Common Trade Research Articles

The Expanded and Intensive Trade in Turkey's Automotive Sector

Extensive trade is the export of existing foreign trade countries in a country at a higher amount or price. Intensive trade is the average of new products exported or new exports made by existing foreign trade in a country. The study found that the quantity component was 77.97% and the price component was 17.82%. Turkey's common trade share in automotive sub-industry production is 4.21%. According to these findings, it is seen that the strength of Turkey's automotive main and sub-industry exports stems from intense trade. It also appears that intense trading means a large number of pieces of the price device are being explained.

Assessing the evolution and perspectives of developing the russian export in current terms: adoption of the 4P model

The study’s relevance is caused due to the Russian export experiences, which acts as a research subject. Goal is to reveal current peculiarities of Russian export. As methodical tool the model of marketing mix was applied, which includes product, price, place, promotion. The analysis has shown: the Russian economy, to promote its export in new terms, uses marketing with new characteristics. The bigger are become the share in it of agricultural and metallurgical products, the share of developing countries among buyers. Promoting the export is provided including through the free trade zones of the Eurasian economic union with the third countries, common trade and cooperation areas with them. State support for import substitution assists to create the production able to export. Scientific contribution of the research results consists in that they expand application of micro-economic marketing mix model on export of national economy as a whole. The results received make possible to study in complex and simultaneously in detail the strengths and weaknesses of export, including the volume and structure of export, price dynamics, currency and financial, transport, trade and diplomatic peculiarities of sale.

Embracing market dynamics in the post-COVID era: A data-driven analysis of investor sentiment and behavioral characteristics in stock index futures returns

This paper aims to enhance the understanding and prediction of stock market behavior during unexpected events like the COVID-19 pandemic, with a specific focus on the role of market attention, social media sentiment indicators, and the development and evolution of unexpected events. We highlight that the common trading and technical indicators used in forecasting the stock index futures prices often overlook investor sentiment and pandemic-related data, which can be instrumental in predicting stock market behavior during significant emergencies. In response, we propose a multi-faceted approach that incorporates these overlooked factors. First, we enhance the predictive index system by integrating investor sentiment, derived from stock message board commentary, and investor behavior influenced by the development and evolution of the pandemic. This innovative approach refines our model's predictive capabilities and is validated through comparative analysis. Second, we introduce a hybrid framework for predicting stock index futures closing prices. By decomposing the closing price series into long-term trends, cyclical variations, and random fluctuations, we create a more nuanced forecast. Each component is predicted separately using appropriate time-series algorithms, improving the overall predictive accuracy and offering generalizability and scalability. Third, we devise a dynamic trading strategy that recognizes pandemic-related data, evolving over time, as a pivotal factor. This strategy is adaptable to evolving market conditions, and our experimental evidence demonstrates its effectiveness in yielding higher returns and reducing associated risks. Our findings underline the importance of incorporating investor sentiment and pandemic-related data into stock market predictions, thus offering a more comprehensive and accurate approach to market forecasting and risk management.

Analyzing Common Trade Risks Faced by Tanzanian Traders in International Transactions: A Case Study of Dar es Salaam Importers and Exporters

International trade is fraught with inherent risks that can significantly impact the efficiency and success of cross-border transactions. Tanzanian importers and exporters, particularly those navigating the complexities of the Dar es Salaam port, face challenges such as shipment delays, vague contract terms, and financial disputes. This study delves into how the strategic application of International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) serves as a powerful risk management tool, offering clarity and structure to international trade agreements. Utilizing a descriptive research design, we surveyed 96 traders and conducted in-depth interviews to capture their experiences with trade risks and their understanding of Incoterms. The findings reveal a widespread gap in formal training on Incoterms, leading to frequent logistical issues and contractual ambiguities that could otherwise be mitigated. This research highlights the urgent need for targeted educational programs to enhance traders’ knowledge of Incoterms and improve the overall efficiency of Tanzania’s trade environment. By embracing these standardized terms, Tanzanian traders can transform risks into opportunities, positioning themselves as key players in the global trade ecosystem. The study concludes with actionable strategies for improving Incoterm adoption and presents a roadmap for strengthening Tanzania’s competitive edge in international commerce.

International wildlife trade quotas are characterized by high compliance and coverage but insufficient adaptive management

Effective management of international wildlife trade is crucial to ensure sustainability. Quotas are a common trade management tool and specify an annual number of individuals to be exported, yet at present there is no global assessment of quota coverage and compliance. Using over 7,000 country–year specific reptile quotas established under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) covering 343 species, we quantify quota coverage, compliance, trade trends pre-quota and post-quota setting and whether quotas likely represent adaptive management. Quotas predominantly concerned live wild-sourced reptiles, with only 6.6% of live non-zero quotas exceeded and 4.5% of zero quotas subverted. For 62.3% of species, quotas were established higher than pre-quota trade, with traded volumes post-quota mainly unchanged or higher than pre-quota establishment, thus potentially facilitating sustainable trade. Over 38% of quota series of species remained at the same level each year, with the longest-running quotas proportionately updated the least, indicating that many quotas do not change adaptively in response to changing threats to species through time. Greater specificity in exactly what quotas cover, justification for unchanged quotas and transparency over quota determination are needed to ensure that high compliance equates to sustainable use.

Common trade exposure and business cycle comovement

Bilateral trade is considered a key driver of business-cycle transmission, as countries with higher bilateral trade have more correlated business cycles. We show, however, that when we account for the common trade exposure of a country pair to similar foreign cycles, the effect of bilateral trade on comovement falls sharply. Furthermore, common trade exposure is also a robust predictor of comovement. We conclude that trade is indeed a driver of business-cycle transmission, but often through common exposure to foreign cycles rather than just bilateral linkages. Finally, we consider the implications of these empirical results for the “trade-comovement puzzle.”

The Practice of Commodification and a Politically Entangled Figure and her Car Wartburg 312/1 – Based on Ida by Paweł Pawlikowski and Car Brochures from the Era

Commodification is a practice that can be identified across various disciplines. It has permeated the spheres of common trade but is discernible in the products of culture such as film too. This paper includes an analysis of car scenes form the Oscarwinning Polish film Ida. Highlighting the importance of narrativisation of objects in visual culture, it primarily presents the semiotic background of commodification for the analysis. Wartburg 312/1 in Ida is a silent witness to the history and tragedy of the main character, Wanda. It should not be thus perceived as just unidentified prop from the film setting. Commodification is in Ida an underlying parameter as it shows the significance of the vehicle and a hypothetical purchasing decision seemingly made by the main character seen in a diachronic perspective on the basis of car brochures from the epoch.

An LSTM-based optimization algorithm for enhancing quantitative arbitrage trading.

Arbitrage trading is a common quantitative trading strategy that leverages the long-term cointegration relationships between multiple related assets to conduct spread trading for profit. Specifically, when the cointegration relationship between two or more related series holds, it utilizes the stability and mean-reverting characteristics of their cointegration relationship for spread trading. However, in real quantitative trading, determining the cointegration relationship based on the Engle-Granger two-step method imposes stringent conditions for the cointegration to hold, which can easily be disrupted by price fluctuations or trend characteristics presented by the linear combination, leading to the failure of the arbitrage strategy and significant losses. To address this issue, this article proposes an optimized strategy based on long-short-term memory (LSTM), termed Dynamic-LSTM Arb (DLA), which can classify the trend movements of linear combinations between multiple assets. It assists the Engle-Granger two-step method in determining cointegration relationships when clear upward or downward non-stationary trend characteristics emerge, avoiding frequent strategy switches that lead to losses and the invalidation of arbitrage strategies due to obvious trend characteristics. Additionally, in mean-reversion arbitrage trading, to determine the optimal trading boundary, we have designed an optimized algorithm that dynamically updates the trading boundaries. Training results indicate that our proposed optimization model can successfully filter out unprofitable trades. Through trading tests on a backtesting platform, a theoretical return of 23% was achieved over a 10-day futures trading period at a 1-min level, significantly outperforming the benchmark strategy and the returns of the CSI 300 Index during the same period.

Human α-glucosidase inhibition and phytochemical profile of natural and shinzuke treated olives: implications from the processing method

Olive (Olea europaea) phytochemicals are associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. Table olives typically have higher phytochemical concentrations than olive oil, but their impact on human intestinal α-glucosidase is largely unknown. Shinzuke, the most common trade preparation in Japan, are alkali-treated non-fermented green olives. In contrast, natural olives are debittered by brining, which may enhance phytochemical retention. We evaluated the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of Shinzuke and natural green olives produced in-house and compared them with commercial table olives. Eight types of table olives were tested against human intestinal α-glucosidase. Shinzuke Mission was the least effective (IC50 0.710 ± 0.058 mg/mL), while Natural green olives showed double to triple activity, with a non-competitive mechanism. Natural table olives retained more phytochemicals than shinzuke and other treated olives, and are good inhibitors of human α-glucosidase in vitro, exhibiting potential as a functional food for the management of postprandial glycaemia.Graphical

Rebalancing agri-food trade flows due to Russian import ban: the case of direct neighbors

In recent years, research on trade rebalancing in agri-food supply chains has gained prominence due to trade sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and vulnerabilities exposed by pandemics and conflicts. This study focuses on the recalibration of agri-food trade dynamics, using the 2014 Russian import ban as a case study. The ban significantly altered the structure of agri-food export destinations for affected countries, particularly those sharing a border with Russia (e.g., Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania). Employing a cross-section regression model and structural break tests, we assess the trade rebalancing process. Our findings reveal short-term trade rebalancing effects, primarily observed in product groups not traditionally considered main trade specializations. There is evidence that significant part of the lost trade was redirected to EU28 or EAEU countries and end up in the common trade areas of these countries. Furthermore, we argue that the Russian import ban initiated a long-term structural shift in export patterns for non-traditionally traded banned products, while rebalancing for traditionally traded products was significantly quicker.

Analysis of Sunflower and Oilseed Rape Competitiveness in the Conditions of Slovakia and Czech Republic

Abstract The paper primarily deals with the development of agriculture in the Slovak Republic and Czech Republic, analyzes the agricultural sector in the period 2012–2022 and examines in more detail agriculture, its plant production, especially oilseeds. Attention is given to brief information on the development and situation of the sunflower and oilseed rape, where we focus on the analysis of the development of selected indicators during the observed period, such as production, area sown, yields. Within our research we deal with the concept of competitiveness, using the appropriate indicators. Based on the data, via analysis we quantified the value of Revealed Comparative Advantage index (RCA) and Competitiveness Growth Index (RCA 1). The development of society and the opening of borders between individual states caused the development of foreign trade. Membership in the European Union meant for Slovak and Czech foreign trade the relinquishment of sovereignty in this areas and the adoption of a common trade policy that establishes rules for foreign trade within member countries, but also towards third countries. At the same time, however, Slovak Republic and Czech Republic gained access to the single internal market, which is of significant importance for foreign trade of countries.

Foreign trade in tourism services of Portugal

EU members have a common customs union, a single market (in which goods, people and capital move freely), a common trade policy, a common agricultural policy and a common currency (the euro). In addition, the EU has taken steps to develop a common foreign and security policy. The EU currently faces a number of political and economic challenges, including slow growth and persistently high unemployment in many EU countries. Portugal, as a member of the EU, is experiencing a whole range of problems, like other member countries. But due to the peculiarities of the economy, these problems have their own specifics, including those related to the development of the tourism sector and its role in the country’s economy. In the article, the author examines this specificity and draws conclusions about the characteristics of Portugal.

Agro-Food Common Trade Framework, Review: Insights from Mountain Farming Chains

Agro-Food Common Trade Framework, Review: Insights from Mountain Farming Chains

Pricing, greening, and recycling decisions of capital-constrained closed-loop supply chain with government subsidies under financing strategies

BackgroundDue to the growing awareness of environmental protection and their economic benefits, there has been rapid development in the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) in recent years, with a general occurrence of CLSCs led by collectors. MotivationEven with government support such as subsidies, the operation of CLSC still requires immense investment, such as purchasing recycling equipment. Nevertheless, the unprecedented economic recession during the post-pandemic era has heightened the risk of insufficient funding for CLSC. This highlights the importance of understanding the complexities involved in CLSC financing strategies, as they are crucial for ensuring the sustainability and resilience of CLSC in the face of challenges. MethodsTo investigate the equilibrium decisions and financing strategy selection of CLSCs, we developed and analyzed a series of three-stage Stackelberg models, considering practical scenarios involving capital constraints, environmentally friendly green activities, government subsidies for End-of-Life (EOL) recycling, as well as introducing common trade credit financing and bank financing for generality. ConclusionThe findings demonstrate: (1) Under trade credit financing, it is always beneficial for the collector granting credit. Interest income can motivate the collector to recover more EOL products. (2) In addition to financing interest rates, government subsidies and remanufacturing cost savings can affect the financing strategy selection of the capital-constrained manufacturer. Our study provides guidance for managers in selecting optimal financing strategies under specific conditions. (3) The total profit of CLSC under trade credit financing is always higher and we propose a revenue-sharing contract to realize the win-win status with the optimal profit of CLSC. (4) Furthermore, our results underscore the importance of government recycling subsidies, remanufacturing cost savings, and the positive impact achieved by reducing recycling difficulties and enhancing customer awareness of green consumption.

Diminishing gains from trade across countries: Interaction between trade elasticity and openness

This paper theoretically shows that when the trade elasticity is allowed to be country specific and it increases with trade openness across countries, it is possible for the gains from trade to decrease with trade openness across countries under certain conditions, which we call as the diminishing gains from trade. In order to empirically test this possibility, country-specific trade elasticity measures are estimated by using quarterly time-series data for 40 countries, where the model-implied macroeconomic relationship between the home expenditure share and the real income per capita is employed. The average trade elasticity is estimated about 2.7, with a range between 0.3 and 11.9 across countries, which corresponds to the gains from trade of about 30% for the average country. Instead, when a common trade elasticity of 2.7 is used for all countries, the gains from trade are underestimated by about 8% for the average country, showing the importance of using country-specific trade elasticity measures. In a secondary cross-country analysis, the country-specific trade elasticity estimates are shown to increase and the gains from trade are shown to decrease with trade openness measures. It is implied that there are diminishing gains from trade across countries with respect to their trade openness.

PERMINTAAN PASAR TERHADAP PERUSAHAAN PADA PASAR PERSAINGAN SEMPURNA

Markets may be the common trading instruments for merchandise and administrations. Market costs are shaped by various variables that at the time shape the demand and supply of products and services. Customer demand is influenced by various variables such as costs, customer salaries, tastes, desires and benefit levels. Meanwhile, producer supply is also influenced by various variables, such as mashlahah, profit, and cost. The interaction between supply and demand that will frame the adjustment point can be altered from either the demand or supply side, either due to organized deviations or unstructured deviations. Idealizing competition exhibitions will be able to provide reasonable costs for dealers and buyers. Therefore, if market instruments are disrupted, cost equity will not be achieved. Islam places the market in an important position in the economy. So the role of the government is very important to encourage the implementation of idealizing the elements of the exhibition such as the regulation of mediation of the acceptance of costs that remain based on equity. Storefront equilibrium in the short run in a perfectly competitive storefront can be a condition where the amount supplied rises to the amount demanded.

Analysis of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) trade in Cameroon: A trader's perspective of preferred varieties and market traits

Common beans contribute towards enhancing food and nutritional security in developing countries. Producing the right varieties entails that the interest of all value chain actors, like traders (wholesalers, retailers, and aggregators), are considered in developing breeding priorities to meet local and export market demand. However, there is little or no information on traders' perspectives regarding the preferred common bean traits and variety; hence, this study sought to fill the gap. This study aimed to analyse common bean trade in Cameroon by focusing on the trader's perspective of preferred varieties and market traits. A market survey was conducted in August 2021. Four regions of Cameroon (Adamawa, Centre, West, and Littoral) were purposively selected based on accessibility, and high concentration of bean traders and are considered the major bean distribution and consumption hubs. A two-stage random sampling was then used to select 175 traders. Data was gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed descriptively using Excel and STATA 14 software. The results indicated that 80% of bean trade was with Gabon and Congo. The majority of the sampled traders were men, as more men are involved in the bean business. Also, the majority of the traders did not participate in contract farming arrangements. Two market classes of beans were popular: red and white beans. The red beans were popular in the market probably due to good market traits such as affordability, good taste, high yield and early maturity. White bean market class was popular in the export market. Conversely, the black bean market class was the least preferred in the market. The most preferred market traits for improved common beans were good taste and acceptability by buyers. White beans fetched the highest wholesale (1.72 USD) and retail (1.41 USD) prices per kg on the market. Conversely, black beans fetched the lowest wholesale (0.8 USD) and retail (0.75 USD) prices per kg on the market. We recommend that common bean breeders should involve traders as important stakeholders whose market intelligence can be useful in developing improved bean varieties, which are demand-driven. Also, governmental and non-governmental agencies should promote improved common bean varieties to enhance productivity that meets the high demand in local and export markets. Besides, they should promote traders' participation in contract farming arrangements to enhance the steady supply of improved common beans on the market.

ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF AND PARTNERSHIP PATTERNS IN VEGETABLE ONLINE COMPANY: CASE STUDY AT BEJANA.ID

This study aims to analyze supply chain management of vegetable products, identify supply chain performance based on the estimation of average time and partnership patterns at Bejana.id, Bandar Lampung. The case study method was used to determine the location purposively. Data were collected using questionnaires in December 2022. The sample used purposive sampling, including one person from Bejana.id, six merchant partners, and nine farmer partners. The data analysis method applied for supply chain management and partnership pattern is qualitative, and supply chain management performance is Supply Chain Operation References (SCOR). The results indicated that (1) the Bejana.id supply chain includes farmer and merchant partners, Bejana.id, and B2B (Business to Business) & B2C (Business to Consumers). The flow of products, information, and money are efficient and have not found severe issues, (2) supply chain performance at the supplier partner level is an advantage in standardized products (SP) and parity in perfect order fulfilment (POF), and for the Bejana.id level get the advantage in standardized products (SP), (3) the partnership pattern between Bejana.id and farmer partners is the common trade pattern, and between Bejana.id and merchant partners is the agency pattern. Keywords: e-commerce, partnership, SCOR, supply chain, vegetables

DOMAIN NAME PROTECTION IN SOUTH AFRICA

This paper investigates the legal mechanisms that are available when one is dealing with domain name disputes. It describes the domain name system and contrasts this with other forms of intellectual property. The different types of domain name conflicts are discussed and the legal measures available for protection of domain names as intellectual property are highlighted. Reference is made to national protection measures such as the Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993 and common law protection of intellectual property. Certain international legal mechanisms such as the World Intellectual Property Organisation’s rules with regard to online domain name dispute resolution and the United State’s Anticybersquatter Consumer Protection Act of 1999 are also discussed as these measures have a direct influence on some domain names of South African businesses. Lastly the changes to domain name dispute resolution procedures envisaged by the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act 25 of 2002 are discussed.Since the advent of e-commerce a new species of highly valuable intellectual property has developed. Although there are remarkable similarities between domain names and “common law trade marks” and trade marks protected by the Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993 there are also important differences, which cause uncertainty and confusion when disputes involving domain names arise. These differences flow mainly from the unique characteristics of domain names. The purpose of this note is to investigate the domain name system as it is used in South Africa, to compare domain names and trade marks, and to look at the protection mechanisms which an aggrieved party may have at his or her disposal if he should find that his business name or trade mark (or something similar) is being used by a domain name registrant in a way that conflicts with his interests. In addition, a short comparison of how these problems are addressed by the international community, particularly the USA and Britain, will be made.

Closed‐loop Nash competition for liquidity

AbstractWe study a multiplayer stochastic differential game, where agents interact through their joint price impact on an asset that they trade to exploit a common trading signal. In this context, we prove that a closed‐loop Nash equilibrium exists if the price impact parameter is small enough. Compared to the corresponding open‐loop Nash equilibrium, both the agents' optimal trading rates and their performance move towards the central‐planner solution, in that excessive trading due to lack of coordination is reduced. However, the size of this effect is modest for plausible parameter values.