Common Violations Research Articles

Особенности правового регулирования неэффективного и неправомерного использования бюджетных средств в социальной сфере

Purpose. Currently, the issue of effective use of budgetary funds, including in the social sphere, is relevant. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the offenses that are less studied in the scientific literature: inefficient and illegal use of budgetary funds. The study used a set of general scientific and private scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, comparative legal and formal legal. Conclusions are drawn that: 1) there are fixed elements of offenses for violating the procedure for spending in the social sphere in the acts of various branches of law; 2) the elements of offenses in the budgetary sphere are fixed both by budget legislation and by the Classifier of Violations (Risks) of the Federal Treasury; 3) the analysis of judicial practice revealed that common violations of budget legislation in the implementation of social spending are: illegal and inefficient use of budget funds, as two different compositions. Scientific and practical relevance of the conducted research lies in the fact that it allows you to identify current problems that arise in the implementation of social spending, to attract the attention of practitioners in order to prevent and identify the analyzed violations.

FDA Warning Letter Trends: A 15-Year Analysis

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) plays a crucial role in safeguarding public health by regulating pharmaceutical and medical device industries. Warning letters issued by the FDA serve as a critical tool for enforcing regulatory compliance and highlighting significant violations that require prompt correction. Aim: The article analyzes trends in FDA warning letters issued to pharmaceutical companies from 2005 to 2021, identifying common violations, geographic distribution of recipients, and emerging regulatory concerns. The research is driven by the critical need to understand evolving FDA enforcement priorities and persistent industry challenges. Study Design: Retrospective analysis of publicly available FDA warning letters and related literature. Methodology: We reviewed 13 studies analyzing FDA warning letters, covering a total of 1,569 warning letters issued during the study period. Data were extracted on the frequency of warning letters, types of violations, geographic distribution of recipients, and emerging trends. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed to identify patterns and changes over time. Results: The annual number of warning letters increased significantly from an average of 17 in the early 2000s to 304 in 2020. Quality system issues were the most common violation, accounting for 34% of all citations from 2014-2016. Data integrity breaches emerged as a major concern, rising from negligible levels pre-2014 to 24% of violations by 2016. The proportion of warning letters issued to foreign manufacturers increased from 22.9% in 2019 to 33% in 2020. COVID-19 related violations accounted for 42.1% of all warning letters in 2020. Conclusion: FDA enforcement actions have intensified over the study period, with a shift towards systemic quality issues and data integrity concerns. The globalization of pharmaceutical manufacturing has led to increased scrutiny of foreign facilities. These trends highlight the need for robust quality management systems and proactive compliance strategies in the pharmaceutical industry. By synthesizing data from various periods and studies, this paper offers a longitudinal perspective on regulatory compliance issues to prioritize areas for improvement in quality management systems.

Влияние нарушений качества рентгенографических исследований органов грудной клетки на работу врачей-рентгенологов и диагностического искусственного интеллекта.

When performing radiographic studies, quality violations and errors periodically occur, making it difficult for an image to be interpreted and described by both a radiologist and software based on artificial intelligence technology. Incorrect filling of meta-information in DICOM format headers may be a separate problem for diagnostic artificial intelligence. Purpose: determination of quality violations of the chest x-ray examinations, which most strongly impede the work of radiologists and diagnostic software based on artificial intelligence in the conditions of the Moscow city health care system. Material and methods. To study the impact of the quality of x-ray examinations on the work of a radiologist, an online survey was conducted among radiologists, employees of the Moscow reference center for radiation diagnostics. To study the impact of the quality of x-ray examinations on the work of AI-based software, an analysis of the results of processing diagnostic studies according to the modalities chest x-ray and lung fluorography for the 4th quarter of 2023 by artificial intelligence services was carried out as part of an “Experiment on the use of innovative computer vision technologies for medical image analysis and subsequent applicability in the healthcare system of Moscow”. Results. The survey involved 172 radiologists. The most common quality violations by doctors are incompleteness of chest coverage and asymmetric position of the patient, as well as violations of image clarity / contrast. At the same time, the incompleteness of the chest coverage causes the greatest difficulties in interpreting the study for doctors with up to 5 years of experience. For more experienced doctors, the greatest difficulties are caused by violations of the clarity and contrast of images. The main problems hindering the description of studies by AI-services are non-filling or incorrect filling of meta-information about the study stored in DICOM format, as well as violations of the patient’s laying and positioning. Conclusion. The problems we have identified indicate the need for more careful adherence to the methodology of conducting diagnostic studies, especially with regard to filling out meta-information about the study. AI-based software developers need to evaluate the performance of their solutions based on the developed testing and monitoring methodology.

Hygienic assessment of dietary intake of saturated fatty acids and trans isomers of fatty acids

Introduction. An imbalance of the fat component of the diet is one of the most common violations of the population nutrition in developed countries, leading to the risk of occurring nutrition-dependent pathologies due to hyperlipidemia and dyslipoproteinemia. A special role in the formation of risk is played by an excess of medium-chain saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans isomers of unsaturated fatty acids (TFA). Materials and methods. Actual nutrition was studied by reproduction method with three times 24-hour recall. Based on the research results, the content of SFA and TFA was calculated, and their main sources were determined. Three hundred fourteen students of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University took part in the study. Gender and age groups of respondents were analyzed separately. Results. The intake of SFA at the level of normal physiological needs was registered in only 7.6% of students. At the same time, 80% of respondents had a significant excess of both total fat and SFA; an adequate level of TFA intake was noted in 80% of students, and a significant excess of this indicator was registered only in 13.3% of respondents. A significant quantitative increase in SFAs was noted with the additional inclusion of processed products in the diet, including those with hidden fat. Excessive consumption of TFA is associated with the inclusion of rich confectionery products containing hydrogenated fats in the diet. Limitations. The study has age and regional restrictions: young 18–29 years people living in the Moscow region, as well as restrictions on the analyzed indicators: SFA and TFA supplied with the diet. Conclusions. A significant risk of developing nutrition-dependent non-infectious diseases is observed in 52.9% of respondents with an SFA content in the diet of more than 150% of the norm, and the maximum risk is in 13.3% of students receiving a combined excess of SFA and TFA. The results of the study confirm the need to correct the diets of students in terms of the fat component.

Violencia institucional en comisarías de familia de Boyacá, Colombia

This study aimed to analyze cases of institutional violence and rights violations at Family Police Stations in the handling of gender violence cases in the provinces of Márquez and Centro, in the department of Boyacá, Colombia. The research methodology was qualitative, supported by a narrative design of topics; the information collection technique was the semi-structured interview, the analysis method was axial coding, and the information sources were selected through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. A total of 40 women in the early and middle stages of their adult life cycle participated. The results allowed for the identification that the most common violations are centered around the revictimization of the traumatic experience when coming into contact with the office professionals to report and in the articulation with entities for expert examinations, coerciveness and questioning in the description of the punishable facts, lack of taking provisional protection measures not adjusted to the case allowing the recurrence of risk events by the aggressor, negligence in the follow-up of the adopted measures, and bureaucracy in the administrative procedures that facilitate immediate action against non-compliance with protection measures and assessment to establish the risk profile. It is concluded that this is generated due to factors such as improper diligence in the attention phases and the lack of complementary training for the attention in cases of gender violence.

Resisting and Reclaiming: Squatting as Contentious Urban Politics in the U.S.

Abstract Squatting as contentious politics has been well studied globally, expanding knowledge of how everyday people resist injustices, strive to remake cities, and respond to local/regional conditions. These histories and contemporary struggles have largely been overlooked in the U.S. This article uses qualitative data to compare three recent cases of organized housing occupations in Detroit (2011), Oakland (2019), and Philadelphia (2020) by mothers of color with their children, to better understand how this form of global urban politics manifests in the U.S. Using this comparison, we identify important dimensions that have shaped these three cases of contentious politics and their outcomes, including differences in goals, tactics, and socio-spatial context. We also uncover the diagnostic and prognostic frames reflected in each case: despite common legal violations, each case purposefully diagnoses locally-rooted housing problems and suggests different property-relations as solutions. We find that each case varies in terms of what kind of property squatters target, how these spaces reflect broader structural problems in the U.S. housing market, and what kind of property-relations they envision with these occupations. In turn, our findings also advance understanding of this global urban politics by showing how squatting efforts may dovetail with place-based legacies, such as racial segregation and settler colonialism in the U.S. Researchers have long attended to organized housing struggles in their varied manifestations, but by foregrounding resistance to and reclaiming of property by squatters, we draw out understudied problems and possibilities related to land and housing occupations that are subverted within broader housing studies.

Perception of drivers toward road safety and factors that cause road accidents in Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia

Injury as a result of road traffic accidents (RTA) is one of the leading causes of death and disability-adjusted life years. Strategies to handle this major public health problem, which has significant consequences for the Saudi economy and families, have been underway for many years but with very little success. This study’s main aim is to determine respondents’ perceptions of traffic safety and the factors that lead to road traffic accidents. It is a cross-sectional study conducted on randomly selected university students, faculty drivers, and visitors using King Saud University’s parking facility. Data were collected from 381 drivers using a pretested questionnaire, which comprises questions intended to attain the study’s objectives. The critical factors affecting traffic safety are public information followed by road maintenance, Garage, vehicle inspection, Road design and equipment, Training of drivers, Sanctions and Police enforcement, Protective devices and vehicle design, and post-accidental care. Road traffic accidents were found to be 39.0% with respondents aged less than 20 years, followed by ages between 20–35 years, which was 34.8%, and only 2.4% above 50 years. The most frequent occurrence of road traffic accidents was angle collision (39.0%) and back collision (18.9%), followed by hitting a fixed object (17.7%). Distraction habits during driving include cell phone usage (56.7%), followed by smoking (24.4%), and eating and drinking (18.9%) while driving. The most common traffic violations were increased speed limit (48.1) and loss of driving license (11.8%). The most common injuries were head (39.0%) and limbs (22.0%). A significant association between drivers’ age during the accident and distraction habits has been found (p < 0.000). The study demonstrated that drinking/eating, cell phone use, and violation of traffic rules are significant reasons for RTA. The findings of this study will contribute to a more comprehensive knowledge of road traffic accidents for the formation of effective strategies and evidence-based policies for the prevention of accidents.

Legal Aspects Related to Intellectual Property Protection in the Field of Digital E-Commerce Technologies

Intellectual property created through digital technologies plays a crucial role in the economy, serving as a vital tool for developing the domestic market. Therefore, it is essential to ensure adequate protection of intellectual property rights in the sphere of digital technologies and electronic commerce. This research aims to analyse the legal regulation of intellectual property protection in digital technologies for electronic commerce. The following methods were used: formal-legal, comparative-legal, formal-logical, analysis and synthesis, dialectical, and functional-instrumental. The article identifies the peculiarities of conducting electronic commerce in Ukraine. This text discusses the determination of intellectual property objects in digital e-commerce technologies and common violations in this area. It highlights the need for comprehensive legal norms to prevent violations and compensate for damages. Additionally, the text examines the problems through which violations of intellectual property rights often occur and studies the American and European models of intellectual property protection. Civil law instruments protect intellectual property rights in digital technologies and e-commerce. The text outlines the importance of protecting intellectual property as a foundation for innovation and proposes practical tools for protecting rights in this sphere. It is important to note that the development of e-commerce presents advantages and challenges that impact the regulation of this market's growth and innovation. This is due, in part, to violations of legal property rights.

Fostering Stewardship in Managing Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in the Lens of Green Criminology

Illegal fishing imperils Gulf ecosystems, prompting this qualitative study, rooted in green criminology and purposive sampling, to explore stewardship in fisheries and aquatic resource management. Police officers (Bantay Dagat), BFAR representatives, Barangay Officials, and Fisherfolks were interviewed. This study revolved around three main thrusts: (1) common law violations relative to the fishery and aquatic resources law violations; (2) the reasons/motivational factors of engaging in the fishery and aquatic resources law violations; and (3) measures on how the community can foster stewardship in managing fisheries and aquatic resources. The findings proved that the illegal fishing activities in municipal waters and marine protected areas were done for higher income and economic sustenance but posed various threats to the sustainability of aquatic and fishery resources and the environment in Leyte Gulf. The study also found that the community can foster stewardship through participatory enforcement of aquatic and fishery laws and programs and the provisions of equipment and resources needed for more effective patrol and surveillance of marine waters to prevent and combat illegal fishing. Keywords: Green Criminology, Illegal Fishing, Stewardship, Leyte Gulf

Pelanggaran Kode Etik Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat saat Rapat

Violation of the code of ethics in the House of Representatives (DPR) can include various things, ranging from inappropriate language, unethical behavior, self-interest conflicts, to violations of meeting procedures. The most common violations that occur during DPR meetings are unethical behavior that violates the legislative institution's code of ethics, creating an unprofessional environment. This research aims to identify and analyze the competencies of DPR members in carrying out their duties, as well as the characteristics of a council that is in line with the principles of Pancasila. The type of research used is Normative Juridical Legal Research. The results of this research can intervene in the behaviors of DPR members during meetings. Law enforcement agencies should be able to defend themselves from external interventions and be firmer in resolving issues and violations of the code of ethics by DPR members.

Депонирование как способ фиксации создания объектов авторских и смежных прав в сети «Интернет»

In the modern world the problem of protecting copyright and related rights on the Internet is caused by the rapid development of digital technologies and the imperfection of legislative regulation on the protection of these rights. The most common violations of intellectual property rights on the Internet are plagiarism and piracy. Such violations are related to the difficulty of their identification by the copyright holder, as well as the difficulty of proving the ownership of copyright and related rights to the results of intellectual activity to a specific person. In the article, the author considers depositing as a modern and relevant way of recording the creation of the results of intellectual activity distributed on the Internet. Currently, many services (special platforms) on the Internet allow depositing objects of copyright and related rights. Most of these services use blockchain technologies, which are distributed registry technologies. In practice, the use of such technologies causes certain difficulties, since there is no legal regulation of these technologies at the legislative level. Records in the blockchain certify the existence of the owner's rights to digital assets. Such records are called tokens and contain information about the copyright holders for the results of intellectual activity. At the legislative level, the deposit of the results of intellectual activity is not mandatory and is not regulated by law. In addition, the deposit does not confirm the authorship of a particular person for an object of copyright or related rights. In order to fix the creation of the results of intellectual activity in the digital environment and protect copyright and related rights, confirm authorship of such results, the author proposes to create a publicly available All-Russian register of intellectual rights as an unified register of intellectual activity results, the maintenance of which can be attributed to the competence of Rospatent.

Kepastian hukum terhadap pemenang lelang dalam lelang agunan bank (Studi Kasus pada Putusan Nomor 193/PDT.G/2019/PN.PTK)

Using common violations, the Law on Liability gives the creditor the privilege of executing the object in his power. Furthermore, repayment of receivables is taken from the proceeds of the auction with priority rights from other creditors. Through Pirate Execution based on the executory title stated in the Certificate of Dependent Rights Following the provisions of Article 11 paragraph (2) letter KUUHT, APHT stipulates the emptying of the object of the dependent right at the time of execution of the dependent right, so that the debtor is obliged to follow the auction decision and has no reason to refuse the emptying. In the Universal People's Credit Bank, there was a conflict because the debtor did not pay the receivables following the previous agreement. As a result, the creditor, the Universal People's Credit Bank in Pontianak, executed the guarantee through a public auction. However, the debtor made legal efforts to oppose (verzet), and the debtor filed an objection in case No.193/Pdt.G/2019/PN. Ptk.The winner of the auction cannot reverse the name or control the auction results. This study used a normative jurisprudence law approach. This method deals with problems by studying the provisions of applicable laws and regulations. The focus of this study is descriptive analysis. Therefore, the decision of civil case No. 193/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Ptk, Deed of Auction Minutes No. 492/53/2020, Law No. 10 of 1998, Law on Dependent Rights No. 4 of 1996, Basic Agrarian Law No. 5 of 1960, and Minister of Finance Regulation No. 213/PMK.06/2020 concerning Technical Guidelines for Auction Implementation are the subjects of this study. The research reveals the efforts of the block applicant and the Land Office to file an Unlawful Action lawsuit with the Court to remove the block as legal protection for the auction winner. The winner of the auction can also ask the District Court to stop the auction object. In decision number 193/Pdt.G/2019/PN.Ptk, the Panel of Judges stated that the object of the dependent rights used by the Plaintiff as collateral has the same executory power as a court decision that has permanent legal force. Under the executory title, an execution auction can be conducted directly, and the debtor must leave or vacate the property of the lien. Because it has violated the civil rights of others, the plaintiff's actions are included in the category of unlawful actions. To avoid juridical obstacles, the government should be able to amend and add clauses in the UUHT by giving authority or directly appointing bailiffs and police officers to execute collateral emptying as evidenced by the deed of auction minutes to ensure legal certainty in the process of execution of dependent rights. Thus, KPKNL and the Bank can synergize with these rules by carrying out auction execution procedures

PELANGGARAN LALU LINTAS MENURUT HUKUM POSITIF DAN HUKUM ISLAM DI KOTA MEULABOH KABUPATEN ACEH BARAT

Traffic rules primarily aim to ensure comfort and safety during driving. Unfortunately, many individuals still disregard these rules, causing significant losses to both themselves and others. This issue is highly critical, especially in major cities like Meulaboh. This research focuses on the position of traffic violators in positive law and Islamic law, as well as efforts to address and reduce traffic violations in Meulaboh. The study employs field research methodology with an empirical juridical approach that analyzes the application of law in society. The research results indicate a high level of traffic violations in Meulaboh due to the lack of legal awareness among the community regarding traffic regulations. Common violations include running red lights, not wearing helmets, not using vehicle lights, not carrying necessary documents while driving, going against the traffic flow, disregarding traffic signs, not using vehicle mirrors, and driving on sidewalks. From the perspectives of positive law and Islamic law, a Muslim is prohibited from violating traffic regulations as it may endanger oneself and others. These regulations are established to prevent risks and provide benefits to Muslims, as well as to avoid any potential harm.

Crime in the law enforcement agencies in 1948–1952 and its counteraction

The article reveals the state of crime in the police in 1948–1952, identifies its main manifestations and measures to counteract it. Crime in the police in the post-war years remained an acute and permanent problem. The late 1940s and early 1950s were no exception. This was influenced by the very nature of the totalitarian regime, which was based on violence and violation of the rule of law, the difficult socio-economic situation in the country, as the consequences of the post-war devastation were only beginning to be eliminated, and the low level of professional training and education of a certain number of police officers. For many of them, the perceptions of the state of legality were quite specific, formed mainly under the influence of the events of the war, combined with a tendency to be quick to punish those who were considered criminals and a relatively low level of awareness of the law. All of this has led to the existence of the problem of crime in the law enforcement agencies of the republic, and this problem is still relevant today, both from a theoretical and practical point of view. The most common violations in the police at that time were: alcoholism, abuse of office, connections with criminals, violations of the law during the detention of citizens and the conduct of investigations, failure to comply with orders, bribery, embezzlement, domestic and moral decay, desertion, disclosure of official secrets, unauthorised abandonment of duty, illegal use of weapons and, as a result, injury or killing of citizens, negligence in the performance of official duties, and loss of personal weapons. Most cases of lawbreaking were committed by police officers who were intoxicated. During this period, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR took a number of measures to improve the situation: offenders were dismissed from the police and brought to trial, and the leadership of those local police forces with the highest number of such violations was changed. This was done on the basis of an analysis of the flow of investigative cases, inspection of documentation and the state of work of local police bodies in the field of training their personnel.

A Retrospective Study of Documentation Shortfalls Mentioned in USFDA Warning Letters Issued to India Pharmaceutical Industries

The pharmaceutical industry is an indispensable sector that ensures patients have access to safe and effective medications. Therefore, it is essential that companies comply with regulatory standards and maintain accurate and complete documentation practices. This study will investigate the documentation violations cited in warning letters sent to Indian pharmaceutical companies between 2010 and 2022. The analysis will focus on identifying the most common documentation deficiencies and the impact they have on the pharmaceutical industry in India. The findings of this research will provide Indian pharmaceutical firms with valuable insights. to improve their documentation practices and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. This information will be useful for stakeholders in the pharmaceutical industry, including regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare professionals, and patients. By understanding common documentation violations, companies can take proactive steps to prevent them and avoid regulatory penalties. The findings of this study will aid policymakers and regulatory agencies in devising strategies to enhance the integrity of pharmaceutical industry documentation practices. The findings will also inform the development of educational and training programs for pharmaceutical companies, which can help them enhance their documentation practices and ensure compliance with regulatory standards

Report on Enforcing the Rights of Children in Migration

The ILA Study Group began its work by identifying guiding principles that should frame and inform state practices with respect to children in migration. These principles included, but were not limited to, non-discrimination; the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival, and development; the right of the child to express their views on all matters affecting them; and the right to an effective remedy. The Study Group identified some of the most common rights violations for children in migration such as arbitrary age assessment practices; inadequate and age-inappropriate reception policies and facilities; and immigration detention of children and other coercive practices. The Study Group undertook a multidisciplinary approach by summarizing the research documenting the harmful effects of these practices on child health and well-being. It surveyed (1) treaties and international instruments that might recognize a right or remedy for children on the move; (2) regional and international fora where the claims of children could be heard; and (3) the growing body of regional and international jurisprudence upholding the rights of children in migration. Finally, it identified gaps in the international and regional frameworks and formulated recommendations as to how to ensure children in migration are able to enforce their rights and access justice.

An Updated Review of Food and Drug Administration Warning and Untitled Letters for Clinical Outcome Assessment Claims Between 2013 and 2021

ObjectivesWe aimed to ascertain the frequency and types of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-identified clinical outcome assessment (COA) violations in US pharmaceutical promotional materials from 2013 to 2021 by updating the review by Symonds et al (covering the period 2006-2012 for patient-reported outcomes [PRO] measures), expanding to infringements across all types of COAs, and grouping by efficacy or overall patient experience. MethodsWarning letters (WLs) and untitled letters (ULs) issued by the FDA’s Office of Prescription Drug Promotion were reviewed for COA violations and classified by their type: (1) COA measure not fit for purpose, (2) issue with study design or interpretation of results, and (3) inadequate statistical analysis. ResultsFrom 2013 to 2021, the FDA issued 22 WLs and 65 ULs. Year 2013 showed the highest number of letters issued (n = 24). Of the total 87 letters reviewed, 22 (25%) contained a COA violation, consisting of 6 WLs (27%) and 16 ULs (25%), including 20 (23%) with a PRO-related violation. The most common violations cited “study design or interpretation of results” (21 of 22 [95%]). ConclusionsOverall, the absolute number of WLs and ULs issued declined when comparing 2006 to 2012 with 2013 to 2021. Despite the overall reduction, this review still identified 25% of letters citing COA infringements (23% with PRO issues), which was similar to the prior review (19% PRO infringements). This may be due to increased FDA attention to patient-focused drug development.

Противодействие преступлениям, связанным с хищениями бюджетных средств, выделенных на реализацию национальных проектов

The relevance of this study is due to the increase in the number of registered crimes related to the theft of budget funds allocated for the implementation of national projects. The materials of the study were doctrinal sources in the field of combating crimes committed as part of the implementation of national projects in Russia, as well as the positive preventive experience of the economic security and anti-corruption departments of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs. General scientific and particular scientific methods of cognition were used; the structural-logical method, the method of analogy and generalization were used. Analyzed the most common violations associated with the theft of funds allocated from the budget for the implementation of national projects. The positive experience of law enforcement practice in identifying and documenting the facts of embezzlement of budgetary funds allocated for the implementation of national projects is considered. The results of the author's research, expressed in the development of a sequence of actions to improve the efficiency of disclosure and investigation of crimes of the category under study, are proposed. The author points out the importance of operational-search activities, namely the activities of the economic security and anti-corruption units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the process of countering crimes related to the theft of budget funds allocated for the implementation of national projects. In conclusion, methodological recommendations are proposed for the territorial heads of the economic security and anti-corruption departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

Investigation of the peculiarities of the physical fitness of military servants who had injuries. Abstract

Maintaining the appropriate level of professional and combat readiness of military personnel is an extremely important and necessary factor for the successful performance of the tasks assigned to protect the state. The military and professional activity of soldiers is characterized by constant increased physical and mental stress, as well as the impact on the psyche of various stress factors, the performance of tasks in special conditions associated with the risk to life and health, which can become a reason for the deterioration of their health and reduction of combat capability. Contusions and their consequences are fairly common violations of the state of combat readiness of soldiers participating in combat operations. At the same time, the adaptation of servicemen who received concussions during the performance of official duties should be complex in nature. The analysis of the nature of the complaints put forward by the respondents and the self-assessment of well-being at the end of the working day and the working week indicates the deterioration of the regulation of the activity of the main organs and systems of the body, negative changes in the working capacity of servicemen, and the lack of opportunities for its restoration. All this is a sign of the formation of relevant pre-clinical health conditions. Although the vast majority of participants have a sufficient level of physical fitness, at the same time there is a certain number of participants who show results that are worse than age norms. This characterizes the impact of concussion on the physical condition of servicemen and is a sign of general deterioration of health.
 It is the means of physical training that are not only important factors that depend on the professional realization of military personnel, but also ensure a positive impact on the performance of combat tasks.

Traffic violations analysis: Identifying risky areas and common violations

Road traffic accidents caused by traffic violations are a major public health issue that results in loss of lives and economic costs. Therefore, it is important to prioritize road safety measures that reduce the incidence and severity of accidents. In this study, we suggest an incremental road safety strategy that identifies high-risk areas and common traffic violations in order to prioritize further enforcement. In fact, by analyzing data on traffic violations in different districts and comparing them to the overall average using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, risky areas are identified and the most common violations are detected. We performed a comparison between several types of clustering optimizations to spot clusters to be enforced in order to reduce violations. Our results indicate that some Districts have a higher risk of traffic violations than others do, and some violations (Speeding, Registration, License, Belt, Influence, Phone, etc.) are more common than others are. We also find that k-means clustering provides the best results for identifying clusters of violations records and optimizing enforcement strategies. Our findings can be adopted by law enforcement agencies to focus on high-risk areas and target the most common violations in order to optimize their resources and improve road safety.