Common Set Of Requirements Research Articles

The ESP Scenario in EFL Economics Courses

The term "ESP" refers to a method of teaching English for any possible goal. It addresses with determining the curriculum for a scenario where students are grouped as homogeneous and have a common set of requirements. Thus, the goal of this study is to investigate the state of ESP teaching and learning in a third-year graduate student class at the University of Murni Teguh, Department of Economics. The researcher makes an effort to determine whether the ESP method of teaching EFL is used in this particular class. In order to do this, a representative sample of 50 students was selected at random and joined by their ESP instructor, a specialist in the same department. Two study tools have been used to gather data: a structured interview with the teacher and a questionnaire for the students. Consequently, a quantitative and qualitative analysis has been conducted. The findings showed that students are taught in general English with little consideration for their academic and professional demands (once they are employed). Instead, there is a strong emphasis on learning economic concepts and translating brief texts into Arabic, the students' native tongue. The ESP teacher also mentioned how he sensed a need for particular "teacher training." The findings may help ESP teachers understand what is actually required in this particular situation. Therefore, depending on the needs of each specific subject, ESP approaches should be used to teach English.

Overspecified vessel design solutions in multi-stakeholder design problems

Engineering design is characterized, in many cases, by the involvement of multiple stakeholders. The variety of stakeholders’ expectations with regards to the output and outcome of a vessel design situation, and the differences in background, culture and information asymmetry among stakeholders, make it difficult to arrive at a common set of requirements and a mutually accepted vessel design solution. In this paper, we show how poor handling of expectations in multi-stakeholder arrangements may lead to overspecified design solutions and thereby, negatively affect business outcomes. We propose and test a set of metrics to measure the level of misalignment among stakeholders’ expectations to identify and measure overspecification in vessel design alternatives. The measure can be used in tradeoff analysis against cost, in the decision process for selection among design alternatives. Hence, at equal cost, a higher degree expectation fulfillment may be preferred and selected. A case study is presented for the design of an offshore ship design based on a joint-venture ownership.

Research of Requirement Analysis about Middleware in the Business Environment of Web of Things

Since the morphology, performance and functionality of the terminal of each WoT system are not the same, it would have a great impact on the general design of middleware and specific functions. This article polymerized common technologies of middleware and defined a common set of requirements. Thus it improved the ability of each heterogeneous device in the network, reduced the cost of application development, and improved the development efficiency.

An Industrial Perspective on Wireless Sensor Networks — A Survey of Requirements, Protocols, and Challenges

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are applicable in numerous domains, including industrial automation where WSNs may be used for monitoring and control of industrial plants and equipment. However, the requirements in the industrial systems differ from the general WSN requirements. In recent years, standards have been defined by several industrial alliances. These standards are specified as frameworks with modifiable parts that can be defined based on the particular application of WSN. However, limited work has been done on defining industry-specific protocols that could be used as a part of these standards. In this survey, we discuss representative protocols that meet some of the requirements of the industrial applications. Since the industrial applications domain in itself is a vast area, we divide them into classes with similar requirements. We discuss these industrial classes, set of common requirements and various state-of-the-art WSN standards proposed to satisfy these requirements. We then present a broader view towards the WSN solution by discussing important functions like medium access control, routing, and transport in detail to give some insight into specific requirements and the classification of protocols based on certain factors. We list and discuss representative protocols for each of these functions that address requirements defined in the industrial classes. Security function is discussed in brief, mainly in relation to industrial standards. Finally, we identify unsolved challenges that are encountered during design of protocols and standards. In addition some new challenges are introduced and discussed.

A unified structural/terminological interoperability framework based on LexEVS: application to TRANSFoRm.

ObjectiveBiomedical research increasingly relies on the integration of information from multiple heterogeneous data sources. Despite the fact that structural and terminological aspects of interoperability are interdependent and rely on a common set of requirements, current efforts typically address them in isolation. We propose a unified ontology-based knowledge framework to facilitate interoperability between heterogeneous sources, and investigate if using the LexEVS terminology server is a viable implementation method.Materials and methodsWe developed a framework based on an ontology, the general information model (GIM), to unify structural models and terminologies, together with relevant mapping sets. This allowed a uniform access to these resources within LexEVS to facilitate interoperability by various components and data sources from implementing architectures.ResultsOur unified framework has been tested in the context of the EU Framework Program 7 TRANSFoRm project, where it was used to achieve data integration in a retrospective diabetes cohort study. The GIM was successfully instantiated in TRANSFoRm as the clinical data integration model, and necessary mappings were created to support effective information retrieval for software tools in the project.ConclusionsWe present a novel, unifying approach to address interoperability challenges in heterogeneous data sources, by representing structural and semantic models in one framework. Systems using this architecture can rely solely on the GIM that abstracts over both the structure and coding. Information models, terminologies and mappings are all stored in LexEVS and can be accessed in a uniform manner (implementing the HL7 CTS2 service functional model). The system is flexible and should reduce the effort needed from data sources personnel for implementing and managing the integration.

Towards a domain‐specific context acquisition, presentation and rule‐based control platform

PurposeResearch on context‐aware systems design has received significant attention lately. One of the research directions on context‐aware systems is towards context‐aware frameworks adapted to domain‐specific requirements, aiming to improve their applicability in a variety of applications, which share common requirements. The purpose of this paper is to present the design of a domain‐specific context‐aware platform supporting context acquisition, presentation and rule‐based control.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed platform uses a formal context model, based on ontologies description, aiming to provide a common representation of contextual information, facilitating thus integration and reusability in application domains, which embrace a common set of requirements. A context‐aware system has been built upon a well defined data model, which inherits a list of offered functionalities and/or services at the acquisition, presentation and reasoning level. The presented platform entails an event‐driven context‐based inference mechanism aiming to enable automated reasoning.FindingsThe proposed platform has been applied in two different case studies, aiming to provide a proof of concept towards the applicability of the proposed framework in different application areas through the offered integration and adaptation mechanisms. Evaluation results, in the frame of these case studies, show the ease of using the platform and its acceptable performance in practice.Originality/valueAs context‐aware applications within specific domains share common requirements, it becomes mandatory to offer solutions, like the proposed in this paper, which can be easily adapted to application semantics and can be reused with different levels of abstractions in order to meet specific requirements. The present paper proposes a domain‐specific platform, which applies on a variety of application types with a common set of requirements.

Virtual Device Context- Securing with Scalability and Cost Reduction

In this fast advancing world of networking, a business always has security concerns as well as scalability requirements. The desire for these two necessities has given rise to the introduction of virtual local area networks [(VLANs) a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were attached to the same domain, regardless of their physical location]. This logical separation provides security. The ever-increasing demand of scalability led to the use of communication between VLANs (when required). This led to the introduction concept called inter-VLAN routing. An organization that is expanding in its geography needs to be secure as well as be connectible. This leads them to use routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, EIGRP. However, this fundamental was a revolutionary step but this too has its limitations. This was achieved by using IEEE 802.1Q protocol, which essentially provided a way to secure communication between major remote sites as well as connecting to a public domain. There is virtualization in almost everything we use including the virtualization of networks, where one physical network can act as multiple virtual networks using a very few (or one) device. This article deals with the concept of cost savings as well as meeting increasing demands by deploying the virtual device context (VDC) to reach optimal levels.

OA&M for full services access networks

A number of network operators and suppliers have collaborated in the full services access network (FSAN) initiative to agree on a common set of requirements for broadband networks. This article presents the OAM minimizing the need for special operational skills and maintenance tools; provision of accurate maintenance information by the system; promoting reuse by locating complex functions at common points to enable sharing of platforms; provision of functions for locating faults and detecting network degradation; and the need to build in the ability to evolve and upgrade the network and its management capability.

Designing berthing mechanisms for international compatibility

This paper examines the challenge of designing Space Station Freedom berthing mechanisms compatible with U.S. and international partners. The Space Station Freedom berthing mechanisms are critical to all phases of station assembly and operations. The berthing mechanism design must provide common interfaces between the U.S., European, and Japanese pressurized modules and between the Space Station Manned Base and the European Man-Tended Free Flyer. Because of the necessity of providing a common interface between hardware supplied by three intemational partners, a key aspect of the design is arriving at a common set of requirements. The technical challenges involved in arriving at a common berthing mechanism design and the methods used to accomplish the task are described.

Access and Alignment of Data in an Array Processor

This paper discusses the design of a primary memory system for an array processor which allows parallel, conflict-free access to various slices of data (e.g., rows, columns, diagonals, etc.), and subsequent alignment of these data for processing. Memory access requirements for an array processor are discussed in general terms and a set of common requirements are defined. The ability to meet these requirements is shown to depend on the number of independent memory units and on the mapping of the data in these memories. Next, the need to align these data for processing is demonstrated and various alignment requirements are defined. Hardware which can perform this alignment function is discussed, e.g., permutation, indexing, switching or sorting networks, and a network (the omega network) based on Stone's shuffle-exchange operation [1] is presented. Construction of this network is described and many of its useful properties are proven. Finally, as an example of these ideas, an array processor is shown which allows conflict-free access and alignment of rows, columns, diagonals, backward diagonals, and square blocks in row or column major order, as well as certain other special operations.