Communal Motives Research Articles

The Criminological Analysis of Communal Motives on Corrective Rape in African Communities: A Case Study of Pietermaritzburg, Kwa-Zulu Natal

Corrective rape can be defined as a hate crime that entails the rape of any member of a group that does not conform to gender or sexual orientation norms, where the motive of the perpetrator is to “correct” the individual, fundamentally combining gender-based violence and homophobic violence. In South Africa, this type of discriminatory act is more common in rural townships, where women have less independence, education and support systems in place. It is estimated that at least 500 lesbians yearly are victims of corrective rape in South Africa; however, these statistics stand to be inaccurate as societal homophobia keeps many from reporting the crime. This study was completed to ascertain the role of communal motives in corrective rape in African communities, studying the community of Pietermaritzburg which is a city situated in Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN). A qualitative study was adopted which aimed to analyse and establish the communal motives of African communities in normalizing the practice of corrective rape as a cure to convert homosexuals into heterosexuals. The study took place in the gay–lesbian network centre in Pietermaritzburg where data were gathered from the LGBTIAQ community. The objectives of the study were to assess the nature of the crime, to assess the influence of culture on the normalization of corrective rape as a cure for same-sex sexual attractions, to determine the effects of corrective rape on the LGBTI community, to establish the causes of corrective rape in the community and to determine if the rural community is enlightened about the rights of the LGBTIAQ community. The study also makes use of theoretical framework, including the victim precipitation theory, lifestyle exposure theory and social learning theory to explain and argue the research problem.

A multilevel investigation of the impact of error management culture on restaurant employee voice

PurposeThis study aims to examine the relation between error management culture and restaurant employee promotive and prohibitive voices. Drawing on socially desirable responding theory, the authors also propose a dual-mediation mechanism underlying the impact of error management culture on employee voice: psychological empowerment, as the agentic motive, and psychological safety, as the communal motive.Design/methodology/approachThe authors recruited 223 participants working in 37 restaurants in China for the two-wave surveys with a one-week interval. The authors use a multilevel modeling paradigm to test the study hypotheses.FindingsThis research examines a multilevel model suggesting that error management culture can boost employee promotive voice and prohibitive voice via the mechanisms of psychological safety and empowerment. In addition, the results suggest that psychological empowerment (vs psychological safety) has a strong mediation effect between error management culture and promotive voice, but the authors find no difference in mediating effects between error management culture and prohibitive voice.Practical implicationsRestaurants can encourage employee voice by developing and maintaining an error management culture. Organizations can also consider motivating employees from both agentic and communal perspectives. Moreover, managers should focus more on empowering employees in areas characterized by Confucianism or collectivism.Originality/valueThe current research adds to the voice literature by identifying an organizational cultural antecedent of employee voice–error management culture. Agentic and communal motives are two motivational paths of employee voice. It also extends the social desirability theory by highlighting the role of the agentic motive in the Chinese restaurant context.

Interpersonal Complementarity and Affect in Daily Life.

The current study examines the associations between interpersonal complementarity and affective reactions during social interactions in daily life, as well as contextual moderators of these associations. This research aims to understand how satisfaction/frustration of interpersonal motives (operationalized as interpersonal complementarity) impacts affect, using Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory as a guiding framework. Participants (N = 227) rated actor and partner agency and communion in interpersonal interactions in 6 prompted surveys per day for 21 days. Results suggested that communal and agentic complementarity was associated with more positive affect valence, though this association was stronger for communal complementarity. Additionally, agentic complementarity impacted affect in cold interactions, while communal complementarity impacted affect in warm interactions, indicating that there are potentially more agentic motives driving cold interactions and communal motives driving warm interactions. An increase in communal complementarity was associated with an increase in affect arousal, while an increase in agentic complementarity was associated with a decrease in affect arousal, indicating affect arousal may communicate something other than satisfaction/frustration of motives. The moderating role of type of interaction partner was also explored. Overall, the results of this study support fundamental assumptions of Contemporary Integrative Interpersonal Theory.

A clinically useful model of psychopathology must account for interpersonal dynamics.

A clinically useful model of psychopathology must account for interpersonal dynamics.

A network centrality bias: Central individuals in workplace networks have more supportive coworkers

Combining the results of two empirical studies, we investigate the role of alters’ motivation in explaining change in ego’s network position over time. People high in communal motives, who are prone to supportive and altruistic behavior in their interactions with others as a way to gain social acceptance, prefer to establish ties with co-workers occupying central positions in organizational social networks. This effect results in a systematic network centrality bias: The personal network of central individuals (individuals with many incoming ties from colleagues) is more likely to contain more supportive and altruistic people than the personal network of individuals who are less central (individuals with fewer incoming ties). This result opens the door to the possibility that the effects of centrality so frequently documented in empirical studies may be due, at least in part, to characteristics of the alters in an ego’s personal community, rather than to egos themselves. Our findings invite further empirical research on how alters’ motives affect the returns that people can reap from their personal networks in organizations.

Leadership Potential is in the Eye of the Beholder: The Role of Networking Behavior and Motives

When identifying potential leaders, observers interpret the behavior of others, attribute motives to the observed behavior, and make judgements about their leadership potential. Drawing on previous literature connecting leadership emergence and networking, we focus on observed networking behavior, we posit that individuals’ networking behavior is particularly relevant to others’ assessments of their leadership potential. The existing literature views networking behavior as connected to agentic motives (i.e., people engaging in networking behavior for personal achievement and advancement), and also positions agency as a prerequisite for “good leadership.” This premium placed on agency neglects a contemporary shift in leadership where relational, more communal leaders are increasingly desired and expected. We test this line of reasoning by demonstrating that the communal aspects of networking and leadership drive the connection between networking behavior and the motives ascribed to that behavior. Through four empirical studies (total n = 972) we find that networking behavior is generally attributed both agentic and communal motives (Study 1), but that attributed communal motives, more so than agentic motives, are important predictors of individuals’ leadership potential in the eyes of observers (Study 2a; Study 2b; Study 3).

Associations between the implicit needs for affiliation and power and identity development in a sample of Zambian adolescents

ABSTRACT Research indicates that identity development is impacted by implicit motives. Because research in non-Western cultures is scarce, a sample from Zambia is examined; moreover, because previous research has exclusively focused on communal motives (n Affiliation), agentic motives (n Power) are taken into account additionally. We hypothesized that implicit motives relate to identity development only when adolescents report positive parenting experiences. Adolescents (N = 407) provided information on implicit motives, perceived parenting quality, and identity in interpersonal and ideological domains. Results indicate that adolescents with positive parenting experiences make more motive-congruent identity commitments and reconsider them less (at least in the interpersonal domain). Findings open up new questions about the universality of the influence of implicit motives on identity development.

Sexual destiny and growth beliefs, yuan beliefs, approach sexual motives, and sexual communication in Chinese heterosexual adults

The current research examined the relationships between sexual implicit (destiny and growth) beliefs and yuan beliefs. This research also examined the association between sexual implicit beliefs and sexual communication satisfaction through the mediating role of sexual communal motives and motivation to express emotional value for a partner during sex. Results showed that sexual destiny and growth beliefs were positively related to yuan beliefs. Sexual destiny and growth beliefs were also associated with sexual communication satisfaction through the mediating effects of sexual communal motives and the motivation to express emotional value for a partner during sex. Specifically, high levels of sexual destiny and growth beliefs were associated with high levels of motivation to fulfill a partner’s sexual needs and high levels of inclination to emphasize/express emotional value for a partner during sex; these were also associated with high levels of sexual communication satisfaction. The findings suggest that sexual implicit beliefs may overlap with yuan beliefs, and sexual implicit beliefs and approach sexual motives are important for sexual communication in romantic relationships.

Communal Motives Towards Parents and Perceived Self-Parent Agreement

Associations have been found between communal motives to feel warmly connected with others and perceiving similarities between self and others, presumably because perceived self-other similarity helps satisfy those motives. The current research examined the phenomenon in a novel and consequential context: Young adults’ perceived self-parent agreement regarding the values or preferences the young adult should prioritize in making life decisions. First, we describe an unregistered study in which 2,071 undergraduates from eight countries reported the qualities (e.g., attractive, outspoken) they prioritized when evaluating a potential spouse and the qualities they believed their parents would want them to prioritize. Second, we describe a registered study in which 1,141 undergraduates from five countries reported their basic values (e.g., security, hedonism) and the values they believed their parents would want them to prioritize. As hypothesized, stronger communal motives towards parents predicted greater self-parent agreement (regardless of the order in which students completed the measures). We also introduce a method for differentiating sources of individual differences in perceived agreement reflecting covariation between normative (average) and/or distinctive (non-normative) components of participants’ profiles of self- and other-ratings. Analyzing these distinct components of agreement suggested that communal motives were associated more strongly with students projecting their values onto their parents than with students introjecting parents’ values onto themselves, although both mechanisms—projection and introjection—likely played a role.

Is an Appeal Enough? The Limited Impact of Financial, Environmental, and Communal Appeals in Promoting Involvement in Community Environmental Initiatives

Community environmental initiatives are set up by community members to promote pro-environmental behaviours in their community. Community members involved in these initiatives are likely to behave more pro-environmentally. Yet, the question remains how to get community members involved. Previous findings suggest stronger environmental and communal, but not financial, motives promote people’s involvement in community environmental initiatives. The present paper examines whether appeals to such environmental or communal motives can promote involvement more than appeals to financial motives or no appeals. Three experimental studies revealed that environmental and communal appeals did not promote initiative involvement more than financial appeals or no appeals. Moreover, a combined environmental and communal appeal was not more effective than single appeals. Furthermore, in a field study examining 167 existing community energy initiatives, we found no relationship between the emphasis in flyers on financial, environmental, and communal benefits of initiative involvement and the proportion of community members involved in these initiatives. These findings suggest appeals may not be enough to promote initiative involvement. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Perception of communal motives in couples: Accuracy, bias, and their associations with relationship length

Can romantic partners accurately perceive each other’s communal motives, or are these perceptions biased by their own motivational hopes and fears? This study used data from N = 1,905 partnered participants to examine the extent to which partner perceptions of communal motives correspond to targets’ (accuracy) and perceivers’ (motivational bias) explicit and implicit communal motives. Our results indicate that explicit communal motives and implicit communal approach motives can be (a) accurately inferred and (b) positively bias communal motive perception. Furthermore, there was no evidence for moderation of either accuracy or motivational bias by relationship length. These findings point to the early visibility of both implicit and explicit motives in couples, as well as their persistent biasing effects on partner perception.

Truth and Wishful Thinking: How Interindividual Differences in Communal Motives Manifest in Momentary Partner Perceptions

Although rooted in reality, partner perceptions often reflect wishful thinking due to perceivers’ needs. Dispositional needs, or motives, can differ between persons; however, little is known about their differential associations with everyday partner perception. The present study used data from a 4–week experience sampling study ( N = up to 60942 surveys from 510 individuals nested in 259 couples) to examine the effects of perceivers’ partner–related implicit and explicit communal motives on the perception of (i) global communal partner behaviour and (ii) specific communal and uncommunal partner behaviours. The results of truth and bias models of judgement and quasi–signal detection analyses indicate that strong implicit communal approach motives and strong explicit communal motives are associated with the tendency to overestimate the partner's communal behaviour. Additionally, strong implicit communal approach motives were associated with the tendency to avoid perceptions of uncommunal partner behaviour. Neither implicit nor explicit communal motives had an effect on accuracy in the perception of particularly communal partner behaviour. The results highlight the relevance of both implicit and explicit communal motives for momentary partner perceptions and emphasise the benefits of dyadic microlongitudinal designs for a better understanding of the mechanisms through which individual differences manifest in couples’ everyday lives. © 2019 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

In it for the money, the environment, or the community? Motives for being involved in community energy initiatives

Community energy initiatives can foster a sustainable energy transition by promoting sustainable energy behaviour in the communities in which they are embedded. This raises the question of what motivates people to become involved in these initiatives. We investigated the importance of financial, environmental, and communal motives for initiative involvement. We propose that communal motives (i.e., being involved in one’s local community) may be related to initiative involvement, as community energy initiatives not only aim to promote sustainable energy behaviour but also enable people to be involved in their community. Across three studies, respondents rated financial and environmental motives as more important than communal motives for their involvement in community energy initiatives. Yet, environmental and communal motives were uniquely related to initiative involvement, while financial motives were not. The discrepancy between which motives people rate as important and which motives actually relate to their initiative involvement suggests that financial motives are an overrated motive, while communal motives are an underrated motive for involvement in community energy initiatives. Our results suggest that targeting communal motives may be an additional way to enhance involvement in community energy initiatives and foster sustainable behaviour among people, who may not otherwise be interested in environmental protection.

ARAH PEMBAHARUAN HUKUM NASIONAL DALAM MENGHADAPI ERA REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 4.0

Indonesia has some varieties of ethnic groups that are rich in diversity of intellectual property, there are so many products produced by society. The society creations especially created by the community are assorted, one of them is Paoman Batik. Thre are two kinds of Paoman Batik, those are contemporary and traditional, which is distinguished by its motives, processes, creators. The Paoman Traditional Batik is well-known to the public than contemporary. This research has supported the creators or copyright holders to get higher benefits, both the benefits of moral and economic rights. The main problem is, first, is the current intellectual property rights regime able to provide the foundation for the protection of Paoman Traditional Batik? Second, is the UNESCO's determination that stated if batik is a world heritage, non-object from Indonesia, can be used as the foundation to charge the economic rights of Paoman Traditional Batik? Third, is it possible for Traditional Batik, including Paoman Traditional Batik, to be carried out through other regimes, in addition to the intellectual property regime? Fourth, how is the effect of Paoman Traditional Batik Registered at the Directorate General of Intellectual Property of Indonesia on the Progress of Indramayu society?
 The research method used is descriptive specification, by using juridical empirical approach, which focus on secondary research consisting of legal materials, both primary, secondary and tertiary. However it is supported by primary data generated from field research through in-depth interview and survey techniques. The analysis used is descriptive analysis.
 The results of the study show that intellectual property rights that is copyright cannot be made as the foundation of protection against the creation of society that have traditional and communal motives, including the Paoman Tradsional Batik. The establishment of Batik by UNESCO as a non-object world heritage from Indonesia has increased the moral rights of Indonesia, but it also cannot be established as the foundation for restoring economic rights when there is a misappropriation. Another alternative to intellectual property is through the Sui Generis regime, which specifically addresses the protection of community rights, including intellectual property rights.

Generativity and Positive Emotion in Older Adults: Mediation of Achievement and Altruism Goal Attainment Across Three Cultures

Generativity, the concern for guiding the next generation, is associated with both agentic (self-orientated) and communal (others-orientated) motives. However, the role of agency-communion goal attainment has not been studied with reference to positive emotion across cultures. The present study examined the mediation effects of achievement and altruism goal attainment between generative concern and positive emotion across three diverse cultures. We used achievement goal attainment to measure agentic goal fulfillment and altruism goal attainment to measure communal goal fulfillment. We tested the mediation effects of achievement and altruism goal attainment were tested with a total of six hundred and twenty-three older adults from the Czech Republic, Germany and Hong Kong. Multi-group structural equation modeling was conducted to test whether the hypothesized model was equivalent across the three cultures. Findings suggested that achievement goal attainment mediated between generative concern and positive emotion for all three countries. However, altruism goal attainment mediated the association between generative concern and positive emotion only in Hong Kong but not in the other two countries. While achievement goal attainment may play a significant role in the association between generativity concern and positive emotion across three cultures, the present study also highlights possible cultural variation on the mediation of altruism goal attainment. Findings underscored the need for further developing a model of generativity and well-being that takes into account goal attainment in diverse cultural contexts.

PERLINDUNGAN HAK ATAS KEKAYAAN INTELEKTUAL BATIK TRADISIONAL PAOMAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN EKONOMI MASYARAKAT INDRAMAYU

Indonesia has some varieties of ethnic groups that are rich in diversity of intellectual property, there are so many products produced by society. The society creations especially created by the community are assorted, one of them is Paoman Batik. Thre are two kinds of Paoman Batik, those are contemporary and traditional, which is distinguished by its motives, processes, creators. The Paoman Traditional Batik is well-known to the public than contemporary. This research has supported the creators or copyright holders to get higher benefits, both the benefits of moral and economic rights. The main problem is, first, is the current intellectual property rights regime able to provide the foundation for the protection of Paoman Traditional Batik? Second, is the UNESCO's determination that stated if batik is a world heritage, non-object from Indonesia, can be used as the foundation to charge the economic rights of Paoman Traditional Batik? Third, is it possible for Traditional Batik, including Paoman Traditional Batik, to be carried out through other regimes, in addition to the intellectual property regime? Fourth, how is the effect of Paoman Traditional Batik Registered at the Directorate General of Intellectual Property of Indonesia on the Progress of Indramayu society?
 The research method used is descriptive specification, by using juridical empirical approach, which focus on secondary research consisting of legal materials, both primary, secondary and tertiary. However it is supported by primary data generated from field research through in-depth interview and survey techniques. The analysis used is descriptive analysis.
 The results of the study show that intellectual property rights that is copyright cannot be made as the foundation of protection against the creation of society that have traditional and communal motives, including the Paoman Tradsional Batik. The establishment of Batik by UNESCO as a non-object world heritage from Indonesia has increased the moral rights of Indonesia, but it also cannot be established as the foundation for restoring economic rights when there is a misappropriation. Another alternative to intellectual property is through the Sui Generis regime, which specifically addresses the protection of community rights, including intellectual property rights.

“In Good Company”: An Alter-centric Micro-foundation of Network Centrality

Tracking network dynamics of knowledge transfer among professionals in a hospital department, we investigate the role of alters’ motivation in explaining change in ego’s network position over time. Motivational orientations affect the kind of co-workers with whom people preferentially interact in the workplace, such that people high in communal motives will prefer to establish ties with co- workers occupying central positions in the network. This motivation- driven network effect results in a systematic network centrality bias: the personal network of central individuals (i.e., individuals with many incoming ties from colleagues) will be more likely to contain more supportive and altruistic people than the personal network of individuals who are less central (i.e., individuals with fewer incoming ties). Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the alter-centric psychological foundations of an individual’s network centrality and call for further empirical research on how alters’ motives affect the development of an individual’s social networks.

Predictors of Early Community Involvement: Advancing the Self and Caring for Others.

Recent research on community involvement points to the importance of both agentic (advancing the self) and communal motives (serving others) as key predictors, though few studies have examined both simultaneously. At the same time, research has identified generativity, defined as concern for future generations as a legacy of the self, as particularly relevant for community involvement. Moreover, generativity involves both agentic and communal motives, meaning that advancing personal goals and caring for others are integrated in this construct. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how individual differences in attributes pertaining to self and to others-specifically, self-esteem, initiative, and empathy-related to both generativity and community involvement. A sample of adolescents (N=160; 64% female, Mage =17) and a sample of young adults (N=237; 84% female, Mage =20) completed a survey including measures of community involvement and generativity. Generative concern fully mediated the associations between individual differences (self-esteem, initiative, and empathy) and community involvement, suggesting that the early generativity has a role in fostering capacities and contribution in youth. These developmental indicators pertaining to self and others link to actions that benefit the community through a desire to benefit future generations.

Communal and Agentic Interpersonal and Intergroup Motives Predict Preferences for Status Versus Power.

Seven studies involving 1,343 participants showed how circumplex models of social motives can help explain individual differences in preferences for status (having others' admiration) versus power (controlling valuable resources). Studies 1 to 3 and 7 concerned interpersonal motives in workplace contexts, and found that stronger communal motives (to have mutual trust, support, and cooperation) predicted being more attracted to status (but not power) and achieving more workplace status, while stronger agentic motives (to be firm, decisive, and influential) predicted being more attracted to and achieving more workplace power, and experiencing a stronger connection between workplace power and job satisfaction. Studies 4 to 6 found similar effects for intergroup motives: Stronger communal motives predicted wanting one's ingroup (e.g., country) to have status-but not power-relative to other groups. Finally, most people preferred status over power, and this was especially true for women, which was partially explained by women having stronger communal motives.

The Development of a Bi-Lingual Assessment Instrument to Measure Agentic and Communal Consumer Motives in English and French.

Consumer behavior is driven, in part, by the degree to which goods and services appeal to underlying motives for agency and communion. The purpose of this research was to develop a brief individual differences measure of these motivations for use in behavioral research and theoretical and applied consumer psychology and marketing studies. We employed a bi-lingual scale development procedure to create the 10-item Agentic and Communal Consumer Motivation Inventory (ACCMI) in English and French. Two studies show that the ACCMI is language invariant, demonstrates convergent and discriminant validity with consumer, motivational, and interpersonal constructs, and predicts evaluations of products described in agentic and communal terms, respectively, in both languages. The general conclusion of this research is that agency and communion provide a useful framework for understanding and studying consumer buying motivations. Discussion focuses on the relevance of motivational factors for studying human behavior and the applied utility of the ACCMI.