Local Area Network Communication Research Articles

A new airfield lighting system network architecture

Airport navigation lights are essential for safe night and adverse weatherflying. Airfield ground lighting (AGL) systems providevisual guidanceduring airport operations. These systems use multiple lamps connected inseries with constant current regulators (CCRs) to provide power. Promptdetection and location of failed lamps are critical to airport efficiency andcost savings. Local area network (LAN) communication facilitates lampmonitoring and control, improving system performance and reducingmaintenance costs. Effective transmission media are critical for systemreliability and efficiency. This article presents a new network architecturefor AGL systems that connects lamps and the control system using a newintelligent module; this architecture combines star and bus topologies in ahybrid intranet network. The obtained results show excellent networkingperformances by means oflatency and throughput. This architectureimproves operational efficiency and reduces maintenance for AGL systems.

Enhancing connectivity/mobility in WBAN applications through detachable wearable multi-band MIMO antenna

The connectivity and mobility of a miniaturized multi-band four-port textile leaky wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna designed on a layer of denim (εr = 1.6, tanδ = 0.006) is enhanced by integrating it with two detachable spiral buttons designed on circular PTFE substrate (εr = 2.1, tanδ = 0.001). The connectivity and mobility enhancement of the proposed antenna is evaluated in terms of radiation and diversity parameters. Nested hexagonal split rings behind the buttons, U-shaped slots on textiles, a comb-shaped neutralization network, and an aperture-coupled feed technique are utilized. The unique structure of the buttons on a rigid substrate and the leaky wave antenna on the textile and their integration, the periodic nested elliptical and circular split ring resonators (CSRRs) slots on the aperture coupled to ground, are to expand the connectivity and mobility of the proposed MIMO antenna by offering multiple bands, higher isolation, broadside radiation, and low specific absorption rate (SAR). The leaky wave and button antennas have dimensions of 40 × 30 × 1 mm3 and a diameter of only 13 mm, respectively. The operational bands are 0.86–2.75 GHz, 2.9–4.85 GHz, 5.75–6.15 GHz, and 8–9.85 GHz, covering the L, C, S, and X bands. Additionally, diversity performance is evaluated by defining the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), Channel Capacity Loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG). The simulation and measurement findings are in good agreement. Following that, it offers a maximum gain of 8.25 dBi, low SAR (<0.05), an ECC below 0.05, DG above 9.85 dB, CCL< 0.25 bits/s/Hz, MEG <−3 dB, Circular polarization (CP), and strong isolation (>22 dB) between every two ports. These features make the proposed antenna an ideal option for MIMO communications and suitable for wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation (5G) communications.

High gain multi-band circularly polarized wearable leaky wave zipper MIMO antenna

A miniaturized, multi-band, four-port wearable Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna is proposed, which contains a leaky wave textile antenna (LWTA) on denim (εr = 1.6, tanδ = 0.006) as substrate and Shieldit Super Fabric as conductor textile. The concept in this work involves incorporating the metal and plastic zipper into the garment to function as an antenna worn on the body. Simulations and measurements have been conducted to explore this idea. The LWTA has dimensions of 40 × 30 × 1 mm³. Every two ports are separated by a zipper with two different kinds of materials: Acetal Polymer Plastic (APP) and 90 % brass to improve the isolation, gain, and Impedance bandwidth. The antenna operates in the frequency ranges covering the L, C, S, and X bands. Additionally, diversity performance is evaluated using the Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG). Simulation and measurement findings agree well, with a maximum gain of 12.15 dBi, low Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) based on the standards, DG greater than 9.65 dB, circular polarization (CP), and strong isolation (<-23 dB) between each port. Since the antenna's characteristics do not change significantly under bending and when the zipper is opened, the proposed antenna is a viable candidate for body-centric wireless communications on the battlefield. For example, it can facilitate communication covering wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation (5G) communications.

Additively Manufactured Stress-strain Dependant Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna for Pressure Sensor Applications

A novel additive-manufactured antenna for stretchable sensor application is designed, simulated and measured. The fully transparent antenna has air as a substrate and a conductive aluminium metal sheet as a patch. The layers are defined with thin Thermo Poly Urethane (TPU) material, as its flexible/stretchable property doesn't disturb the actual property of air. The air substrate is locked within the flexible TPU with a thickness of 200 microns, and the conducting patch is also dimensioned with the 3D printing method. The stretchable antenna is fabricated with 3D printing technology, considered a dielectric medium, and the conducting medium is a conducting aluminium sheet. Re-configurability is achieved with the pressure level applied over the air–substrate antenna. Hence, the minimal change in shape changes the dielectric constant, thus changing the antenna parameter and radiation pattern. The antenna achieves improved size and performance with a gain of 7.2 dB, a directivity of 7.574 dB, a radiation efficiency of 95.67 %, and a 12:509 front-to-back ratio. The fabricated antenna is tested for its resonant characteristics and radiation properties. This reconfigurable antenna can be used for various applications, including Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) communication.

Four Subbands from Dual Mismatched Wideband Bandpass Filter for 5G/WAS/Wi-Fi/WiMAX/WLAN Applications

Based on the simplicity of the design method, this paper presents a new approach for developing matched subbands when splitting two mismatched dual-wideband bandpass filters (BPFs) for the fifth generation (5G), wireless access systems (WAS), wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), wireless local area network (WLAN), radar, and other communication devices. The method’s novelty involves using identical quarter-wavelength resonators terminated by alternated short-and-open stub configurations. Both configurations alternate and describe a perfect symmetry by their location from each other to make the subbands possible in the low-frequency and its harmonic (high-frequency) bandwidths (BW). A stub admittance Y 1 is defined and associated with the mainline section characteristic impedance Z 0 and an operating frequency f 0 . A quality factor Q a p is connected to Y 1 and f 0 to approach the BPF global quality factor Q g initially fixed. The stub characteristic impedance and the mainline one differ, while electric lengths (stub and mainline section) are identical. Using the operating frequency determines physical dimensions, creates harmonic frequencies and the rejected BW, mismatches the main frequency BW, matches the subbands, and creates transmission zero (TZ). Hence, a 28.118-dB stopband that separates the two bandpasses at 9.373 GHz is made. At the same time, the unmatched dual ultrawideband (UWB) covers a large panel of communication systems. The lowest (3.146–5.431) and highest (11.891–14.749) GHz BW exhibit a minimum insertion loss (IL) of 0.656 dB and 3.027 dB. The subbands return losses (RL) are better than 28 dB and 19 dB, respectively, and a flat group delay of 0.205 ns is obtained in the upper band. All subbands adaptation methodology is read from 10 dB of the RL. In that case, the four matched subbands in its lower wideband are 3.327–3.709 GHz and 4.442–5.048 GHz, and in its higher wideband are 11.922–12.486 GHz and 14.281–14.653 GHz. The 2275/2858 MHz is the dual-wideband with a fractional BW 53.282/21.456%. The fabricated prototype has validated the EM-simulations, and Anritsu MS4642B 20 GHz vector network analyzer (VNA) has been used for experimental results by scanning the frequency range 3 GHz–15 GHz. The tested prototype is made with a 1 mm FR4 HTG-175 thickness by considering a dielectric constant of 4.4, and its overall size occupies 22.45 × 5.72 m m 2 ( 0.32 λ 0 × 0.082 λ 0 mm 2 ).

A Coupled-Fed Broadband Dual-Polarized Magnetoelectric Dipole Antenna for WLAN and Sub-6 GHz 5G Communication Applications

This paper presents a novel coupled-fed broadband dual-polarized magnetoelectric dipole antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) and 5G communication applications. The proposed magnetoelectric dipole antenna is composed of a planar electric dipole and shorting pins as a magnetic dipole to obtain a broad operation frequency band. Two coupled microstrip lines perpendicular to each other are coupled through a cross-shaped slot to excite the vertical and horizontal polarizations. The proposed antenna features a simple structure, high gain, and high polarization isolation. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 1.8–4.2 GHz (fractional bandwidth of 80%). The measured realized antenna gain value is 3.7–8.5 dBi, and polarization isolation level is 25 dB at the operation frequency band.

Interventional Teleoperation Protocol that Considers Stair Climbing or Descending of Crawler Robots in Low Bit-rate Communication

In teleoperation of a crawler robot in a disaster-stricken enclosed space, distress of the crawler robot due to communication breakdown is a problem. We present a robot teleoperation system using LoRaWAN as a subcommunication infrastructure to solve this problem. In this system, the crawler robot is operated by teleoperation using a subcommunication infrastructure in a place where a wireless local area network (LAN) communication is possible. In this study, we assume an environment in which the crawler robot must ascend and descend stairs to evacuate to a place where wireless LAN communication is possible. In addition, the disaster-stricken environment is considered as an environment where obstacles are expected to suddenly occur, and the crawler robot has difficulty avoiding obstacles on the stairs. In this paper, we propose a teleoperation communication protocol that considers the risk of sudden appearance of obstacles and confirm its effectiveness using evaluation experiments in a real environment.

DESIGN OF A MICROSTRIP DUAL BAND FRACTAL ANTENNA FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS

Antennas are an essential component of communication systems. They are responsible for transmitting and receiving signals in various frequency ranges, including radio, microwave, and millimeter-wave frequencies. Antenna design is critical to ensuring optimal performance, high efficiency, and robustness of a communication system. The Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) has established the IEEE 802.11 protocol for coordinating the implementation of computer communications in wireless local area networks (WLAN). The antennas in this protocol should be designed to function at certain operating frequencies including 2.4, 5, 6, and 60 GHz. Although the channels that could be used in WLANs are specified by IEEE 802.11, the availability of the allowed radio frequency spectra is determined by the regulatory domain. In this paper, a proposed design and the implementation of a dual band microstrip fractal antenna for WLANs is presented. The proposed antenna has dual bands with center frequencies of 2.45 and 5.8 GHz according to the IEEE 802.11 standards. The antenna design relies on a Minkowski pattern and is implemented using photoetching. The simulation and measurement results of the radiation pattern, impedance, voltage standing wave ratio, return loss, bandwidth, gain, and polarization were obtained, analyzed, and compared to the standard specifications.

An Online Approach to Covert Attack Detection and Identification in Power Systems

The development of information technology and digital control systems has posed an inevitable trend of interconnectivity and wirelessness of data communications in power systems. As a result, the cybersecurity of power systems has been raising concerns over the past decades. Yet the complexity of power systems and their conventional designs with local and wide area network communications has posed increasing vulnerability to cyberattacks. Among the types of cyberattacks, data integrity attacks can be more harmful to power systems, especially power transmission systems, through malicious manipulation of measurement and control data to cause damage to the physical system. As the sophistication of cyberattacks increases, certain cyberattacks can successfully bypass traditional intrusion detection systems, which calls for better design of detection schemes. On the other hand, in a large-scale network, attack identification for a power system is as important as attack detection. In this paper, we develop an online approach based on the Sparse Group Lasso to detect and identify the location of a typical type of data integrity attack named <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">covert attacks</i> on power transmission systems. We provide the theoretical foundation of the proposed method with a simplified linear system model and extend the method to nonlinear systems. We validate the performance of our method on both linear and nonlinear system settings with a comprehensive numerical study.

Performance Analysis of 1x4 RMPA Array using Step Cut and DGS Techniques with Different Feed Techniques for LTE, Wi-Fi, WLAN and Military Communications

This paper presents four different models of 1x4 antenna arrays excited by quarter wave transformer and mitered bend feeding techniques. These four antennae were designed and developed to examine the various radiation performance characteristics. The Ansys HFSS tool was used to simulate the four antenna models over the frequency range (1-5GHz). The simulation results were compared to identify the optimized design model. Both types of 1X4 arrays with mitered bend feed network showed better results than quarter wave transformer and were resonating at 2.4, 3.6, 4.5 and 4.7 GHz frequencies with a maximum gain of 13.118dB. The proposed antennae are suitable for Wi-Fi, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and military communication applications. The optimized four 1x4 array models were fabricated and tested using Vector Network Analyzer E507C. The measured results had good matching with the numerical values of the simulation results.

Textile Via-Loaded Bandwidth-Enhanced Half-Mode Substrate-Integrated Cavity Antenna for WLAN Communications

A textile via-loaded bandwidth-enhanced half-mode substrate-integrated cavity (HMSIC) antenna is presented in this article for wireless local area network (WLAN) communications. A strategy for adding shorting vias within the cavity is proposed based on the simulated <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${E}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -field distributions of different modes of the HMSIC antenna. More specifically, the number and positions of vias are studied for maximum shift of lower resonance ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rm TM_{1,1,0}^{HM}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode) so that it merges with higher resonance (rotated <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rm TM_{2,2,0}^{HM}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mode) to achieve a wide 10 dB return loss impedance band. Two prototypes of the designed structure are realized using textile manufacture techniques. A first realization uses embroidered sidewalls to create the cavity and metallic rivets for the shorting vias, and a second prototype uses embroidered vias and a stripline feed. The proposed antenna can operate from 5.09 to 5.9 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 14.7% according to measurements. The simulated radiation efficiency is above 95% in free space and 82% when worn on the human body in the 5 GHz WLAN band (5.15–5.825 GHz).

A Double-Layer Patch Antenna for 5-6 GHz Wireless Communication.

This paper proposes a compact double-layer microstrip patch antenna with a wide bandwidth of 4.83–6.1 GHz and a gain reaching 4.7 dBi. By folding its mirror image through the electric field symmetry principle of the microstrip antenna, its electrical properties are maintained, and the physical size is halved to the compact size of only 25 × 40 mm2. The proposed antenna has the radiation characteristics of a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA), which can generate the first resonant frequency and realize omnidirectional radiation characteristics. By coupling and feeding the upper patch, the second resonant frequency of the proposed antenna is produced and the directional radiation characteristics of the microstrip patch antenna can be achieved. The consistency of the results between the simulation and test indicates that the proposed antenna design is an ideal potential choice for home wireless local area network (WLAN) communication.

Smart Grazing in Tibetan Plateau: Development of a Ground-Air-Space Integrated Low-Cost Internet of Things System for Yak Monitoring

This paper analyzes the present situation and difficulties of yak breeding in the “Three Needy Autonomous Regions” of Sichuan Province, integrating the specific natural environments of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Research work focuses on the requirements of no network conditions, large-scale application, and ultralow use cost. We propose a smart grazing IoT system, in which collars and ear-tags are designed to collect the positions and physiological signs of yaks, BeiDou Satellite-Base Stations (BDS-BSs) are designed to build local area network and ultralong-distance communication, and what is more, UAV is designed to expand the communication range to hundreds of kilometers. According to the actual needs of grazing monitoring, we propose an effective data reduction method, so that BeiDou Satellite (BDS) short-message technology can be applied to the IoT communication with high efficiency and low cost. The author carried out a significant number of experiments and verification: (1) collar realized positioning and physiological signs collecting of yaks. (2) The local area network (LAN) scheme based on LoRa built a stable communication distance of more than 3 km. (3) Ultralong-distance communication scheme based on BDS short-message technology effectively solved the problem of no network and got excellent zero additional use cost. (4) A plateau mountainous grazing UAV is designed and developed to expand the communication range.

Intelligent Light Control System Based on Zigbee.

This system uses Freescale i.MX283 chip as the main control core of the control panel and LPC824 as the main control core of the light control point. ZigBee communication local area network is built. The ZigBee network is used to search all the nodes and display them on the control interface stably. The controller can selectively control the node and communicate with ZigBee. It supports simple and convenient human-computer interaction interface. The control panel can control RGB lamps of lamp control nodes as follows: control the light on and off, adjust the brightness of the light, toggle the color of the light, control the gradient of the light, control the flashing of RGB lamp, control timing switch of RGB lamp, realize the scene effect of the light, etc. After testing, the system is stable and applied to many lighting control occasions.

Compact Substrate Integrated Waveguide Filtering Antennas: A Review

In recent years, with the rapid development of integrated circuits, the filtering antenna (FA) circuit of the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) has attracted widespread attention in wireless communications. Numerous structures have been proposed to improve the performance of SIW FA. Hence, this paper presents the development and miniaturization trend of the SIW FA, and briefly introduces the structure and historical development of the SIW FA. In terms of the mode, multi-mode cavities and incomplete mode cavities are constructed. Multi-layer structures, special structures and the slow-wave technology are constructed in physical structure. Several methods and design examples of the SIW FA miniaturization are introduced from these two aspects. Based on the combination of the filter and antenna, the FA remains the advantages of the SIW structure, mainly including small size, low insertion loss, high quality-factors, and easy integration in planar radio frequency components. Therefore, it can further reduce the circuit, allowing SIW FAs to be applied in many aspects such as the 5G (5th generation mobile communication technology) and wireless local area network communications.

A Full Lifecycle Authentication Scheme for Large-scale Smart IoT Applications

The rapid development of IoT (Internet of Things) brings great convenience to people through the utilization of IoT applications, but also brings huge security challenges. Existing IoT security breaches show that many IoT devices have authentication flaws. Although many IoT authentication schemes were proposed, they are not applicable to recent smart IoT applications covering IoT device, back-end sever, and user-end mobile applications. To build the first line of defense for trending IoT systems, this paper proposes a new authentication scheme. The proposed scheme first models the entire life cycle of the IoT device for real-world scenarios of smart IoT systems, which contains factory manufacturing, daily usage, and system resetting. For each stage in the life cycle, the proposed scheme employs efficient symmetric key mechanisms to achieve the authentication between IoT device, back-end server, and mobile application. The proposed scheme supports both server-free local area network communication and sever-involved remote public area communication. Formal security verification shows that the proposed scheme resists existing attacks. The open-source experimental evaluations also show that the proposed scheme is efficient and promising for practical usage.

An Immunity Estimation Technique for In-Vehicle CAN-FD

It is a well-known fact that a lot of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) and high-speed communication Local Area Networks (LANs) are necessary for Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS). Original equipment manufacturers (OEM) are interested in introducing Controller Area Network with Flexible Data Rate (CAN-FD) on vehicles for its high data rate and low data rate arbitration phase. Meanwhile, ensuring immunity performance is one of the main issues in the CAN-FD using differential signals. We previously reported a method to define a criterion for the immunity performance based on Sdc11 of 100 Mbps Ethernet ECU using differential signals. We also examined the definition of mode conversion S-parameter for CAN-FD. Based on them, in this paper, we propose a CAN-FD Transceiver ICs’ immunity evaluation method to be used for IC selection.

Liquid reconfigurable stealth window constructed by a metamaterial absorber

In this paper, a liquid reconfigurable stealth window constructed by a metamaterial absorber at the microwave band is proposed. The stealth window consists of an anti-reflection glass with indium tin oxide (ITO) as resistive film and a liquid container made of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Since the materials constituting the window are all optically transparent, the metamaterials that can be switched through the liquid control system can always maintain high light transmission. The proposal can obtain a transmission passband from 2.3 GHz to 5 GHz with low insertion loss, especially at 2.45 GHz and 5 GHz with the insertion loss of the passband reaching 0.51 dB and 0.99 dB, by water with 75% ethanol drainage. It can also reflect electromagnetic waves at 2.45 GHz and absorb them from 4.5 GHz to 10.5 GHz with a strong absorptivity over 90% by ethanol injection, exhibiting the reconfigurable electromagnetic characteristic of switching between the transmission state and absorption state. Furthermore, the proposed absorber shows its good transmission/absorption performance. Under the condition of ethanol filling, when electromagnetic waves are incident obliquely at 50°, the absorption rate still exceeds 80%. Finally, the prototype window has been fabricated to demonstrate the validity of the proposed structure, which indicates that the proposal presents significant implications for smart stealth systems and wireless local area network (WLAN) communication that require switching of working states in a complex electromagnetic environment.

A low‐profile dual‐band multimode patch antenna for wireless local area network and cellular vehicle‐to‐everything communications

In this article, a low-profile dual-band patch antenna for vehicle communication is proposed. With two sets of shorting vias on the hexagonal-shaped patch at different positions and single feed at the center, three different resonant modes are excited, forming two operating bands with omnidirectional and conical beam radiation respectively. The omnidirectional radiation at 2.45 GHz is used for wireless local area network (WLAN) communication while the conical beam radiation is used for cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication. The proposed antenna is fabricated using the printed circuit technique. Both the measured reflection coefficient and radiation pattern match well with the simulations. With the advantage of low profile, dual-band, and dual radiation characteristics, the antenna owns a good potential to be used in vehicle communications.

A Low Spur and Low Jitter Quadrature LO-Generator Using CML Inductive Peaking Technique for WLAN Transceiver

The demand for a local oscillator (LO) signal of high quality and integrity in local area network (WLAN) communication is growing with the increasing date rate. The LO signals for high data rate WLAN applications are desired to not only have proper shape waveforms and adequate voltage amplitude but also to achieve relatively stable and clean outputs with low phase noise and low spur. Fractional-N frequency planning is critical for a quadrature LO-generator, which is achieved by a single-sideband (SSB) mixer and multiple dividers since it can avoid the frequency pulling and alleviate the self-mixing and DC offset issues, while spur levels are easily increased due to harmonic mixing, imbalance, and leakage of the SSB mixer. This article proposes a simple and innovative quadrature LO-generator, which adopts a current-mode-logic (CML) inductive peaking (IP) circuit to improve phase noise and suppress spurious tones. Four types of LO delivery methods using IP circuits are proposed and compared. Among four methods, the CML-IP circuit presents the optimum performance for driving long wires of multi-mm length. Instead of previous digital spur cancellation, the CML-IP circuit achieves higher spur suppression, lower jitter, and a greater figure of merit (FoM). The quadrature LO-generator can be configured to either VCO mode or bypass mode supporting external VCO input. Implemented in 55 nm CMOS technology, the proposed quadrature LO-generator achieves −52.6 dBc spur suppression, −142 dBc/Hz phase noise at 1 MHz offset at the 4.8 GHz frequency, and −271 FoM. Furthermore, the quadrature LO-generator occupies an active area of 0.178 mm2 and consumes 23.86 mW.