposed transmission protocols is evaluated by numerical results.

A comprehensive methodology to evaluate the performance of a cooperative wireless network

Performance evaluation of a cooperative wireless communication network depends on several parameters. Many of the studies, in fact, take a limited number of performance metrics individually to reach a conclusion about the performance of a network. Besides, in general, some performance metrics might be in conflict. Thus, ignoring the combined effect of all performance criteria in the network may lead to an incorrect conception of the overall communication performance of the network. Therefore, in this study, a comprehensive evaluation methodology in terms of various metrics is proposed to calculate the performance of a cooperative wireless communication network deployment using a real terrain map. The proposed methodology, based on desirability functions, is discussed in terms of signal quality, signal quality with hopping, average number of hopping, hopping duty, and deployment altitude. In addition to individual scores for each performance criterion, an overall performance score is also obtained. Furthermore, the effects of the desirability function's ambition factor, terrain characteristics, and connectivity requirement rate on the score are also presented. The simulation results show that the desirability function-based performance evaluation approach could support a flexible evaluation as well as provide an agreement on the conflicting performance metrics.

Network selection criterion for ubiquitous communication provisioning in smart cities for smart energy system

With the expansion of urbanization, energy becomes one of the foremost requirements of a smart city. Low energy consumption, renewable energy, and carbon footprints reduction are prime targets of a smart city. A smart city needs to be energy efficient and technology driven. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) helps to improve system efficiency and creates a way for the end consumer to communicate with utilities and the network service provider. The two-way communication model of a smart grid makes possible reliable, stable and efficient communication between utility and consumer by using ICT. The major issue in smart energy system is the lack of necessary interoperability and integration of communication standards, which hampers the effective deployment of communication networks. In this paper, we present a hierarchical architecture to resolve this issue, which will support smart energy system infrastructure and services in smart cities for provisioning of ubiquitous communication. It consists of two computing zones (fog computing and cloud computing) along with two implementation phases (initial and final). Fog computing will help to offer low latency response to anomalous and hazardous events in real time while reducing a burden on the cloud for computing as well as storage. To provide ubiquitous communication in smart energy system for data acquisition, a network selection algorithm has been proposed. TOPSIS MADM technique is employed for network selection in a heterogeneous environment at HAN/NAN (Bluetooth, Zigbee, Z-Wave, WLAN, LoRaWAN) and WAN (GPRS, UMTS, LTE, and WiMAX) levels of smart energy system's multilayer communication infrastructure. Coverage area, data rate, power consumption and security level attributes are employed for network selection. The results revealed that WLAN performed better in case of HAN/NAN environment, whereas LTE worked best at WAN level.

The conceptual view of unmanned aerial vehicle implementation as a mobile communication node of active data transmission network

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose the basis for the unification of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) group control protocols for the fast deployment of communication network on territories unsuitable for stationary nodes placement.Design/methodology/approachThe paper proposes the application of active data (AD) conception in which the data exist in a form of executable code allowing data packets to control its own propagation through network. The implementation is illustrated for some scenarios of UAV data communication network deployment, i.e., transmission of the AD using navigation functions and dynamic reconfiguration of the nodes.FindingsThe conception of AD expands the range of possible UAV group operations due to on-the-fly adaptation abilities to changes in existing or forthcoming group behavior protocols. This allows the real-time change of data transmission formats, frequency ranges, modulation types, radio network topologies which, in turn, provides the ability to dynamically form the special data transmission networks from a general purpose device temporarily reconfiguring them for data transmission task between transmitter and receiver beyond radio visibility range.Practical implicationsThe paper includes use cases for some situation of UAV data communication network deployment.Originality/valueThe paper aims to expand the UAV group control principles by implementing by rapid adaptation to changes in existing or forthcoming group behavior protocols.

Systematic Effectiveness Assessment Methodology for Fault Current Indicators Deployed in Distribution Systems

Fault Current Indicators (FCIs) with communication interfaces have been widely used in distribution systems to reduce fault-finding time. The effectiveness of a Fault Management System (FMS) composed of FCIs greatly depends on the performance of the communication network deployed by the FCIs and the failure rates of distribution systems. The conventional techniques only focus on the issues of optimal number and location of FCIs or communication network deployment individually; therefore, the effectiveness of an FMS cannot be assessed realistically. A systematic effectiveness assessment methodology for FMS considering the performance of the communication network deployed by the FCIs and the failure rates of distribution systems is vital and is investigated in this paper. A communication evaluation platform is designed in this paper and used to acquire the field measurements of communication parameters. The communication parameters, especially the Packet Success Rate (PSR), between two adjacent FCIs are measured, and the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the PSR can be built accordingly. The effectiveness of the FMS is then assessed by stochastic analysis considering the failure rates of the distribution system and PSR PDFs between two adjacent FCIs. Due to the characteristics of easy installation, maintenance, longer battery life, lower cost, and so on of ZigBee, the ZigBee-based FCI is mainly discussed in this paper. In order to efficiently find the communication route when a fault occurs, a fast communication route tracking method is also proposed in this paper and its feasibility is demonstrated in an actual distribution system. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed systematic effectiveness assessment methodology for an FMS composed of FCIs. The proposed assessment methodology can more realistically react to the actual conditions of the FMS and therefore save on installation time and costs.

Decentralized self-selection of swarm trajectories: from dynamical systems theory to robotic implementation

In this paper, we present a distributed control strategy, enabling agents to converge onto and travel along a consensually selected curve among a class of closed planar curves. Individual agents identify the number of neighbors within a finite circular sensing range and obtain information from their neighbors through local communication. The information is then processed to update the control parameters and force the swarm to converge onto and circulate along the aforementioned planar curve. The proposed mathematical framework is based on stochastic differential equations driven by white Gaussian noise (diffusion processes). Using this framework, there is maximum probability that the swarm dynamics will be driven toward the consensual closed planar curve. In the simplest configuration where a circular consensual curve is obtained, we are able to derive an analytical expression that relates the radius of the circular formation to the agent’s interaction range. Such an intimate relation is also illustrated numerically for more general curves. The agent-based control strategy is then translated into a distributed Braitenberg-inspired one. The proposed robotic control strategy is then validated by numerical simulations and by implementation on an actual robotic swarm. It can be used in applications that involve large numbers of locally interacting agents, such as traffic control, deployment of communication networks in hostile environments, or environmental monitoring.

On utility‐optimised router‐level bandwidth allocation

ABSTRACTKelly's network utility maximisation (NUM) problems and solutions are aimed to maximise the aggregate utility subject to link capacity constraints. They are formulated and solved by using the individual flow rate vector. Because of the architecture of the current networks such as the Internet, the individual flow rates are generally not measurable directly at the routers for the network service provider. However, the aggregate flow rates are more convenient to obtain and to adjust. In this paper, we still study the NUM problems for communication networks but from a router‐level bandwidth allocation standpoint. With the use of the generalised matrix inverse, we propose a general model of utility‐optimised router‐level bandwidth allocation and its solution, where the objective function and the constraints are formulated in terms of the aggregate flow rate vector rather than from the individual flow rate vector as in the usual NUM problem. We find that the new proposed models are equivalent to Kelly's NUM model in the sense that they lead to the same optimum and their solutions satisfy the given routing scheme. We also discuss the special cases where the routing matrix is of full row rank and where there is one single‐hop flow in every link in the network. We suggest a direct application to Internet Protocol‐based virtual private network of the latter case. We present the mathematical models and solution procedures that lead to the utility‐optimised aggregate flow rate vector and further illustrate them by numerical examples. We believe our approach is promising for deployment in communication networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Anonymity notions and techniques for public‐key infrastructures in vehicular networks

AbstractAs vehicular networks approach deployment phases, there is wide recognition for challenges and pressing needs for solutions with respect to the areas of security, privacy, and performance. The requirement of participation in applications such as traffic safety, combined with the intrinsically ad hoc network environment, poses rather novel challenges to the modeling, design, and analysis of security solutions for vehicular networks. One particularly stringent requirement in this area is that of protecting the privacy of vehicle owners (i.e., their anonymity and their vehicle's location unlinkability) during their participation in a vehicular network such as in traffic safety applications. In this paper, we present novel models of concrete anonymity and unlinkability requirements for vehicular networks that can be built using state‐of‐the‐art options for communication network deployment (e.g., road‐side short‐range radio networks and hotspot networks). One key aspect of our modeling consists of recognizing the existence and impact of additional certification authorities managed by vehicle manufacturers. In particular, we consider a simple variant of a previously proposed public‐key infrastructure (PKI) for vehicular networks and present two techniques to augment it so that it provides improved anonymity and unlinkability properties. The resulting vehicular‐network key infrastructures satisfy desirable combinations of anonymity, unlinkability, bad actor detection, and performance requirements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chordless paths through three vertices

Consider the following problem, which we call “Chordless path through three vertices” or C P3 V, for short: Given a simple undirected graph G = ( V , E ) , a positive integer k, and three distinct vertices s, t, and v ∈ V , is there a chordless path of length at most k from s via v to t in G? In a chordless path, no two vertices are connected by an edge that is not in the path. Alternatively, one could say that the subgraph induced by the vertex set of the path in G is the path itself. The problem has arisen in the context of service deployment in communication networks. We resolve the parametric complexity of C P3 V by proving it W [ 1 ] -complete with respect to its natural parameter k. Our reduction extends to a number of related problems about chordless paths and cycles. In particular, deciding on the existence of a single directed chordless ( s , t ) -path in a digraph is also W [ 1 ] -complete with respect to the length of the path.

Deployment of Communication Networks Based on Synthetic Elevation Data

This paper focuses on communication systems in which only the existence of line of sight is required for an acceptable quality of service. A reliable method is presented for minimizing the risks involved in the preliminary study of future deployments by avoiding the use of an analytical description of the environment in which the system is supposed to operate. The results show that statistically generated environments can successfully evaluate the feasibility of future communication systems at regions where no terrain or clutter information is available.

The next 10,000/sub 2/ years. II

For pt.I see ibid., vol.4, p.64-70 (1996). As microprocessor advances begin to level off, communication network deployment will keep accelerating, and software engineering must face the prospect of radical change if it is to keep pace. The paper considers how the intersection of these ascending and descending technologies will propel the high-tech world into a new model of computing by the year 2012. Software is the steam that drives the engines of the Information Age, but clearly it is not keeping up with developments on the hardware side. Historical trends suggest that further progress in programmer productivity and programming-language power over the next 10,0002 years is highly unlikely. With a large percentage of programmers maintaining legacy code, the resources available for innovation are limited. In fact, software innovation will have to come from a five percent fringe of artisans and nontraditional thinkers outside the current programming language and software engineering establishment