Common Vetch Seeds Research Articles

Efficiency of metal(loid) phytostabilization by white lupin (Lupinus albus L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench).

Erosion and leaching of metal(loid)s from contaminated sites can spread pollution to adjacent ecosystems and be a source of toxicity for living organisms. Phytostabilization consists of selecting plant species accumulating little or no metal(loid)s in aerial parts to establish a vegetation cover and thus to stabilize the contaminants in the soil. Seeds of white lupin, common vetch, and buckwheat were sown in greenhouse on soils from former French mines (Pontgibaud and Vaulry) contaminated with metal(loid)s including high concentrations of As and Pb (772 to 1064 and 121 to 12,340mgkg-1, respectively). After 3weeks of exposure, the growth of white lupin was less affected than that of the 2 other species probably because metal(loid) concentrations in roots and aerial parts of lupins were lower (5-20 times less Pb in lupin leaves on Pontgibaud soil and 5-10 times less As in lupin leaves on Vaulry soil than in vetch and buckwheat). To limit oxidation and/or scavenge metal(loid)s, white lupin increased the content of proline and total phenolic compounds (TPC) in leaves and roots by a factor 2 whereas buckwheat stimulated the production of TPC by a factor 1.5-2, and non-protein thiols (NPT) by factors around 1.75 in leaves and 6-12 in roots. Vetch accumulated more proline than white lupin but less NPT than buckwheat and less TPC than the 2 other plant species. The level of oxidation was however higher than in control plants for the 3 species indicating that defense mechanisms were not completely effective. Overall, our results showed that white lupin was the best species for phytostabilization but amendments should be tested to improve its tolerance to metal(loid)s.

Determination of the Effects of Different Aqueous Ozone Doses and Temperature on Germination and Seedling Development of Vetch Seeds

ABSTRACT Various effects of ozone treatment on seed germination and development are known. This feature of ozone has gained more importance in recent years. On the other hand, it is reported that ozone used in excessive amounts causes adverse effects. The method of application of ozone and the results obtained vary according to the material used. In this study, two different vetch species (hairy vetch and common vetch), for 30 minutes four different ozone doses application [control (0.40 g/m3), 1.60 g/m3, 2.80 g/m3, 4.00 g/m3] and three different temperatures (10, 15 and 20 °C) were examined. As a result of applications; germination rate, radicle length, plumule length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight and vigor index values were calculated. It was determined that plumule length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight and vigor index values of the species were affected by ozone doses and temperature applications. Also, it was determined that the cultivar ˟ temperature ˟ ozone dose interaction had significant effects on the length of the radicle (P < 0.01) and the seedling fresh weight (P < 0.05). According to the results of the study; it has been determined that the applications of ozonized water up to 2.80 g/m3 positively affect the germination, radicle and seedling development of hairy vetch and common vetch seeds compared to the control. Besides, it was observed that the highest dose, 4.00 g/m3 dose, negatively affected the same parameters. It was found that the effect of temperature and ozone dose applications were significant on germination and seedling development.

Effect of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) seeds in organic diets for broiler chickens: Acceptance and precaecal digestibility of crude protein and amino acids from raw, germinated and ensiled vetches

The common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is a hardy legume mostly used as a catch crop, but it also produces seeds with high protein content. Due to anti-nutritional factors present in the seeds, their use in diets for monogastric animals is limited. In order to improve the usability of common vetch seeds (CVS) as a protein-rich component with a suitable amino acid profile in organic diets for broiler chicken, we compared raw CVS (cultivar Slovena) with a digestibility of 0.860 of crude protein and 0.960 of methionine with germinated and ensiled CVS in a digestibility trial and a feeding trial. We used a slow-growing genotype (Hubbard/Isa-JA-757) in both trials. In the digestibility trial, raw, ensiled and germinated CVS were fed at three inclusion levels: 0, 100 and 200 g CVS/kg of diet (as fed basis). A total of 972 day-old mixed-sex broiler chicks were used. During the experimental period of the feeding trial, a total of 640 mixed-sex birds were offered raw, ensiled and germinated CVS separately.The voluntary intake of raw CVS was 57 g/kg of total dry matter intake, and fattening performance did not differ from the vetch-free control diet. While germination did improve the digestibility of crude protein and almost all amino acids in CVS, this change did not translate into equally improved performance of the birds in the feeding trial. High voluntary intake of the separately offered germinated CVS (132 g/kg of total dry matter intake) resulted in an inferior feed conversion ratio in comparison to the vetch-free control diet. We can therefore state that germinated CVS are a very attractive feed for broilers that is eagerly consumed, but comes at the cost of decreased feeding efficiency, at least at the inclusion level applied in our study. Ensiling, on the other hand, resulted in a markedly decreased digestibility of crude protein and all amino acids compared to the unprocessed CVS. Moreover, the ensiled CVS were consumed at a much lower rate than germinated CVS (77 g/kg of total dry matter intake). Therefore, ensiling of CVS prior to feeding cannot be recommended. We conclude that feeding raw CVS at low inclusion levels is more recommendable than germination or ensiling, because of the observed disadvantages of the treatments.

Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Root and Leaf Transcript Profiles Reveals the Coordinated Mechanisms in Response to Salinity Stress in Common Vetch.

Owing to its strong environmental suitability to adverse abiotic stress conditions, common vetch (Vicia sativa) is grown worldwide for both forage and green manure purposes and is an important protein source for human consumption and livestock feed. The germination of common vetch seeds and growth of seedlings are severely affected by salinity stress, and the response of common vetch to salinity stress at the molecular level is still poorly understood. In this study, we report the first comparative transcriptomic analysis of the leaves and roots of common vetch under salinity stress. A total of 6361 differentially expressed genes were identified in leaves and roots. In the roots, the stress response was dominated by genes involved in peroxidase activity. However, the genes in leaves focused mainly on Ca2+ transport. Overexpression of six salinity-inducible transcription factors in yeast further confirmed their biological functions in the salinity stress response. Our study provides the most comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of common vetch leaf and root responses to salinity stress. Our findings broaden the knowledge of the common and distinct intrinsic molecular mechanisms within the leaves and roots of common vetch and could help to develop common vetch cultivars with high salinity tolerance.

A Study on The Determination of Some Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Broadcast Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) Seeds

This study was carried out to determine some morphological and physiological characteristics of common vetch seeds. The study was carried out in the laboratories of Bingöl University, Faculty of Agriculture, Biosystem Engineering and Field Crops departments in 2019-2020. The common vetch Altınoğlu-2001, Aneto, Ankaramoru08, Cumhuriyet-99, Orakefe and Tamkoç-2000 varieties were used as plant material. Morphological features of common vetch seeds are length (mm), width (mm), surface area (mm2), mean arithmetic diameter (mm), mean geometric diameter (mm), sphericity and thousand seed weight (g), and physiological features are germination rate. (%), germination time (day), mean root (cm) and shoot (cm) lengths were considered. Average length of seeds of common vetch cultivars was 4.876 mm, width was 4.403 mm, surface area was 17.808 mm2, arithmetic diameter was 4.639 mm, geometric diameter was 35,599 mm, sphericity value was 7.219 and thousand-grain weight was 58.050 g. In terms of these characteristics, Orakefe variety gave the highest values, while Cumhuriyet-99 gave the lowest values. Average germination rate of seeds of common vetch cultivars was 99.167%, germination time was 1.060 days, shoot length was 7.123 cm and root length was 5.794 cm. The longest shoot length was determined in Cumhuriyet-99 and the shortest shoot length was determined in Orakefe cultivars. The longest root length was determined in Ankaramoru08, and the shortest root length was determined in the Altınoğlu-2001 variety.

Transcriptome and Coexpression Network Analyses Provide In-Sights into the Molecular Mechanisms of Hydrogen Cyanide Synthesis during Seed Development in Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.).

The common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) seed is an ideal plant-based protein food for humans, but its edible value is mainly limited by the presence of cyanogenic glycosides that hydrolyze to produce toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and the genes that regulate HCN synthesis in common vetch are unknown. In this study, seeds from common vetch at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days after anthesis were sampled, and the seven stages were further divided into five developmental stages, S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, based on morphological and transcriptome analyses. A total of 16,403 differentially expressed genes were identified in the five developmental stages. The HCN contents of seeds in these five stages were determined by alkaline titration, and weighted gene coexpression network analysis was used to explain the molecular regulatory mechanism of HCN synthesis in common vetch seeds. Eighteen key regulatory genes for HCN synthesis were identified, including the VsGT2, VsGT17 and CYP71A genes, as well as the VsGT1 gene family. VsGT1, VsGT2, VsGT17 and CYP71A jointly promoted HCN synthesis, from 5 to 25 days after anthesis, with VsGT1-1, VsGT1-4, VsGT1-11 and VsGT1-14 playing major roles. The HCN synthesis was mainly regulated by VsGT1, from 25 to 35 days after anthesis. As the expression level of VsGT1 decreased, the HCN content no longer increased. In-depth elucidation of seed HCN synthesis lays the foundations for breeding common vetch with low HCN content.

Comparison of Biochemical Responses of Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) Seedling Organs to Salinity

Background: Shoots and roots are autotrophic and heterotrophic organs of plants with different physiological and biochemical functions under stress conditions. The metabolites involved in tolerance enhancement differed between roots and shoots. In this study, the biochemical changes occurring in shoot and root organs under salt stress and the level of these changes were investigated. However, these changes in shoot and root organs were compared.Methods: Seeds of common vetch were sown and subjected to 14 days of salt stress in basal MS medium containing 100 mM NaCl. In shoot and root tissue, biochemical parameters such as antioxidant enzymes activities (GR, APX, SOD and CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) content and proline accumulation were determined.Result: Results of the study indicated that the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT (except in shoot), GR and APX), MDA and proline accumulation enhanced by salt stress in both organs. On the other hand, morphological parameters decreased in both tissues. It seemed that antioxidant enzyme activities more active in root tissues. However, proline accumulation was found higher in shoot tissues than root tissue, while MDA content was higher in root tissue than shoot tissue. The present investigation provides essential information for the antioxidant components of the shoot and root organs of vetch seedlings under salt stress.

Nutritional and Anti-Nutritional Factors in Vicia sativa L. Seeds and the Variability of Phenotypic and Morphological Characteristics of Some Vetch Accessions Cultivated in European Countries.

Simple SummaryThis study was designed to determine the contents of nutrients and some anti-nutritional factors in the seeds of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and the variation of phenotypic and morphological traits in field studies of 44 European accessions, originating from Russia, Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, and Germany and grown in the same soil-climate conditions. The results of the research showed that common vetch seeds may be valuable protein-rich feed stuff, but their nutritional usefulness is limited by the presence of anti-nutritional factors.Agricultural research has traditionally focused on staple crops, while relatively little attention has been given to minor crops. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the nutrient contents and some anti-nutritional factors in the seeds of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and the variation of phenotypic and morphological traits in field studies of 44 European accessions, originating from Russia, Ukraine, Poland (east and east-central Europe), the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Hungary (south-central Europe), and Germany (west-central Europe) and grown in the same soil-climate conditions. A three-year field study was conducted from 2010 to 2012. Accessions originating from west-central Europe flowered three days earlier than those from south-central Europe. They also had the lowest seed number per pod (5.9) but the highest thousand seed weight (58 g) (p < 0.05). Vetch lines coming from south-central Europe contained the highest level of crude protein in comparison with vetch seeds originating from west-central Europe (353 vs. 324 g kg−1, respectively) (p < 0.05), but the latter had the highest essential amino acid index value (75 vs. 71 in west-central Europe and south-central Europe, respectively) (p < 0.05). The highest protein level was noted in the seeds of Slovak origin (average 358 g kg−1), whereas the lowest protein level (324 g kg−1) was determined in the Russian and German lines. Vetch grain fat was rich in linoleic (53%) and linolenic (14%) acids. The best n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio (4) and the highest α-linolenic acid level were exhibited by the Slovak and Polish accessions (p < 0.05). The seeds of vetch accessions from east, east-central, and south-central Europe contained higher levels of (p < 0.05) iron than those originating from west-central Europe. The concentration of tannins, trypsin inhibitors, and hydrogen cyanide reached on average 8, 3, and 81 mg kg−1, respectively. The highest hydrogen cyanide (HCN) levels was determined in the accessions of German and Russian origin (126 and 119 mg kg−1, respectively), and the lowest values were noted in the Slovak and Polish lines (50 and 67 mg HCN kg−1, respectively). Furthermore, the Polish accessions contained the lowest levels of tannins and trypsin inhibitors. Common vetch seeds may be valuable protein feed/food stuff, but their nutritional usefulness is limited by the presence of anti-nutritional factors, especially HCN, which is difficult to remove. Further selection in this direction may be postulated.

Determination of Feed Values of Different Physical Processed Common Vetch Seed (Vicia Sativa) by in Vitro Gas Production Technique

In this study, in vitro gas production values, gas production parameters (a, b, a+b and c) and organic matter digestibilities (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL) contents, chemical compositions and feed values of different physical processed (raw, soaked, boiled and roasted) common vetch seeds (Vicia sativa) were determined by in vitro gas production technique. Rumen fluid, used in this study, was obtained by probe from one Holstein bull (seven years old, average live weight= 650 kg) raised at Research and Application Farm of Agricultural Faculty Atatürk University. Raw and treated common vetch seeds were incubated for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 ve 96 hours for the determination of in vitro gas production values and gas production parameters in rumen fluid. It was observed significant differences among all of the common vetch seeds in terms of chemical composition (DM, CA, OM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, ADL) values (P

Tuz (NaCl) Stresinin Adi Fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) Tohumlarının Çimlenme ve Fide Büyüme Üzerindeki Engelleyici Etkisinin Hafifletilmesinde GA3 (Gibberellik Asit) ve Kinetin Bitki Büyüme Maddelerinin Uygulanması

Bu çalışmada, tuz (NaCl) stresinin Adi fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) tohumlarının çimlenme ve fide büyümesi üzerindeki engelleyici etkisinin hafifletilmesinde GA3 ve Kinetin bitki büyüme maddelerinin farklı dozlarının etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre petri ve saksıda olmak üzere iki paralel olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemede değişik dozlarda NaCl (0,5, 1,0, 1,5 ve 2,0 dS/m dozlarında hazırlanan NaCl çözeltisi) uygulanan adi fiğ (Vicia sativa L.) tohumlarına farklı dozlarda Kinetin ve Gibberelik asit dozları (Kontrol-saf su, 300 ppm Gibberellik asit, 50 ppm Kinetin,300ppm Gibberellik asit × 50 ppm Kinetin) uygulanarak tohumlar petri ve saksıda çimlendirilmiştir. Saksı ve petride çimlendirilen adi fiğ tohumlarında çimlenme yüzdesi, ortalama çimlenme süresi, çimlenme değeri, kök ve sap uzunluğu, kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığı, sap yaş ve kuru ağırlığı üzerine GA3 ve Kinetin uygulamalarının etkileri gözlemlenmiştir. Araştırma sonunda GA3 ve Kinetin uygulamaları adi fiğde çimlenme yüzdesine herhangi bir etkide bulunmamış, çimlenme süresini kısaltmış, çimlenme değerini artırmış, GA3 uygulaması kök ve sap uzamasını artırmış Kinetin uygulamasının olumlu bir etkisi olmamış, en fazla kök yaş ve kuru ağırlığı GA3 ve kontrol ünitelerinden elde edilmiştir. Adi fiğ tohumları üzerinde yapılan çalışmada incelenen özellikler üzerinde genel olarak GA3 ve Kinetin uygulamalarının etkileri çok farklı olmuştur. GA3 uygulamalarının kök ve sap uzunluğunu artırdığı, kinetin uygulamasının ise olumsuz yönde etkilediği belirlenmiştir.

Impact of gamma irradiation pretreatment on the growth of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) seedlings grown under salt and drought stress

It has been generally accepted that the morphology, physiology and biochemistry of plants are differentially affected by low-dose gamma ionizing radiation that is associated with the tolerance of plant species under biotic/abiotic stress. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the protective role of low gamma irradiation pretreatment against salt and drought stress. For this aim, irradiated (100 Gy) and non-irradiated seeds of common vetch were cultured on an MS medium with separate addition of concentrations of NaCl (100 mM) and PEG-6000 (100 g/l) under in vitro conditions. Morpho-physio-biochemical analyses were carried out on 14-day-old seedlings. The findings of this study clearly show that exposure to gamma irradiation pretreatment (100 Gy), alone or in combination with salt stress and drought stress, led to significant increases (p < .01) in dry matter accumulation, CAT, SOD and APX activities, proline contents and decreases in relative water content. However, alone, gamma irradiation pretreatment caused increased chlorophyll contents while decreasing MDA contents. Overall, these results suggested that low-dose gamma irradiation pretreatment can enhance the tolerance of common vetch seedlings against stress due to salt and drought.

Raffinose family oligosaccharides in seeds of common vetch (Vicia sativa L. ssp. sativa)

The composition and content of low-molecular weight soluble carbohydrates in seeds of 66 accessions of common vetch (Vicia sativa L. ssp. sativa) stored in the Polish and German gene banks, originating from Europe, Asia, Middle East and North Africa, were analyzed using a gas chromatography method. Genotypes showed differences in the composition of carbohydrates depending on the origin of seeds. Common features of accessions were: i) the predominance of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soluble carbohydrates, and ii) verbascose as the main oligosaccharide in RFOs. Several accessions with lowered RFOs content were identified. They may be suitable for breeding focused on diminishing RFOs, as antinutritional compounds in seeds.

Impact of priming on seed germination, seedling growth and gene expression in common vetch under salinity stress

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stress factors that is expanding its influence because of global climate change and global warming. It causes gene expression changes, a reduction in seed germination and related characteristics, and poor seedling establishment in many crop plants by creating a lower osmotic potential in the seedbed and/or toxic ion effects in germinated seeds. In recent years, seed priming has been considered a promising strategy in modern stress management to protect plants against stress conditions. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of osmopriming with polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG-6000) on seed germination, seedling growth and gene expression in the common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in different saline conditions. Common vetch seeds were primed with PEG-6000 solutions having different osmotic potentials (0.00, -0.50, -0.75, -1.00, -1.25, and -1.50 MPa) for 12 hours. Control (un-primed) and primed seeds were germinated and seedlings were grown in different saline conditions (EC= zero, 4, 8 and 16 dS m-1). Furthermore, gene expression was compared in the primed seedlings in two different osmotic potentials (0.00 and -1.50 MPa) by microarray technology. Results demonstrated that germination percentage of common vetch seeds and seedling growth were diminished by high salinity. However, several priming treatments alleviated the adverse effects of high salinity on germination and early seedling growth of common vetch. The microarray showed that the expression of many genes in both stress and normal conditions was not significantly different.

Effects of Rhodococcus-biosurfactants on the molybdenum ion phytotoxicity

The effect of molybdenum on the germination of seeds of agricultural plants common vetch, white mustard and oats in the presence of Rhodoccocus-biosurfactants was studied. Molybdenum in concentrations from 10 MPC and above had a pronounced inhibitory effect on the germination of seeds. It has been found that pretreatment of seeds and their germination in the presence of biosurfactants contributed to a significant (up to 4.5 times) increase in germination, germinative energy and viability of Avena sativa L., Sinapis alba L. and Vicia sativa L.

Influence of the addition of hydrocolloids on the thermal, pasting and structural properties of starch from common vetch seeds (Vicia sativa sp)

Belonging to the leguminous family, the common vetch seeds are a non-conventional starch source that can be exploited to attend the growing demand of the food industry. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of addition of hydrocolloids (5% of: carrageenan, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), guar, jatahy, xanthan and pectin) on the thermal, pasting and structural properties of starch from common vetch (Vicia sativa) seeds. The interaction with the hydrocolloids was analysed by thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), viscoamylographic analysis (RVA) and X-ray powder diffraction (DRX). From the thermogravimetry, a similar behaviour was observed for all the studied samples, with three well-defined mass losses and a thermal stability plateau. The addition of guar gum promoted an increase in its thermal stability, unlike the sample added of CMC. From the DSC analysis, it was possible to observe a decrease in onset temperatures with the addition of hydrocolloids, which can be correlated with the decrease in pasting temperatures obtained by RVA, except for the carrageenan gum, which increased these temperatures. By RVA an increase in peak viscosities was achieved, highlighting the addition of CMC, pectin and xanthan. Small variations in the degree of relative crystallinity were noted, but no changes in the diffraction pattern occurred for the samples from the XRD analysis. Although native starch has some limitations, the synergistic effect produced by the addition of gums can optimise its technological properties expanding the industrial use.

Снижение фитотоксичности ионов меди с помощью Rhodococcus-биосурфактантов

The effect of copper on the germination of seeds of several agricultural plants, namely, common vetch, white mustard and oats in the presence of Rhodoccocus -biosurfactants was studied. As a result of the conducted studies it was established that Avena sativa L. was the most stable plant to the action of copper, and Vicia sativa L. was a less stable plant. By the copper resistance degree, the plants used in the work could be arranged in the series: Avena sativa L. > Sinapis alba L. > Vicia sativa L. Copper in concentrations from 50 MPC and above had a pronounced inhibitory effect on the germination of seeds. The pretreatment of seeds with Rhodococcus biosurfactants and seed germination under the conditions of copper contamination have been established to contribute to an increase (up to 4.5 times) in the germination, germinative energy and viability of oats, mustard and vetch sprouts. An ecologically safe method has been developed for reducing the toxic effect of copper on the growth of the following plant crops: Avena sativa L., Sinapis alba L., and Vicia sativa L. in the presence of Rhodococcus biosurfactants.

Uncertainty of Trypsin Inhibitor Activity Measurement of Legume Crops Using Microtiter Plate Method

Trypsin inhibitors could limit utilization of legumes in human nutrition, but they could also have beneficial health effects. The objective of this study was to measure trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) of different legumes using microtiter plate method and to identify factors that contribute to uncertainty of TIA measurement. TIA measurements were performed on seeds of faba bean, pea, common vetch, soybean, and common bean cultivars. The significant effect of legume crop on TIA measurement uncertainty was confirmed with P = 0.045. Certain sources of measurement uncertainty were related with the content of trypsin inhibitors (Tis) in legume seeds. In respect to that, significant effect of level of sample dilution (P ˂ 0.001) was confirmed. Significant influence of the repeated absorbance measurement of sample reaction mixture on uncertainty of TIA measurement was identified (P ˂ 0.001), and it took 60% of overall TIA measurement uncertainty for soybean cultivars. TIA of soybean cultivars exceeded 90 TUI/mg. Repeated absorbance measurement of positive control reaction mixture took 70% of TIA measurement uncertainty of cultivars with TIA lesser than 4.5 TUI/mg. Graduated cylinder used for preparation of the final sample solutions took the range from 45 to 90% of overall TIA measurement uncertainty of the cultivars whose TIA were in the middle of previously mentioned. The uncertainty of TIA measurement of legume crops was not studied before; thus, this study pointed out that acquiring insight into factors contributing to uncertainty of TIA measurement could give directions for improvement of TIA testing if microtiter plate method is used.

Potential value of the common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) as an animal feedstuff: a review.

The objective of this review was to systematically evaluate common vetch seeds as a potential feedstuff for animals, by summarizing and discussing the available published literature covering their nutritional composition as well as their content of antinutritional factors and potential techniques for their reduction. In addition, animal feeding studies that have investigated the effect of inclusion of common vetch seeds on animal growth and performance were identified and evaluated to stimulate interest in their use as a good source of nutrients for inclusion in animal diets. The collective literature shows that common vetch seeds are a less costly (in comparison with alternatives) and rich source of protein and minerals for farmed animals, are of high digestibility and have a high energy content, and can be used to partially or totally replace soya bean meal and/or to replace alarge proportion of cereals in the diet. Furthermore, the literature shows that common vetch seeds contain a range of antinutritional factors which, if they are to be utilized in non-ruminant diets and to increase their utilizing efficiency, need to be removed or inactivated. This can be achieved via certain pre-processing methods, the combination of which may deliver better results.

European marketable grain legume seeds: Further insight into phenolic compounds profiles

Twenty-nine mature raw varieties of grain legume seeds (chickpeas, field peas, faba beans, common vetch and lupins) produced in Europe were investigated for their phenolic profile by means of high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). To the best of our knowledge, this study reported for the first time the phenolic composition of mature raw seeds of chickpea type Desi, field pea and common vetch. Phenolic acids were predominant compounds in chickpeas, field peas and common vetch compared to flavonoids, whereas the opposite was observed for lupin seeds. Yellow lupins presented the highest levels of total phenolic compounds followed by narrow-leafed lupins (in average 960 and 679mg/kg, dry basis, respectively), whereas Kabuli chickpeas got the lowest ones (in average 47mg/kg, dry basis). Principal component analysis revealed that flavones and total levels of phenolic compounds were responsible for nearly 51% of total data variability.

Common Vetch (Vicia sativa) as a New Starch Source: Its Thermal, Rheological and Structural Properties After Acid Hydrolysis

The common vetch plant is used mainly for animal nutrition. The seeds from this leguminous plant contain a relatively high quantity of starch. There are few studies regarding common vetch and this research was designed to evaluate the thermal, rheological and structural properties of the starch extracted from common vetch seeds, both native and after treatment with HCl at different concentrations (0.1 mol L−1 and 0.3 mol L−1) and temperatures (25 °C and 50 °C). The curves obtained from differential scanning calorimetry showed an increase in the peak and conclusion temperatures after the acid modification. The thermogravimetric curves of the native and acid-modified samples presented three characteristic mass losses, with higher thermal stability after acid modification. The viscoamilographic analysis showed an increase in the final and peak viscosities for the common vetch starch after the treatment, which was probably due to the hydrolysis of the protein that was present in the sample. The micro-images obtained by field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy showed that the granular structure of the starch was not affected after acid treatment. The diffractometry analysis showed the same C-type pattern for all the samples. The common vetch starch presented interesting properties that could lead to different uses in industry and aggregate more value for this product.