Communal City Research Articles

PATHOGENESIS OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IN THE SETTING OF METABOLIK SYNDROME IN CORONARY HEAT DISEASE. QUALIFYING SCENTIFYING WORK ON THE RIGHTS OF THE MANUSCRIPT

PATHOGENESIS OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IN THE SETTING OF METABOLIK SYNDROME IN CORONARY HEAT DISEASE. QUALIFYING SCENTIFYING WORK ON THE RIGHTS OF THE MANUSCRIPT

Popolo and Sindacato in the City of Siena: Rethinking Popular Agency in Medieval Italy

Abstract The Italian sindacato was a procedure that from the end of the twelfth century held major officials accountable and exposed them to public control. While the sindacato presented citizens with the opportunity of bringing forward their claims against officials, the evidence of these claims and their outcomes are sketchy. Recent historiography often portrays this procedure as a rhetorical device of civic order and legitimation that only produced real consequences when used as a tool for the political purposes of the elite. The article focuses on Siena, often singled out for the popular character of its governments, as a unique case to test the actual popular participation and oligarchical involvement in sindacati and their significance in relation to the sindacati in other communal cities. First, it analyzes the wide spectrum of participants in the procedure and, in particular, the interests at play for common actors. Second, it explores the direct relationship between sindacati and other institutions and systems of accountability within the city, as well as their interdependent transformations over time. The result is a revision of sindacati that reintegrates the agency and participation of popular actors. The sindacato appears then as neither a zenith of communal democracy nor a crooked tool in the hands of oligarchical interests, but rather as a central act of civic life articulating a wide range of interests among all sorts of citizens, which allowed for its symbolic relevance to perdure until the Renaissance and beyond.

Sustainable Urban Development Strategic Initiatives

In order to ensure the implementation of the “Strategy for the Development of the Construction Industry of the Russian Federation until 2030” and the implementation of the UN resolution on sustainable development, there is a need to develop new strategic management initiatives. They should allow authorities to make inter-city comparisons, considering specific cities and their objects against the background of others undergoing similar development processes. In this article, the authors propose strategic initiatives for the management of urban facilities. In particular, the authors’ approach to the assessment of the sustainable development of housing and communal service facilities in the city is proposed. According to the authors, the housing and communal city service objects mean capital construction objects in different forms of reproduction. Moreover, the article examines both residential buildings and structures, and utility networks. The authors’ approach consists in the constant assessment of the city’s housing and communal service facilities at different stages of their operation. For this, the authors use several types of analysis: ex post analysis, ex ante analysis, and foresight analysis. For each type of analysis, the authors form a set of assessment indicators and indicate the period of the analysis. The result of the study is the development of an indicator for the assessment of the level of sustainable development of housing and communal service facilities in the city, and a roadmap for their development strategy. The roadmap is formed considering the introduction of modern end-to-end technologies and digital tools into the work of state bodies. The proposed approach, on the one hand, considers the internal complexity and heterogeneity of the city’s housing and communal service facilities. On the other hand, it is a simple tool for the making of effective management decisions by power structures, as it uses data which are available on a regular basis.

The Commons: Separating Tragedy and Triumph at a City Park

Littering in a city park is often considered a capricious act of neglect associated with simple carelessness. Using Ostrom's model, Governing the Commons, this research finds that littering is correlated with specific park activities. This article advances our understanding of the Commons and littering by considering the concept of “pollution,” as well as understanding patterns of litter for a communal city. I argue that among the variety of park activities, there are “nonlitter” activities that require little more than the husbandry of local communal governance and there are “litter” activities that require the additional husbandry of the state. However, additional empirical evidence was also discovered that there are instances where the abuse of common resources is socially structured and that there is, on occasion, a normative structure to norm–violating behavior.

The polysemy of the "crisis" of medieval cities in the historiography of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

This text presents an analysis of several uses of the term 'crisis' in the academic works of scholars and historians of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, such as S. de Sismondi, J. Burckhardt, M. Weber, H. Pirenne, B. Croce, H. Baron, among others. These authors dealt with the history of medieval communal cities and adopted extensively the term 'crisis' to explain the historical process of dissolution of Renaissance republicanism. It has been found that in such works, 'crisis' operates as a rhetorical device, with a connotative function, to express the subjective judgment of the author in relation to the situations that he, from his political-academic convictions, recognizes as negative or positive conjunctures.

Migration and common schooling in urban America: educating newcomers in Boston and Cincinnati, 1820s–1860s

ABSTRACTThis article juxtaposes two U.S. cities’ differing educational reactions to mass migrations prior to the Progressive Era. During the nineteenth century, Boston, Massachusetts, developed a model urban education system, one that was visited and replicated throughout the nation. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Boston was a relatively communal city in which a small group of elites dominated civic life. As waves of poor, rural New Englanders and, later, Irish immigrants threated the supposed cohesive nature and shared values of the community, Boston’s public school system focused on assimilating the newcomers through moral training. Like Boston, Cincinnati, Ohio, created public schools that were toured and studied, largely because of the city’s renowned German-English program. Unlike Boston, however, the city and the schools were co-developed by migrants. Highly educated German immigrants and settlers from the East developed the public schools together and, unlike the assimilationist schools in Boston, created an educational system that had a relatively pluralistic mission.

‘De origine civitatis’. The building of civic Identity in Italian communal Chronicles (12th-14th century) Lorenzo Tanzini

One of the most striking expressions of political identity of the Italian medieval cities is the early creation of municipal myths of origin. Most communal cities could relate themselves to ancient heroes, saints or emperors who were claimed to be their first founders in past centuries. Such a legendary creation of the origin was obviously an ideological tool to improve the municipal sense of identity. This paper aims to study the changing attitudes of municipal elites towards the ancient history of the city, starting from the first municipal chronicles in 12th century, through the great universal narratives of the 13th, until the dawn of humanistic historiography in late 14th.

‘De origine civitatis’. The building of civic Identity in Italian communal Chronicles (12th-14th century) Lorenzo Tanzini

One of the most striking expressions of political identity of the Italian medieval cities is the early creation of municipal myths of origin. Most communal cities could relate themselves to ancient heroes, saints or emperors who were claimed to be their first founders in past centuries. Such a legendary creation of the origin was obviously an ideological tool to improve the municipal sense of identity. This paper aims to study the changing attitudes of municipal elites towards the ancient history of the city, starting from the first municipal chronicles in 12th century, through the great universal narratives of the 13th, until the dawn of humanistic historiography in late 14th.

Listy dobrego urodzenia i dobrej sławy w procedurze nadawania prawa miejskiego Lwowa w XV wieku

Certificates of good parentage and good behaviour (litterae genealogiae, litterae conservationis) were prepared for those who aspired for municipal citizenship. Bestowing civic rights was a procedure of including to the local municipal community. It took place after an acceptation of city council and fulfilling by the candidate a number of qualifying conditions; one of which defined his personal values, that are: legal birth, from honest parents, and unblemished honour. Letters were to certify that a newcomer, candidate for a citizen, fulfils conditions specified in a dictum: frei, echt und recht, which means, that he was free, legally born and righteous. In the 15th century Lviv, organised according to the Magdeburg law, the rules of bestowing civic rights were no other than in communal type cities of the whole Central Europe. The most common mean for confirming candidate’s ability for obtaining civic rights was written certificate, a letter issued usually by the city council from the city of candidate’s previous residence. The procedure of bestowing municipal citizenship in Lviv can be analyzed on the basis of registers of admission, which have been recently published (Album civium Leopoliensium. Rejestry przyjęć do prawa miejskiego we Lwowie 1388–1783, wyd. A. Janeczek, Poznań–Warszawa 2005). There are over 1600 items registered before 1514. Most of them inform that candidates introduced certificates of their parentage and good behaviour. Those certificates, because of its significant role in a matriculation to citizenship, must have been a written document wide spread among urban societies. Nevertheless, there are relatively few of them left and nowadays those certificates become very rare historical source. Some of them, beforehand unknown, issued for candidates applying for a Lviv citizenship are enclosed to the article. Their copies were written in the manuscript book kept in the Czech National Library in Prague. Certificates, those only mentioned in registers, as well as those known in original form, show different aspects of written communication, which established and functioned in the late Middle Ages in a large part of Europe, where cities and towns were organized according to the communal city model.

Averting Apocalypse at Rajneeshpuram

From 1981 to 1986, most outsiders foretold bloodshed at Rajneeshpuram, the communal city in central Oregon that was built around an Indian charismatic leader, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (later known as Osho). However, violence never escalated to the point of mass murder, suicides, or large, collective attacks. The Rajneesh case provides a fruitful context to explore the question: How is large-scale collective violence in new religions averted? The case of Rajneeshpuram foregrounds three factors that were most important to relatively peaceful resolution of a situation fraught with danger: life-embracing doctrine, devotees' continued contact with networks outside Rajneeshpuram, and law enforcement committed to due process. Each of these influenced outcomes at different stages of tension between the group and the surrounding community. Close consideration of this case provides a framework to examine other alternative religious groups that have exploded in large-scale collective violence or appear to have the potential to do so.

Government Debts and Credit Markets in Renaissance Italy

At first sight a marked difference turns out among the Italian governments of early Renaissance: the means of financing their deficit. There are, on the one hand, communal cities and republics, raising money from citizens through the system of forced or voluntary loans; there are, on the other, princes and lords who exploit services of bankers and merchants. These two different systems of borrowing bring about significant financial and political aspects. In this paper I will examine the main features characterizing the two mechanisms of indebtedness and the implications concerning the emergence of a true financial market connected with state bonds.

Enduring Affiliation and Gender Doctrine for Shiloh Sisters and Rajneesh Sannyasins

Enduring membership in communal new religions may have lasting effects when long-term members exit because of partial or complete movement disintegration. Data from two distinctly different groups of women, 20 former members of the 1970s Shiloh Youth Revival Centers and 20 former residents of the 1980s communal city of Rajneeshpuram, suggest that extended membership fundamentally redirects women's priorities. The women from each group changed the courses of their lives because they conserved the gender doctrine articulated within their movements, for more than a decade after their departures. Gender doctrine involves patterned definitions of femininity and masculinity embedded in every religion's overall doctrine. It delimits gender differences, the nature of deity(ies), the division of labor, interpersonal bonds, sexuality, and procreation.

Patrick Geddes and the evolution of a housing type in Tel-Aviv

The typical Tel-Aviv ‘house’ and its resulting urbanscape are the products of the convergence between the plan prepared for Tel-Aviv in 1925 by Patrick Geddes, advanced architecture practice brought to Palestine by European trained Jewish architects, and social, economic and political realities regulating the developing city during the British Mandate. The Geddes plan is examined as a reflection of the period’s planning efforts and their influence on urban land development. The consequences of the plan are critically investigated to show how, aided by administrative and architectural efforts, it facilitated real estate development which promoted the consolidation of a specific housing type. Thus, despite its utopian aspiration for a green communal city, the Geddes plan did not contain, and perhaps even supported, the capitalist development of Tel-Aviv, carried on up to the present.

A Journey from Petersburg to Stockholm: Preliminary Biography of Joseph Brodsky

Joseph Brodsky opened his Nobel Prize Acceptance Address with a reference to the gray, rustling pages of the past when he, an ambitious young poet, looked with nostalgia across the Baltic waters to Sweden. It's hell of a way to get from Petersburg to he remarked at the end, geography . . . is also capable of poetic justice. In retrospect, Brodsky's life may indeed appear to have been predetermined as long ascent to this highest mark of recognition. After all, the Nobel Prize only gave his work an aspect of permanence in the vast landscape of literature. Brodsky once observed that the poet finds himself in a peculiar existential situation in which he could do nothing but follow [his] voice, permanently lagging behind it, for the voice [is] overtaking events after all, it the speed of sound. On the whole, experience always lags behind anticipation.' Brodsky's interests are in the present, but he draws on historical and mythic affinities to construct his singular intuitive synthesis of time. In Stockholm, Brodsky addressed the complexity of the relationship between poets and society and their mutual responsibilities. Literature, according to Brodsky, finds itself above any societal order or institution and by virtue of being a far more ancient and viable thing than any social formation or state, it has the right to interfere with the affairs of the state. The state's tyrannical rule over the arts is the worst totalitarian crime. Aesthetic awareness, Brodsky insists, is prior to our knowledge of ethical norms; and the poet, by definition, is superior to the politician. Were the political leaders elected on the basis of what they read, he concludes, there would be less injustice and violence in the world. Brodsky's belief in unbroken spiritual and cultural ties with the past and the future has shaped his art and helped him to maintain the integrity of his person in times of adversity and exile and in times of fame and recognition. Brodsky was born in Leningrad in 1940, shortly before Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union. The only child of Russian-Jewish parents, he grew up in one room and a half of a typical communal city apartment. Having gone through eight years of secondary education, Brodsky decided to leave school at the age of fifteen and pursue knowledge on his own. Later, he remembered this decision as his first act of disobedience; it set a precedent and he [has] been walking out ever since, with increasing