Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Research Articles

Projections of tropical cyclones over the north Indian Ocean using different tracking schemes under CMIP5 models

This research compares two different methods of tracing cyclones in the North Indian Ocean (NIO)- (i) Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Direct Detection (CDD) and Okubo-Weiss-Zeta parameter (OWZ) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) model data. Many CMIP5 models are evaluated against TC observations from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) and a statistical Generalised Additive Model for climate change projections in the past (1970–2000). Estimates of TCs' potential future occurrence in the NIO are evaluated using CMIP5 models (2070–2100). When compared to historical tracks, the geographic distribution of TCs generated by both detection techniques is consistent with what would be expected, and the frequency of TCs in the models is, with a few exceptions, consistent with observations. Generally, the OWZ plan results in more TCs per unit time than the CDD scheme. Though there are significant differences between the two tracking techniques, a small number of models have TC counts that are virtually similar. Compared to the CDD plan, the OWZ scheme generally has higher performance in the NIO area.

Comparing the output of measured and GEANT4 simulated X-ray tubes

Monte Carlo simulation codes that model particle interactions with matter, including GEANT4, can be used to support the development of novel X-ray tubes and instruments for applications in industry and research. Based on our knowledge, simulations of the output of transmission-geometry X-ray tubes have not yet been conducted in GEANT4. Simulations of reflection-geometry tubes are scarce, with a limited number of studies investigating the capability and accuracy of GEANT4 in this domain. Therefore, the aim of this work is to benchmark GEANT4 for the characterisation of X-ray tubes with industry applications, using for the first time a range of X-ray tubes geometries and high voltages. In this work, GEANT4 is benchmarked against experimental measurements performed at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia, with both transmission and reflection X-ray tubes. High voltages between 17 kV and 42.5 kV for tungsten, molybdenum, gold, and silver targets are investigated. The measurements have been performed with a MXR packaged X-ray tube (reflection) and Magnum X-ray tubes (transmission) and a fast silicon drift detector (SDD). Our study shows that GEANT4 predicts the bremsstrahlung continuum output of transmission and reflection X-ray tubes, in agreement with the experimental measurements. The Penelope physics models, distributed with GEANT4, and the GEANT4 X-ray fluorescence data libraries ANSTO HF, based on the Hartree-Fock approach, exhibit the best agreement against experimental measurements. Depending on the high voltage, target and X-ray line agreement was found to vary between 10% and 300%. Differences between GEANT4 and experimental data are more significant for lower voltage X-ray tube measurements and are most likely due to limitations in the ionisation electron cross-section and/or atomic relaxation data libraries used. As next steps, it is recommended to validate GEANT4 against other, independent experimental measurements to corroborate the results of this work. In addition, it would be useful to repeat the same study with other general purpose Monte Carlo codes for radiation physics to compare their capability against GEANT4 in this application domain.

Preface

2023 International Conference on Frontiers of Ocean Science and Technology (ICFOST), sponsored by the College of Meteorology and Oceanology, National University of Defense Technology, was held successfully in Jiusuo Hotel Changsha from October 13 to 15, 2023.The Organizing Committees have invited experts in Marine science, Marine technology, Marine engineering, Marine resource exploration and application, Marine equipment R&D and manufacturing, etc. for academic exchanges. The Conference includes discussions on topics such as ocean circulation, air-sea interaction and ocean climate, ocean mesoscale and small-scale processes, ocean remote sensing and data analysis, ocean prediction, ocean environmental safety and support, ocean exploration technology, artificial intelligence oceanography, underwater acoustics, underwater acoustics signal processing, and oceanography teaching skills with a view to promoting the common development of industries, universities and research institutes in the field of ocean science and technologies.This year, ICFOST 2023 will consist of 10 oral sessions, 4 keynote talks from Prof. Juncheng Wang (National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ocean Monitoring Equipment, China), Prof. Wenju Cai (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia), Prof. Fangli Qiao (First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, China), Prof. Lianglong Da (Naval Submarine Academy, China), as well as 45 invited talks given by distinguished scholars and researchers from the related academic field. It will be a golden opportunity for the students, researchers and engineers to interact among themselves to get better views on technical development and trends for the near future.On behalf of the organizing committees, we’d like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who has contributed to ICFOST 2023 as its success could have only been achieved through a team effort. Our special thanks go to all the conference speakers for their insightful reviews on many emerging research topics. We would like to thank the program chairs and the session chairs, for their support to the conference; as well as all the technical committee members and reviewers for their excellent work in promoting the conference and reviewing the papers. Finally, we are grateful to all the authors and presenters of the papers as well as all the attendees for their contributions to this wonderful conference.Warmest regards,ICFOST 2023 Organizing CommitteesList of Conference Committees are available in this Pdf.

Multi-element geochemical analyses on ultrafine soils in Western Australia – towards establishing abundance ranges in mineral exploration settings

In this study, we present summary statistics for multi-element soil geochemistry across Western Australia based on over 74 000 soil samples using the UltraFine+ ® method that extracts and analyses the clay (<2 μ m) fraction of a soil sample. This method is a critical advancement for the detection of mobile element signatures for soil geochemical mineral exploration surveys in cover. However, existing estimates of background metal abundances acquired with other methods and on different sample media do not readily provide context for these analyses, as recovery from the fine fraction differs to that of whole-sample analysis. We therefore present herein the geochemical results for 52 elements, including precious, base and critical metals, as well as commonly associated pathfinder elements for Western Australian samples analysed during several research projects by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). This dataset is separated by tectonic unit into the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane and the Youanmi Terrane in the Yilgarn Craton, the Pilbara Craton and Sylvania Inlier, the Gascoyne, Lamboo and Aileron Provinces, and the Bryah and Earaheedy Basins to provide exploration-relevant context in these areas. We discuss some of the general trends observed for 12 of these elements, as well as some considerations for the use of these data in comparison to other geochemical soil surveys and with regards to mineral exploration settings. The samples presented in this study are not evenly distributed across Western Australia and limited information is available to correlate whether lithology at depth is mineralized or barren. However, in the absence of other systematic datasets using the <2 μ m-size fraction, these data present a suitable first-pass resource of element abundance ranges in areas of mineral exploration interest using the UltraFine+ ® method in some of the mineral-endowed areas of Western Australia. Supplementary material: Supplementary data A, UltraFine+ ® Soil Sampling Guide; B, UltraFine+ ® analyses results for available samples in Western Australia; C, Summary statistics of UltraFine+ ® analyses by simplified tectonic units; Supplementary Figure 1, Comparison of elemental mean values and uncertainties for ultrafine reference materials QC 320 and QC 422; Supplementary Figure 2, Violin plots of Ni, Cd, Mg and Au by simplified tectonic unit; Supplementary Figure 3, Location of soil samples in the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane analysed via UltraFine+ ® , and those collected as part of the NGSA and GSWA regolith programme; Supplementary Figure 4, Comparison of W, Al, Mg and Ca results from UltraFine+ ® , NGSA and GSWA analyses in the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6919933

East Australian Current velocity, temperature and salinity data products

The East Australian Current (EAC) is the complex, highly energetic western boundary current that flows along the east coast of Australia. The EAC and its associated turbulent eddies dominate the marine climate of the Coral and Tasman Seas and the eastern Australian continental shelf. Here we present a series of consistent EAC data products that combines in situ temperature, salinity and velocity observations from the Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) EAC mooring array and North Stradbroke Island reference site. The EAC data products are produced from over 1000 individual instrument files collected during six 18-month deployments in the East Australian Current (EAC) off Brisbane, Australia at 27 °S between 2012–2022. The mooring individual instrument files are combined, interpolated onto a common vertical, temporal (hourly and daily) and spatial grid. The ITCOMPSOM method is used to fill missing data in the time series. These data product can be used to investigate intra- and interannual EAC variability and boundary current dynamics.

Are yarn quality prediction tools useful in the breeding of high yielding and better fibre quality cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)?

BackgroundThe approach of directly testing yarn quality to define fibre quality breeding objectives and progress the selection is attractive but difficult when considering the need for time and labour. The question remains whether yarn prediction tools from textile research can serve as an alternative. In this study, using a dataset from three seasons of field testing recombinant inbred line population, Cottonspec, a software developed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) for predicting ring spun yarn quality from fibre properties measured by High Volume Instrument (HVI), was used to select improved fibre quality and lint yield in the population. The population was derived from an advanced generation inter-crossing of four CSIRO conventional commercial varieties. The Cottonspec program was able to provide an integrated index of the fibre qualities affecting yarn properties. That was compared with selection based on HVI-measured fibre properties, and two composite fibre quality variables, namely, fibre quality index (FQI), and premium and discount (PD) points. The latter represents the net points of fibre length, strength, and micronaire based on the Premiums and Discounts Schedule used in the market while modified by the inclusion of elongation.ResultsThe population had large variations for lint yield, fibre properties, predicted yarn properties, and composite fibre quality values. Lint yield with all fibre quality traits was not correlated. When the selection was conducted first to keep those with improved fibre quality, and followed for high yields, a large proportion in the resultant populations was the same between selections based on Cottonspec predicted yarn quality and HVI-measured fibre properties. They both exceeded the selection based on FQI and PD points.ConclusionsThe population contained elite segregants with improved yield and fibre properties, and Cottonspec predicted yarn quality is useful to effectively capture these elites. There is a need to further develop yarn quality prediction tools through collaborative efforts with textile mills, to draw better connectedness between fibre and yarn quality. This connection will support the entire cotton value chain research and evolution.

Seeing red: a modified RUBY reporter assay for visualizing inplanta protein-protein interactions.

Seeing red: a modified RUBY reporter assay for visualizing inplanta protein-protein interactions.

My journey to photosynthesis.

I provide here both my personal and scientific autobiography. After giving a background and summary of most of my research, I present information on my parents, my childhood, schooling, university education, and postdoctoral research, all in Australia. This is followed by a presentation of my life and research in Cambridge, UK and then at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), in Australia, since 1955, where most of my research was done, especially on photosynthesis which included the following areas: Purification of a protochlorophyllide-protein complex; separation of the photochemical systems of photosynthesis; development of photochemical activity in photosynthesis; protein synthesis in plants; comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants; role of chlorophyll b in photosynthesis; photochemical properties of C4 plants; molecular interaction of thylakoid membranes; electron transport and ATP formation; and solar energy conversion in photosynthesis. In addition to research on the basics and applications of photosynthesis, I also mention at the end my service as a member of the executive of CSIRO.

100 years flashback

100 years flashback

Distribusi Pencemaran Sampah Plastik pada Sempadan Sungai di Bali yang Bermuara di Perairan Selat Bali dengan Analisis Generalized Additive Models (GAM)


 
 
 
 Plastic waste in the oceans is a global problem which becomes a primary concern. The oceans become the final waste shelter that comes from land. Rivers essentially distribute plastic waste from the ground to the sea. Still, few studies currently examine waste distribution on riverbanks, especially rivers that discharge into the Bali Strait. This study aimed to determine the distribution of plastic waste along rivers in Bali Island that discharge into Bali Strait. Waste data was collected using the method developed by CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation). The data collected was used to generate prediction models with GAM to predict the distribution of plastic waste on riverbanks. The GAM method was chosen because it can accommodate non-linear influences; furthermore, GAM uses the smooth function to substitute details of parametric relationships on covariates so that it would give a good prediction. The distribution of plastic waste in 30 rivers was predicted. This research data showed that the most common waste found was a plastic waste at 90%, and non-plastic waste was found at 10%. Based on the prediction, most of the distribution of plastic waste along these 30 rivers had a relative concentration of plastic waste of about 0-20%. The highest concentration of plastic waste was found on the riverbanks of Selanbawak village, Pekutatan village, Pulukan village, Pendem village, and Tuwed village, with 80-100%. The riverbanks close to markets and tourism destinations and the number of populations with a strong relationship with smooth contributions caused relatively high plastic waste concentration. The prediction of the total plastic waste leakage at the riverbanks of the 30 rivers is 3,438,472 pieces, which this plastic waste will pollute Bali Strait.
 
 
 

Role of in-situ point instruments in the estimation of variability in soil saturated hydraulic conductivity

ABSTRACT Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks ) is among the most important soil parameters for modeling hydrological processes, and its field-scale variability plays a significant role for soils subjected to light and moderate rainfalls. It is often assessed by either making point-scale measurements using permeameters and infiltrometers or coupling probabilistic models with field-scale infiltration experiments under natural/artificial rainfall conditions. The former requires numerous measurements across the study area, and the latter is constrained by the infiltration experiment’s rainfall pattern, thereby restricting these approaches to only partially resolving the spatial variability of Ks , over a field. This study investigated the applicability of three in situ infiltration devices – the double-ring infiltrometer, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) version of the tension permeameter, and Guelph permeameter – using a Bayesian framework. Results indicate the disparate estimates of Ks distribution parameters obtained from each instrument’s infiltration data. Using field-scale rainfall-runoff data, a posterior coarsening method is proposed to reconcile the point estimates from different instruments.

Enhancing farmer linkages to markets in developing countries through mapping of supply chains and optimising transport

Getting products to market where transport infrastructure is underdeveloped or unreliable is a major barrier to agricultural development, particularly in less-developed countries. Transport represents a high proportion of farm gate costs of moving livestock and crops to processors and local markets throughout the region. This is confounded by poor transport network infrastructure throughout the supply chain, wet weather accessibility constraints, food losses in transit, and congestion. Evidence-based approaches can inform transport and logistics infrastructure investments at different locations to maximise cost reductions.The Transport Network Strategic Investment Tool (TraNSIT) was developed by Australia’s national science agency, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), to map freight movement and associated costs. The tool was applied to create the largest supply chain analysis ever conducted in Australia, mapping more than 170 commodities and 25 million vehicle trips per year. It is used extensively by the Federal and state governments to inform over $5 billion per year in major infrastructure and freight strategies.Drawing on experience through an investment by the Australian Government in partnership with agencies in Vietnam and Indonesia, we show how the TraNSIT methods can be extended and implemented in these developing countries. Several challenges are addressed around securing commitment from key in-country ministries and state-owned enterprises, accessing quality data, and modelling freight and supply chains that differ considerably to those in developed countries. Applications to key cropping and livestock commodities are used to demonstrate how TraNSIT can be used to analyse existing supply chains and test scenarios for various infrastructure investments.

Aboriginal Men’s Business: A Literature Review of Factors Affecting Aboriginal Men Accessing Sexual Health Services

Introduction: Aboriginal men are relatively young, with a median age of 22 years, nearly half that of their non-Aboriginal counterparts. Aboriginal men also have the highest mortality rates and have the lowest life expectancy. Sexually Transmissible Infection (STI) rates are extremely overrepresented in lower socio-economic groups, including minority populations. STI rates among Aboriginal communities are significantly higher when compared to the non-Aboriginal population. Aims: In the context of multiple factors impinging on the sexual health of Aboriginal men, we sought to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature for the purpose of developing a framework through which needs and actions to improve sexual health could be identified and understood. Methods: A targeted, comprehensive search strategy was developed using keywords and synonyms related to the aims of the project. The search included scholarly peer reviewed academic literature available and grey literature from the Wollongong Hospital and the NSW Health library. The search was made more efficient by entering search terms into the Deakin University EBSCOhost search engine, and Google Scholar was searched separately. Grey literature searching was conducted with Clinical Information Access Portal (CIAP), Informit and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Results: The search produced a total number of 385 papers from peer reviewed publications and grey literature. A total of 95 duplicates were removed, leaving 290 papers. After incorporating the screening process, exclusion and inclusion criteria, the total number of articles selected for review was 31 articles. Discussion: The thematic analysis identified that cultural considerations of Aboriginal ‘Men’s business’ involving traditional lifestyle, cultural practices and the impact of colonisation were only briefly covered in the included studies. The findings of the literature review indicated that Aboriginal men’s health is deeply influenced by their socio-economic status and cultural wellbeing. This review provided limited findings relating to service provision support for Aboriginal men. Conclusion: Overall, this review presented several concerning factors and evidence of the difficulties for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men accessing sexual health services. Literature identified the long-standing health statistics and deterioration of health and social and emotional wellbeing for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men. While both mainstream health and non-government services are offering limited provision of culturally safe and appropriate healthcare pathways.

Breaking down barriers: standing on the shoulders of Australia’s early female chemists

Women experience numerous forms of discrimination in the workplace, both direct and indirect. Historically, bias against women was institutionalised by organisations and governments to keep women from pursuing long-term careers in science and remain in the home. Although changes to policy have occurred within Australia, societal perceptions around women in science have proven resistant to change, with discrimination continuing even today. Despite the barriers facing them, some women were able to break through and achieve impactful science, proving themselves vital members of the workforce and paving the way for future generations. Herein, we describe four such female chemist trailblazers, Isabel Joy Bear, Enid Plante, Catherine Anne Money and Annabelle Duncan, who each worked at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) or the subsequent Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and helped to shape the face of chemistry in Australia in a male dominated environment.

Business model–dynamic capabilities and open innovation initiatives in research‐intensive organisations: A case of Australia's national science agency

AbstractPublicly funded national science agencies create value as innovation catalysts and through their scientific and research missions, they tackle wicked problems. Understanding how dynamic capabilities and business model innovation enable research‐intensive organisations to seize the market in the mission is key to translating bold new science that has impact. We qualitatively explore how Australia's national science agency—the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)—has pursued open innovation to support business model–dynamic capabilities in an evolving publicly funded landscape. We reflect on the value of open innovation initiatives that have allowed the CSIRO to ambidextrously pursue world‐class science while achieving impact.Points for practitionersDynamic capabilities and business model innovation are strategic tools for publicly funded national science agencies seeking to seize the market in the mission.We examine a case of business model–dynamic capabilities in CSIRO.Open innovation has been important for CSIRO as part of an ambidextrous approach.

Relationship between dietary intake and erythrocyte PUFA in adolescents from a Western Australian cohort

BackgroundPopulation-based studies show that the intake of omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are associated with a range of health conditions. Therefore, the reliability of food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) as rapid and easily accessible screening tools for PUFA intake deserve investigation.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the relationship between erythrocyte fatty acids and fatty acid intake collected using the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) food frequency questionnaire in an adolescent cohort.DesignA cross-sectional study using data from 1155 young adolescents participating in the 14-year follow-up of the Raine Study. Bland–Altman plots were used to determine the agreement between dietary intake and erythrocyte levels of each fatty acid.ResultsThe main dietary source of n-3 long-chain (LC) PUFA was ‘fresh fish’ (53% of total n-3 LC-PUFA). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) showed the strongest correlation between erythrocyte and diet assessment (r = 0.274; p < 0.001), whilst linoleic acid (LA) (r = 0.103; p < 0.001) and arachidonic acid (AA) (r = −0.06; p = 0.042) showed weaker correlations, with limits of agreement relatively narrow. Bland–Altman plots showed a dose-dependent bias between the FFQ fatty acid data and corresponding erythrocyte data.ConclusionsFor the major n-3 and n-6 PUFA, dietary intakes derived from the FFQ showed weaker correlations and poorer agreement with erythrocyte levels, and the deviation between the two increased with higher intake levels.

The Past, Present, and Future of Host Plant Resistance in Cotton: An Australian Perspective.

Cotton is a key global fiber crop. However, yield potential is limited by the presence of endemic and introduced pests and diseases. The introduction of host plant resistance (HPR), defined as the purposeful use of resistant crop cultivars to reduce the impact of pests and diseases, has been a key breeding target for the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) cotton breeding program. The program has seen success in releasing cultivars resistant to Bacterial blight, Verticillium wilt, Fusarium wilt, and Cotton bunchy top. However, emerging biotic threats such as Black root rot and secondary pests, are becoming more frequent in Australian cotton production systems. The uptake of tools and breeding methods, such as genomic selection, high throughput phenomics, gene editing, and landscape genomics, paired with the continued utilization of sources of resistance from Gossypium germplasm, will be critical for the future of cotton breeding. This review celebrates the success of HPR breeding activities in the CSIRO cotton breeding program and maps a pathway for the future in developing resistant cultivars.

Cotton Breeding in Australia: Meeting the Challenges of the 21st Century.

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) cotton breeding program is the sole breeding effort for cotton in Australia, developing high performing cultivars for the local industry which is worth∼AU$3 billion per annum. The program is supported by Cotton Breeding Australia, a Joint Venture between CSIRO and the program’s commercial partner, Cotton Seed Distributors Ltd. (CSD). While the Australian industry is the focus, CSIRO cultivars have global impact in North America, South America, and Europe. The program is unique compared with many other public and commercial breeding programs because it focuses on diverse and integrated research with commercial outcomes. It represents the full research pipeline, supporting extensive long-term fundamental molecular research; native and genetically modified (GM) trait development; germplasm enhancement focused on yield and fiber quality improvements; integration of third-party GM traits; all culminating in the release of new commercial cultivars. This review presents evidence of past breeding successes and outlines current breeding efforts, in the areas of yield and fiber quality improvement, as well as the development of germplasm that is resistant to pests, diseases and abiotic stressors. The success of the program is based on the development of superior germplasm largely through field phenotyping, together with strong commercial partnerships with CSD and Bayer CropScience. These relationships assist in having a shared focus and ensuring commercial impact is maintained, while also providing access to markets, traits, and technology. The historical successes, current foci and future requirements of the CSIRO cotton breeding program have been used to develop a framework designed to augment our breeding system for the future. This will focus on utilizing emerging technologies from the genome to phenome, as well as a panomics approach with data management and integration to develop, test and incorporate new technologies into a breeding program. In addition to streamlining the breeding pipeline for increased genetic gain, this technology will increase the speed of trait and marker identification for use in genome editing, genomic selection and molecular assisted breeding, ultimately producing novel germplasm that will meet the coming challenges of the 21st Century.

Core Collections: Is There Any Value for Cotton Breeding?

Global plant breeding activities are reliant on the available genetic variation held in extant varieties and germplasm collections. Throughout the mid- to late 1900s, germplasm collecting efforts were prioritized for breeding programs to archive precious material before it disappeared and led to the development of the numerous large germplasm resources now available in different countries. In recent decades, however, the maintenance and particularly the expansion of these germplasm resources have come under threat, and there has been a significant decline in investment in further collecting expeditions, an increase in global biosecurity restrictions, and restrictions placed on the open exchange of some commercial germplasm between breeders. The large size of most genebank collections, as well as constraints surrounding the availability and reliability of accurate germplasm passport data and physical or genetic characterization of the accessions in collections, limits germplasm utilization by plant breeders. To overcome these constraints, core collections, defined as a representative subset of the total germplasm collection, have gained popularity. Core collections aim to increase germplasm utilization by containing highly characterized germplasm that attempts to capture the majority of the variation in a whole collection. With the recent availability of many new genetic tools, the potential to unlock the value of these resources can now be realized. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) cotton breeding program supplies 100% of the cotton cultivars grown in Australia. The program is reliant on the use of plant genetic resources for the development of improved cotton varieties to address emerging challenges in pest and disease resistance as well as the global changes occurring in the climate. Currently, the CSIRO germplasm collection is actively maintained but underutilized by plant breeders. This review presents an overview of the Australian cotton germplasm resources and discusses the appropriateness of a core collection for cotton breeding programs.

Potensi Sampah Masuk ke Laut dari Aktvitas Darat di Kabupaten Badung, Provinsi Bali

The development of tourism potential in Bali Province has actually penetrated into every district and city, especially in Badung Regency which has significant tourism development. This is of course closely related to the population growth in this region. As an interrelated effect, the high intensity of population growth in Badung Regency is also in line with the increasing volume of waste along with the rate of population growth, technological improvement, socio-cultural activities, and the economic growth of the community. Garbage generated from land and distributed to the sea becomes marine debris. The marine debris usually comes from rivers and generally a type of plastic waste. If marine sustainability is polluted by substances generated by waste continuously with large volumes in high concentrations, it can cause damage to the balance of the sea. The purposes of this research were: (1) to determine the characteristics and concentration of waste on land and river borders and (2) to find out how much potential waste enters the sea because of land activities in Badung Regency, Bali Province. Field data collection was carried out for 2 months by using the method developed by CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) then the data was analyzed by using the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) regression model. The research found that garbage from land activities in Badung Regency was generally dominated by 32% non-plastic waste and 68% plastic waste. This plastic waste was generally found in the form of fragments, which was 83% and 17% was found to be in whole condition. The potential for the entry of marine waste was linear and significant in the source variables of potential waste in the form of total population, distance of points from settlements, distance of points from market and distance of points to tourism.