Tupaia Glis Research Articles

Nématodes Spirura parasites des Tupaia et du Nycticèbe en Malaisie

Morphological study of two Spirura parasites of the oesophageal and the gastric wall of Tupaia and Nycticebus in Malaysia. -- Spirura malayensis n. sp. is found both in Tupaia in the District of Selangor (West Malaysia) and in Nycticebus coucang in Borneo. Its very primitive characteristics relate it to S. diplocyphos Chabaud, Brygoo and Petter, 1965, parasite of lemurs from Madagascar. Its larval development was obtained experimentally in Blatella germanica. -- Spirura aurangabadensis (Ali and Lovekar, 1966) described from a microchiroptera in India is found in west Malaysia in a Nycticebus coucang, and in a Tupaia glis. -- The distribution of the different species and the comparative study of the larval and adult cephalic structures show that the genus Spirura arose and became diversified in the old world in very primitive hosts according to two main evolutive lines.

Extrinsic nerve supply of the naked rhinarium in the tree shrew.

The extrinsic nerve supply of the median strip of skin in the naked rhinarium of the tree shrews (Tupaia glis) was studied by means of nerve section. Experiments were designed, where the external nasal nerves, infraorbital nerves or a combination of both were sectioned. The cholinesterase and silver impregnation techniques were employed to demonstrate intraepithelial nerves, mammalian end-organs, and the dermal nerve plexus before and after denervation. These experiments have given results contrary to what was expected, as the skin in this region, which develops from the frontonasal process, was found to be supplied by the infraorbital nerves (branches of the maxillary division of the fifth cranial nerve, which is the nerve of the maxillary process) and not the external nasal nerves (branches of the ophthalmic division of the fifth cranial nerve, the nerve of the frontonasal process).

Nouveaux Nématodes du genre Trichospirura Smith et Chitwood, 1967, en Malaisie

Description of Trichospirura willmottae n. sp. parasite of the salivary ducts of Tupaia glis and T. sp. (single virgin female) parasite of the intestine of Myotis mystacinus in Malaysia. The two species are very closely related to the type species, a parasite of the pancreatic ducts of brasilian Primates, and can be differentiated mainly by the mensurations of the posterior extremities of the bodies. While the genus Rhabdochoma, parasite of the intestine of fresh-water fishes, underwent a very similar, but more or less pronounced, morphological evolution, it became adapted to many different hosts: Sea-fishes, Saurians, Mammals and to many locations. This evolutionary line includes six genera; Trichospirura, the only parasite in Mammals, is one of the more evolved. Some remarks are made on the host-distribution of Trichospirura, on the relationships between Rabdochonidae and Cystidicolidae and on the osmo-excretory apparatus of Trichospirura. The hypertrophy of this apparatus, which could be the consequence of the passage during the course of evolution from aquatic to terrestrial life, is comparable to that of the Pneumospirurinae.

Anatrichosoma ocularis sp. n. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae) from the Eye of the Common Tree Shrew, Tupaia glis

The worm is described from the corneal and conjunctival epithelium of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis. A. ocularis is smaller than any species hitherto described for the genus. It is distinguished by the absence of a pronounced cephalic cuticular inflation and the presence of hypodermal ridges on the body of the female distal to the vulva. This is the first species of Anatrichosoma described from a prosimian and the first to be found in the epithelium of the eye. During routine examination of a Tupaia glis imported from Bangkok, Thailand, a nematode was observed in the corneal epithelium. The nematode was recovered later at necropsy and determined to be a trichuroid of the genus Anatrichosoma (Smith and Chitwood, 1954). Species of Anatrichosoma have been reported from a wide variety of Asian and African monkeys, African gerbils, and from the opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, in the Western Hemisphere (Swift et al., 1922; Smith and Chitwood, 1954; Chitwood and Smith, 1958; Orihel, 1970; Pence and Little, 1972). There is no record of Anatrichosoma from prosimians. Typically, the adult worms burrow in the superficial layers of the mucosal epithelium of the nasal passages, stomach, and buccal cavity of their normal hosts. Male worms are often found in deeper tissues underlying the mucosa. Six of 16 animals were found to be infected; three male and seven female worms were recovered. Studies of these 10 worms are the basis of the following description. The specimens were fixed in glacial acetic acid, transferred to 70% ethanol containing 5% glycerine by volume, then cleared in pure glycerine for study. All measurements are in microns unless otherwise indicated; the mean is followed by the range in parentheses. Drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida. Anatrichosoma ocularis sp. n. (Figs. 1-7)

Retinal projections traced with thaw-mount autoradiography and multiple injections of tritiated precursor or precursor cocktail.

Retinal projections were studied in the tree shrew, Tupaia glis, by means of thaw-mount autoradiography. In this technique, unfixed and unembedded frozen sections are directly mounted on photographic emulsion coated slides. Loss of radiolabeled material through tissue processing is avoided, probably resulting in increased discriminatory sensitivity. Together with multiple injections of precursor cocktail it is possible to demonstrate at the light microscopic level (1) fibers in passage and axon terminals simultaneously, and (2) preferentially labeled axon terminals in the projection field as areas of greater grain density.

Discrimination learning differences and similarities as a function of brain index

Seven tree shrews ( Tupaia glis), 10 squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciurea), and 12 college students ( Homo sapiens) were tested on a series of extradimensional shifts involving the position and brightness dimensions. While the number of errors each species made per problem differed and conformed to an index of central nervous system development, there were no consistent differences between species in terms of the percentage of total errors per problem. The results were interpreted as indicating the lack of functional differences between those species tested.

The myoglobin of primates: VI. Tupaia glis belangeri (Common treeshrew)

The primary structure of the myoglobin of Tupaia glis belangeri (common treeshrew) was studied. Tryptic, peptic, subtilisin and thermolysin peptides were aligned against the sequence of human myoglobin. By this means 13 differences were found which were identified by sequential analysis. The classification of Tupaia as a “primitive” primate is under discussion, but unfortunately it was not possible to decide whether the myoglobin of Tupaia is more similar to those of primates or to those of non-primates.

Temperature regulation in the tree shrew Tupaia glis

1. 1. The mean day-night difference of body temperature in Tupaia glisis5-1°C. 2. 2. The nocturnal standard metabolic rate is 0.76 ml O 2/g per hr ± 0.07 (2 S.E.) at a mean body temperature of 37.0°C. 3. 3. The thermal neutral zone extends from near 30 to above 37°C. 4. 4. The marked decline in body temperature at lower ambient temperatures is interpreted to reflect the tropical habitation of this species.

Auditory Cortex of the Tree Shrew (Tupaia glis)

This study is part of an overall effort to understand the evolution of the central auditory system. The tree shrew was studied because of its unique status in phylogeny—it resembles some of the earliest primates. Three methods of defining auditory cortex were compared: (1) cytoarchitecture of the cortex, (2) projections from the medial geniculate nucleus to the cortex, and (3) evoked potentials at the cortex in response to auditory stimuli. Analysis of cytoarchitecture revealed an area of neocortex that resembles primary auditory cortex in other mammals. Anterograde degeneration techniques showed that the projections from the medial geniculate nucleus to the cortex were coextensive with the area defined by cytoarchitecture. The main projection within this cortical area was to layer IV. Using macroelectrodes to record evoked potentials, it was found that this area of neocortex has a short latency response to auditory stimuli. We conclude that we have identified primary auditory cortex in the tree shrew. [Supported by grants from NSF and NIH.]

Dorsal root afferents to clarke's column from hindlimb cord levels in Tupaia and Galago.

The projection of hindlimb dorsal root afferents to Clarke's column has been studied in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis) and lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis). In the bushbaby, fibers from K12, L1 and L3 projected ipsilaterally to Clark's nucleus from levels L3 to T3, L2 to T4 and L3 to T5 respectively. In Tupaia, afferents from T11, L1, and L3 terminated ipsilaterally within the nucleus from segments L2 to T4, L3 to T6, and L3 to T8. Fibers from T12, L1, and L3 in Galago and T11 in Tupaia terminated within the even to lateral aspect of the nucleus at lower levels, throughout the nucleus at middle levels and in the dorsal aspect of the column at rostral levels. Fibers from T11 and L1 have a similar ventrolateral pattern of termination in lower levels, however, at rostral levels preterminal debris was present throughout the width of the nucleus. Fibers from L1 and L3 in the bushbaby form a complex longitudinal network with the medullary region of the nucleus in segments T11 to T8. Afferents from levels T5 in Tupaia and L6 in Galago projected ipsilaterally to the nucleus from level L3 to T10, and T8, respectively. Fibers from these segments terminated throughout the extent of the column at L3 and, rostrally projected to more dorsal regions of the nucleus. In this study, fibers from S2, and S3 and CCO2 did not terminate in Clark's column. Both the segmental distribution of hindlimb dorsal root fibers and their pattern of termination in Clark's nucleus in the tree shrew were similar to that reported in quadrupedal primates and other quadrupedal mammalian forms. The results of this study were interpreted as evidence which relates the complex organization of the Clark column system in the lesser bushbaby to its vertical clinging and leaping style of locomotion.

Effects of ablating the striate cortex on a successive pattern discrimination:further study of the visual system in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis).

Previous studies have shown that treeshrews without striate cortex can easily discriminate between two simple patterns presented simultaneously. It has been suggested that these animals cannot actually ''identify'' patterns without striate cortex, but simply detect differences between two stimuli by scanning. The present study showed that tree shrews with damage to striate cortex, including complete removal, can discriminate horizontal from vertical stripes when presented either simultaneously or successively. This result supports the view that tree shrews do have the capacity to identify patterns in the absence of striate cortex. The present study also showed that tree shrews can perform the same discrimination following damage to the temporal cortex. However, if the lesion included all of the striate cortex plus a large amount of temporal cortex, the animals failed to discriminate the orientation of stripes even when they were displayed simultaneously.

A Behavioral Model of Man: Propositions and Implications

Progress in Primatology. Stuttgart: Fischer-Verlag. Strodtbeck, F. 1951 Husband-wife interaction over revealed differences. American Sociological Review 16 (August): 141-5. Sugiyama, Y. 1971 Characteristics of the social life of bonnet macaques (macaca radiate). Primates 12 (December) :247-66. Teleki, G. 1973 omnivorous chimpanzee. Scientific American 228(January):32-42. Tiger, L. and R. Fox 1971 The Imperial Animal. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Tokuda, K. and G. Jensen 1968 leader's role in controlling aggressive behavior in a monkey group. Primates 9 (December):319-22. Torrance, E. 1955 Some consequences of power differences on decision making in permanent and temporary three-man groups. Pp. 482-91 in A. Hare, F. Borgatta and R. Bales (eds.), Small Groups. New York: Knopf. Vandenbergh, J. 1963 Feeding, activity and social behavior of the tree shrew, Tupaia glis, in a large outdoor enclosure. Folia Primatologica 1: 199-207.

Piebaldism in tree shrews

Two types of hair changes occurred in an experimental group of captive tree shrews (Tupaia glis) living on an artificial diet in dark laboratory quarters. The most common variation in the fur consisted of a gradual type of hair loss resulting in a sparse coat and dry skin. The second type of hair change occurred in a female tree shrew in which patches of hair fell out all over the body. White hair regrowth followed exposure to sunlight, with subsequent repigmentation of the bases of the new hairs. Tree shrews suffering from the first type of hair disorder also improved when exposed to sunlight.

Anterograde degeneration study of the cortical projections of the lateral geniculate and pulvinar nuclei in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis).

AbstractSixty lesions were placed in the pulvinar nucleus or the lateral geniculate nucleus of the tree shrew, and degenerated axons and their terminals were traced to the cortex. In all but two of the animals the electrode approached the thalamic target through the cerebellum and midbrain, thus sparing the cortex and thalamic nuclei other than the target nuclei. The results show that the pulvinar nucleus projects in a topographic fashion to an extensive cortical zone that includes areas 18, 19 and several temporal areas below 19. While there are several architectonic areas in its cortical target, no corresponding subdivisions could be established within the pulvinar nucleus, and its projections are best explained in terms of a single topographic organization. Further, since the pulvinar nucleus receives fibers from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, its extensive cortical target can be regarded as primary visual cortex. The lateral geniculate nucleus projects in a precisely topographic fashion to area 17. Further, our evidence suggests that each layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus projects to a horizontal strip within the fourth or granular layer of area striata. With respect to the question of the relation between ocular dominance and location in area 17, the pattern of projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus does not reveal ocular dominance columns in layer IV of the tree shrew. In contrast to our results Hubel and Wiesel ('68, '69) have shown that in the monkey there are vertical columns of cells in layer IV driven by either the homolateral or the contralateral eye. The case for the cat (Hubel and Wiesel, '62, '65) may be different from either of the other two species, thus posing the problem of discovering the mammalian plan and departures from the prototypical organization.

Conduction velocity in pathways from retina to superior colliculus in the cat: a correlation with receptive-field properties.

Conduction velocity in pathways from retina to superior colliculus in the cat: a correlation with receptive-field properties.

Projection of X- and Y-cells of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus to areas 17 and 18 of visual cortex.

Projection of X- and Y-cells of the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus to areas 17 and 18 of visual cortex.

Anterograde degeneration study of the superior colliculus in Tupaia glis: evidence for a subdivision between superficial and deep layers.

AbstractThe large, well developed superior colliculus of the tree shrew with its highly differentiated layers is ideal for analyzing the connections of individual layers. Our most significant finding concerns the differences between the projections of the superficial and deep layers. Lesions limited to those strata which receive projections from the retina and striate cortex (superficial 3 layers) result in terminal degeneration almost exclusively within the pulvinar, the pretectal area, and the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei. In each case, the greatest amount of degeneration was present in the pulvinar, supporting previous suggestions that the tecto‐pulvinar pathway conveys visual information. In sharp contrast, lesions limited to the deep layers which receive multimodal input from nonstriate areas of the neocortex and from a variety of subcortical centers, produce terminal degeneration in entirely different thalamic nuclei — certain intralaminar nuclei, the subthalamic region, and a region homologous to the posterior nuclear group of Rose and Woolsey ('49). The deep lesions also result in terminal degeneration within the inferior colliculus, the parabigeminal nucleus, the reticulo‐tegmental nucleus, and the inferior olivary nucleus, as well as in the brainstem reticular formation. Finally, deep lesions produced scattered degenerating fibers in the motor facial nucleus. Our results favor a division of the tree shrew superior colliculus into superficial and deep portions based on strikingly different projection patterns and may be useful in resolving certain problems of thalamic homology.

Medial geniculate body of the cat: responses to tonal stimuli of neurons in medial division.

Medial geniculate body of the cat: responses to tonal stimuli of neurons in medial division.L M AitkinL M AitkinPublished Online:01 Mar 1973https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1973.36.2.275MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited BySpecies Differences in the Organization of the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus6 January 2018 | The Anatomical Record, Vol. 301, No. 5Modulation of thalamic auditory neurons by the primary auditory cortexJie Tang, Weiguo Yang, and Nobuo Suga1 August 2012 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 108, No. 3Tone-Specific and Nonspecific Plasticity of the Auditory Cortex Elicited by Pseudoconditioning: Role of Acetylcholine Receptors and the Somatosensory CortexWeiqing Ji, and Nobuo Suga1 September 2008 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 100, No. 3Multiparametric corticofugal modulation and plasticity in the auditory system1 October 2003 | Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 4, No. 10Auditory Processing in the Primate Brain15 April 2003Spectrotemporal Organization of Excitatory and Inhibitory Receptive Fields of Cat Posterior Auditory Field NeuronsWilliam C. 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Wenstrup1 November 1999 | Journal of Neurophysiology, Vol. 82, No. 5Changes of single unit activity in the cat's auditory thalamus and cortex associated to different anesthetic conditionsNeuroscience Research, Vol. 19, No. 3Response properties of single units in areas of rat auditory thalamus that project to the amygdalaExperimental Brain Research, Vol. 98, No. 2Response properties of single units in areas of rat auditory thalamus that project to the amygdalaExperimental Brain Research, Vol. 98, No. 2Binaural response patterns in subdivisions of the medial geniculate bodyBrain Research, Vol. 640, No. 1-2Binaural stimulation reveals functional differences between midline and temporal components of the middle latency in guinea pigsElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section, Vol. 84, No. 4Frequency selectivity is related to temporal processing in parallel thalamocortical auditory pathwaysBrain Research, Vol. 583, No. 1-2The descending auditory pathway and acousticomotor systems: connections with the inferior colliculusBrain Research Reviews, Vol. 15, No. 3Functional organization of the medial division of the medial geniculate body of the cat: Tonotopic organization, spatial distribution of response properties and cortical connectionsHearing Research, Vol. 39, No. 1-2Involvement of cortical and thalamic auditory regions in retention of differential bradycardiac conditioning to acoustic conditioned stimuli in rabbitsBrain Research, Vol. 412, No. 2Physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: Rapid induction by learningProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 29, No. 1Ibotenic acid lesions in the medial geniculate region prevent the acquisition of differential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia to acoustic stimuli in rabbitsBrain Research, Vol. 382, No. 1The role of the medial geniculate region in differential Pavlovian conditioning of bradycardia in rabbitsBrain Research, Vol. 374, No. 1Functional organization of the medial geniculate body's subdivisions of the awake squirrel monkeyBrain Research, Vol. 360, No. 1-2Afferent fibers to the anterior suprasylvian gyrus from the medial geniculate body of catNeuroscience Letters, Vol. 51, No. 1The human medial geniculate bodyHearing Research, Vol. 15, No. 3Neuron types in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus that project to the medial geniculate bodyNeuroscience, Vol. 11, No. 2Measurement of frequency selectivity of single neurons in the central auditory pathwayHearing Research, Vol. 11, No. 3Evidence of sub-collicular auditory projections to the medial geniculate nucleus in the cat: An autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase studyBrain Research, Vol. 259, No. 1Properties of single neurons in the anterior auditory field (AAF) of cat cerebral cortexBrain Research, Vol. 248, No. 2Auditory cortex in the marsupial possum Trichosurus vulpeculaHearing Research, Vol. 7, No. 1Neural processing of vocalizations and artificial stimulin the medial geniculate body of squirrel monkeyHearing Research, Vol. 3, No. 2Phase-locked responses to low frequency tones in the medial geniculate bodyHearing Research, Vol. 1, No. 3Effects of ethanol, caffeine, and placebo on the auditory evoked responseElectroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol. 44, No. 5Processing of sensory informationProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 9, No. 1-2Subdivisions of the medial geniculate body in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis)Brain Research, Vol. 86, No. 2Representation of the cochlea within the inferior colliculus of the catBrain Research, Vol. 77, No. 3 More from this issue > Volume 36Issue 2March 1973Pages 275-83 https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.1973.36.2.275PubMed4574714History Published online 1 March 1973 Published in print 1 March 1973 Metrics

The morphology and histology of the olfactory organ of Tupaia glis (author's transl)

The morphology and histology of the olfactory organ will be studied in Tupaia glis. The tree shrew shows all features characteristic for macrosmatic mammals. In this respect it is different from microsmatic primates.

Comparative studies on the sensitivity of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) in primates

The taste thresholds of 28 subjects from 7 species of non-human primates (Tupaia glis, Loris tardigradus, Nycticebus coucang, Galago senegalensis, Callithrix pygmaea, Saguitius tamarin, Saimiri sciureits) were ascertained with a two-tube continuous intake procedure. These physiological values were completed with earlier data from other authors and compared with results of a human population from Switzerland.