Common Punishment Research Articles

The Game Theory of Football Penalty Kicks

Abstract. Soccer is the world's number one sport, known for its fierce rivalries and full of surprises. Especially in important international competitions, such as the World Cup and the European Championships, matches are often about national honor and the expectations of millions of fans. Penalty kicks are a common punishment in soccer, where the goalkeeper and the shooter are pitted against each other in a one-on-one confrontation. Penalty kicks, because of their simplicity of confrontation, have a breath-taking tension and excitement, and most of the victory depends on the decision-making confrontation between the shooter and the goalkeeper. Game theory is an important tool for studying how participants make decisions to maximize their own gains in situations of conflict and competition. In order to study how the goalkeeper saves most effectively, this paper analyzes the penalty shot from the perspective of game theory, and obtains the optimal solution for the goalkeeper's save direction in a simplified situation by calculating the Nash equilibrium under mixed strategies.

Peculiarities of the formation and application of the institute of diversion (diverting) of children from criminal justice in the Kyrgyz Republic

Ensuring the rights and interests of juveniles involved in criminal activities is one of the priority tasks of the criminal justice system, but deprivation of liberty continues to be the most common punishment for children. The purpose of the study presented in this article is to determine the specifics of diversion (diverting) of juveniles from criminal justice and to consider the peculiarities of this legal institution in the justice system of the Kyrgyz Republic. The research employed both general scientific and specific legal methodologies, including logical-semantic, dialectical, abstract-logical, system-functional, historical, system-structural, comparative legal, and information legal methods. The study included consideration of the concept of diversion (diverting) of children from criminal justice, its difference from similar institutions (probation). The factors that determine the need for the earliest possible diversion (diverting) of a child from criminal justice, due to his or her age-related psychophysiological characteristics, were identified. International standards in the field of protecting children, particularly those related to the practice of diverting children from the criminal justice system, are considered. The main aspects of implementing international law on diversion of children within Kyrgyzstanʼs legal framework are identified and analyzed, alongside an examination of relevant provisions in national legislation. Drawing from the experiences of countries like Poland and Georgia, which have successfully implemented this legal mechanism, areas for potential improvement in the regulatory framework are identified. These include defining characteristics of the diversion process such as applicable stages, eligible offenses and age criteria for offenders, as well as the integration of mediation alongside diversion practices. Based on the results of the study, amendments to the national legislation of Kyrgyzstan are proposed, which can be used in the process of drafting bills to improve national legislation on juvenile justice and justice for

ИСТОРИКО-ПРАВОВЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ УГОЛОВНОЙ ОТВЕТСТВЕННОСТИ ЗА ДЕЗОРГАНИЗАЦИЮ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЙ, ОБЕСПЕЧИВАЮЩИХ ИЗОЛЯЦИЮ ОСУЖДЕННЫХ (ЗАКЛЮЧЕННЫХ) ОТ ОБЩЕСТВА

In Russia, one of the most common punishments throughout the entire period of existence has been punishments related to imprisonment and isolation from society. In the process of executing these punishments, problems may arise in their implementation. The key problem in this area is the improvement of measures to counter actions that disrupt the activities of correctional institutions. For several decades, Soviet legislation has been changing the concept of criminal liability for actions related to the disorganization of correctional institutions. The article examines the historical and legal trends in the development of criminal liability for violent acts against convicts (prisoners) and staff of institutions providing isolation from society at different historical stages. The work is based on the analysis of scientific literature and legislative acts that establish measures of responsibility for actions related to the disorganization of correctional institutions. The aim of the work was to raise the problem of criminal liability for the disorganization of correctional institutions for scientific discussion.

Аналіз змагальної діяльності каратистів високої кваліфікації

Purpose: to conduct an analysis of the competitive activity of highly qualified karate fighters. Material and methods. The following methods were used in the study: analysis of scientific and methodological information and Internet sources; generalization of best practical experience; video computer analysis of competitive activity, methods of mathematical statistics. A total of 20 medal fights (2022 European Championship, Turkey) in different weight categories were analyzed. Results: the analysis of scientific and methodical information and the generalization of best practical experience showed that the research of competitive activity is a mandatory stage in the preparation of athletes for competitions. The need to analyze the performances of the world's leading athletes allows you to highlight the most effective actions, techniques and adapt them to the performance of a certain athlete in order to achieve success. According to the results of the study, it was found that of all the received punishments, athletes are most often punished for holding an opponent with their hands (33,3 %), passive fighting (23,2 %), going outside the boundaries of the court (15,9 %) and pushing (14,5%) than for dangerous, uncontrolled or prohibited technique, imitation of attacks with head, elbows, knees, open palms or neglect of protection equal to 0%. However, the following penalties were recorded: disobeying the referee's commands or talking (7,3 %), excessive contact (2,9 %) and simulating injuries (1,5 %). And among all the variety of techniques, the most common punches are gyaku dzuki (29,1%) and oi dzuki (15,8 %) and mawashi geri (30,3 %), ura mawashi geri (8,7 %). The following techniques were stolen at the competition: uraken punch (0,6 %), yoko geri kicks (4,2 %), ushiro ura mawashi geri (1,0 %), ushiro geri (0,2%), combinations of blows two-hit hands gyaku dzuki (2,5%), oi dzuki, gyaku dzuki (5,0 %) gyaku dzuki, oi dzuki (0,4 %), finishing throws (2,3 %). Also, in the course of the research, the time intervals during which the karateka performs the largest number of active technical and tactical actions were established. Namely, it was determined that 39,5 % of athletes perform active technical-tactical actions in the first 30 seconds of a duel, 63,2 % from 30 to 60 seconds, 89,5 % from 60 to 150 seconds, and 92,1 % perform technical-tactical actions within 150-180 seconds. Conclusions During the analysis of scientific and methodical information and the generalization of best practices, it was determined that the study of competitive activity is a mandatory stage in the preparation of athletes for competitions. gyaku dzuki (29,1 %) and oi dzuki (15,8 %) and mawashi geri kicks (30,3 %) and ura mawashi geri (8,7 %). It was determined that the most common punishments received by athletes are remarks for holding an opponent, going out of bounds, passive handling of a duel and pushing. It was also found that athletes show the greatest activity in 60-150 (89,5 %) and 150-180 (92,1 %) seconds of the match, and the least in 0-30 (39,5 %).

Meghan R. Henning. Hell Hath No Fury: Gender, Disability, and the Invention of Damned Bodies in Early Christian Literature

Meghan R. Henning. <i>Hell Hath No Fury: Gender, Disability, and the Invention of Damned Bodies in Early Christian Literature</i>

Privatisation and accountability in Australian immigration detention: A case of state-corporate symbiosis

Across the global north, immigration detention has become an increasingly common punishment for ‘illegal’ movement between borders. The punitive nature of Australia's border protection laws is enhanced by a privatised and offshored model of operation, drawing in corporations and neighbouring territories to sustain a policy of indefinite, offshore detention. Reading these arrangements as resulting in actions that might be described as state-corporate crime, this article considers how such punitive regimes are sustained by the institutional actors who operationalise them. It analyses documents tabled before the Australian Senate in 2019 which detail the contractual relationship between the Department of Home Affairs and private security provider Paladin. Communications materials in particular, including emails and meeting minutes, reveal a compromised framework of accountability that failed to apprehend underlying forms of harm in offshore detention, therefore sustaining its capacity to punish. The results also suggest a shared interest between government and Paladin in maintaining this compromised framework, and an absence of voices which might challenge it. Noting that public-private contracts are commonplace in contemporary punitive regimes, the article concludes by interrogating the place for human rights compliance within these regimes.

Mass Murder in Educational Establishments: Opportunities for Using Criminal Law Means of Counteraction

As the cases of mass murders in educational establishments grow in number, it becomes necessary to determine the measures necessary for counteracting this crime in modern conditions. The conducted research allowed the authors to identify the concept and types of armed attacks on life in educational establishments. They prove the necessity of including mass murder in Part 3 of Art. 105 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and increasing the minimum penalty to 15-year imprisonment. The authors also conclude that the most common punishment for the murder of more than two persons committed using a publicly dangerous method is imprisonment for 15-20 years. In most cases, such punishment was imposed for the murder of 2-3 persons and the presence of two aggravating circumstances. Imprisonment for 20 to 25 years inclusively and life imprisonment was imposed for murdering 6-8 persons and the presence of two qualifying features in combination with other crimes. In 16 mass murders committed in educational establishments in the last seven years, the above-mentioned measures can only be applied to two criminals, as in other cases the culprits either were underage, or committed suicide. It is possible that the measures developed and implemented in 2021, which increase punishment for illegal trade in civilian weapons, will be somewhat effective in preventing mass murders by persons under 21 years of age. However, there are considerable doubts regarding the effectiveness of such measures for preventing especially grave crimes committed by persons who have already reached this age. A detailed analysis of punishments for the extreme cases of especially grave crimes makes it possible to conclude that life imprisonment does not provide any opportunities for imposing a stricter punishment depending on the number of persons who were murdered or were in danger of sustaining such harm. Consequently, it is possible to believe that the right punishment for this category of criminals is capital punishment, and its main goal is prevention.

Juridical Review Of The Granting Of Remissions To Prisoners Of Criminal Acts Of Corruption

Corruption has occurred systematically and widely, causing state financial losses, as well as violating the social and economic rights of the community at large. The most common punishment imposed on perpetrators of corruption is imprisonment. Law Number 12 of 1999 concerning Corrections states that one of the rights of prisoners is to obtain a reduction in their criminal period or remission, not least for prisoners who are perpetrators of corruption. The government has issued Government Regulation Number 28 of 2006 concerning the Terms and Procedures for the Implementation of the Rights of Correctional Inmates. Convicts of criminal acts of corruption can be given remission if they meet the requirements of good behavior and have served 1/3 (one third) of their criminal period. The study was conducted to find out the things that became the basis for granting remissions to prisoners, including convicts who were perpetrators of criminal acts of corruption and to find out how the legal arrangements for granting remissions to prisoners who were perpetrators of corruption in positive law in Indonesia. The type of research is normative juridical research. The data was collected through a literature study, and the data obtained were processed using qualitative data processing methods. This qualitative analysis is then linked to relevant problems and theories so that the data obtained are descriptive. The results of the analysis show that the correctional system seeks to realize the social reintegration of prisoners in prison, therefore the basis for granting remissions to prisoners is to motivate prisoners to behave well and accelerate prisoners who are well behaved so that they can be released and return to society before the actual date of freedom. The legal rules for granting remissions to convicts who commit corruption crimes are Government Regulation Number 28 of 2006, but have not been equipped with implementing regulations. The government should immediately provide clarity to this regulation by issuing implementing regulations so as to provide legal certainty for the Directorate General of Corrections.

“To Make Some Extra Money”: Smuggling and black marketeering by Czechoslovak transport workers (1970s and 1980s)

The paper focuses on various forms of illegal and semi-illegal activities, mainly smuggling and black marketeering as experienced by transport workers during the 1970s and 1980s in former Czechoslovakia. It is based primarily on several dozens of oral history interviews recorded with people from river, sea, air, and road transport. The interview analysis (together with archival resources) shows that while there were significant differences in the scope and types of these “transactions” in various transport fields, the risks and benefits were very similar. The second part reflects on “negotiations” between the uses of the opportunity to obtain money and goods abroad (sometimes in semi-illegal or illegal ways) and the fear of losing this chance, and eventually of losing the job, which was one of the most common punishments. This was a great threat, often more for the very love of the profession than for material benefits.

أحکام السَّجن والحبس فی الفقه الإسلامی والتشریعات القانونیة

تعتبر عقوبة السجن أکثر العقوبات المنتشرة ضد الجرائم المرتکبة في معظم التشريعات لدى دول العالم، وذلک بسبب إلغاء العقوبات البدنية، وقد تناول الفقهاء المسلمون قضية السجن والحبس وأحکام عقوبة الحبس، وأصلها في القرآن والسنة، والإجماع، وحقوق السجناء في الفقه الإسلامي، وقد جاء هذا البحث لإلقاء الضوء على مفهوم السجن في الإسلام، والتعرف على مشروعية عقوبة السجن أو الحبس من القرآن والسنة، وعلى نشأة السجون في التاريخ الإسلامي، وما إذا کان هناک تقسيم للسجون وآلية تصنيف المساجين، وتعرض البحث لحقوق المساجين وأساليب التعامل معهم في آراء الفقهاء المسلمين. Imprisonment is considered the most common punishment for crimes committed in the most of the legislations of the countries in the world, due to the abolition of corporal punishment. This research came to shed light on the concept of imprisonment in Islam, to identify the legality of imprisonment or imprisonment from the Qur’an and Sunnah, to the emergence of prisons in Islamic history, and whether there is a division of prisons and a mechanism for classifying prisoners, and the research presents the rights of prisoners and methods of dealing with them in the opinions of fiqh

The Monochrome Chain Gang and Cool Hand Luke (1967)

The Monochrome Chain Gang and Cool Hand Luke (1967) James Emmett Ryan Historically speaking, the chain gang has been largely an instrument with which to terrorize, torture, and exploit Negroes. It was adopted on a grand scale at the end of the Civil War and was one of the devices consciously developed by the former slaveholders to put the newly “freed” Negroes back into bondage. —Walter Wilson (1933)1 According to the Pensacola Journal, on July 17, 1967, a flash fire the previous night had killed 37 of the 51 chain-gang men incarcerated at the rural stockade in Berrydale, an hour north of Pensacola, Florida. The prison had been home to all-black inmates until two weeks before the fire, when the state brought in 15 white prisoners.2 According to the guard on duty (an account that was later angrily challenged by inmate family members), prisoners rioted, and both black and white inmates independently set fire to the bunkhouse, purportedly to force the transfer of certain men. Leg irons, disciplinary flogging, and sweat boxes for Florida prisoners—common punishments into the 1920s—had been mostly eliminated, but conditions were still severe, and a solitary armed guard controlled all inmates from behind a locked chain-link fence.3 Inmates needed his permission to make any movements. On July 17, the guard was either unable or unwilling to unlock the wooden bunkhouse, which was rapidly consumed with flame. Some newspaper accounts commended the guard on duty, who had a hand in rescuing a few of the prisoners while receiving a minor burn. Left out of newspaper accounts was his decision, upon hearing the stockade disturbance and apparently fearing the release of the prisoners, to delay rescue by throwing his keys over a fence to another guard, with instructions to bring additional weapons and more guards to the burning barracks. By 1967, American movie audiences had been hearing regularly about penitentiary life for more than 30 years. The prison-genre film was brought into prominence by the actor [End Page 44] Robert Montgomery in The Big House (1930), a successful Hollywood release in which a stylish but dissolute young man is sentenced to 10 years in a squalid penitentiary for a drunk-driving homicide. As the legal scholar Mel Gutterman has observed, the box-office success of The Big House paved the way for high-profile actors in subsequent decades to try their hand at prison movies, including Paul Muni in the screen version of I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932).4 Serious dramatic prison movies would remain a staple Hollywood product throughout the 20th century, as evidenced by Spencer Tracy’s 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932) and Burt Lancaster’s two popular films based on penitentiary inmates, Brute Force (1947) and the Oscar-nominated Birdman of Alcatraz (1962). Following the success of these early examples of the prison-exposé genre, a subsequent generation of important actors stepped in, including Steve McQueen and Dustin Hoffman in the Papillon (1973), Clint Eastwood in Escape from Alcatraz (1979), Robert Redford and Morgan Freeman in Brubaker (1980), and Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman in the critically acclaimed Shawshank Redemption (1994).5 The success of such American films was perhaps unsurprising for, as Michel Foucault has shown, actual European chain-gangs had, for centuries before the cinema age, served as living entertainment, subject to print and image representation and theater adaptations, skillful or otherwise, as ordinary communities became audiences for troupes of itinerant, laboring criminals.6 Audiences remained keen to learn about the prison demimonde and its shadow portrait of American society. Low-budget exploitation films, such as Chain Gang (1952) and Girl on a Chain Gang (1966), set in male and female American prisons and highlighting the purported and actual rampant sexuality and violence endemic to these institutions, also proliferated throughout the twentieth century and became widely popular beginning in the 1930s. [End Page 45] So it was that holiday-season audiences in 1967 watched actor Strother Martin deliver one of the most memorable lines in twentieth-century American film: “What we have here is failure to communicate”—a statement delivered without a trace of emotion by “Captain...

UNITED NATIONS MORATORIUM ON DEATH PENALTY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON COUNTER TERRORISM

Death Penalty is one of the most common punishments that have existed throughout history and was considered an effective measure to reduce criminal activities. Capital Punishment is being viewed as a violation of humanistic approach which guides the foundational infrastructure of International Organization like United Nations establishing regimes on the grounds that negate violation of right to life. United Nations Resolution 62/149 calls for removal of Death Penalty, or imposing moratorium on death penalty as part of its adherence to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Nevertheless, there are domestic compulsions which may push the states to lift moratorium on Death penalty despite their adoption of UDHR and considering right to life as fundamental human right established in their constitutional law. There are two different approaches to view this dichotomy, on one hand adoption of moratorium on death penalty is considered humane, while on the other hand it is a burden on a state’s counter terrorism mechanism which requires a decisive action against the terrorists. The researcher has conducted a qualitative & descriptive research. Both primary & secondary data has been utilized in order to draw results about the impact of moratorium on death penalty in the context of terrorism specifically in Pakistan. The research concludes that lifting of moratorium on death penalty and establishing death penalty as a punishment to deter crime and violence has not proven successful as there are several other factors that are also crucial in reduction of violence.

Didactische rubriek

Abstract General introductions to the ancient Olympic Games often paint an idealized picture of intrinsically motivated and fair athletes, competing purely for the honour of the victory. From a scholarly point of view, this image has been adjusted in recent years: also among the ancient athletes there were certainly some who cheated. As the topic of fairness and cheating is very accessible to younger students, this theme is well-suited for classes on ancient culture: it invites them to think about idealizations of the past, and about their own ideas on fair sport. A passage on Olympic cheaters from the travel guide of Pausanias (5.21.2-18) offers a convenient entry point to the topic. As this author is not part of standard school curricula, working with a modern translation would be a logical choice. This article consists of two parts: a historical introduction to the reality of cheating at ancient Olympia, discussing the rules, types of offenses and the most common punishments, and a didactic part, which offers examples of the kind of questions that can be raised in class around this topic, and suggestions how to employ translated sources in your classes.

УСЛОВНОЕ ОСУЖДЕНИЕ И ПОМЕЩЕНИЕ В СПЕЦИАЛЬНОЕ УЧЕБНО-ВОСПИТАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ: ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ И СООТНОШЕНИЯ В КОНТЕКСТЕ СИСТЕМНОСТИ УГОЛОВНОГО ПРАВА

The systematic nature of criminal law forms the main features of the industry, namely: normativity, universalism, that is, the absence of casuistry and obligation. The strict consistency of both the entire industry and its individual institutions allows avoiding the redundancy of criminal law regulation, clearly determining the legal status of a person in conflict with the law. However, the norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation do not always meet these requirements due to defects in legal technology, and, sometimes, gaps in regulation. In practice, the courts, in an effort to minimize the above defects, sometimes resort to excessive criminal law regulation; as an example, the article gives the ratio of the application of suspended sentence and placement in a special educational institution of a closed type. The article analyzes sentences to minors in which Art. 73 and Part 2 of Art. 92 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation were simultaneously applied in one sentence for the same act. For a comprehensive study, the article analyzed sentences to minors held in special educational institutions of a closed type for the period from 2014 to 2020, criminal statistics posted on the website of the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, as well as various points of view of leading legal scholars. The research methods of static observation, analysis and synthesis, the system-structural method, as well as a number of factographic methods, were used. The study develops from the general to the specific, i.e., first, systematicity is analyzed as a property of the branch of criminal law and then as a property of a legal institution, namely, the release of minors from criminal liability. Consistency as a property of the institution of exemption from criminal punishment presupposes the impossibility of intersecting elements within one institution. Special attention is paid to the legal nature of suspended sentence as the most common punishment measure for minors, and its effectiveness. Then the cases of the simultaneous application of Art. 73 and Part 2 of Art. 92 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are analyzed. In the course of the study, the author examines the features of suspended sentence and placement in a special educational and educational institution of a closed type, compares these two forms of criminal liability, and highlights the differences. The conclusion is that the simultaneous placement in a special educational institution of a closed type and suspended sentence are a redundancy of criminal law regulation. The article raises the question of the need to improve the Criminal Code in terms of the development of placement in a special educational and educational institution of a closed type as a type of exemption from criminal punishment: the court is to be provided with the opportunity to control the juvenile offender’s correctional process.

The Regulation of “Sodomy” in the Latin East and West

The Regulation of “Sodomy” in the Latin East and West

Does Perpetrator Occupation Affect Classification of Sexual Assault?

Classification of sexual assault varies based on the characteristics of the victim, perpetrator, and event. However, most studies focus on the individual characteristics of participants asked to classify the assault, the victims' characteristics, or the event; few have examined variations in the perpetrator. Therefore, this study examined whether the occupation of the perpetrator affected the classification of the event as sexual assault. Participants included a primarily White female sample of undergraduate students (n = 401) at a south-Atlantic university. They completed a paper-and-pencil survey containing an ambiguous sexual assault encounter where the occupation of the perpetrator (athlete, reporter, college student, or politician) was randomly varied. Participants were asked to classify whether the encounter was sexual assault and what an appropriate punishment might be. Additional measures included the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMA) and questions about personal experience with sexual assault. Overall, most participants labeled the encounter as sexual assault, indicating that college students are aware of the legal parameters for providing consent. However, this classification occurred differentially based on the occupation of the perpetrator. Participants were most likely to label the athlete as committing sexual assault, followed by the college student, politician, and reporter, respectively. Females and those who reject rape myths were more likely to label the scenario as sexual assault. A "personal apology" and a "sexual rehabilitation program" were the most common punishments selected for the perpetrator. These findings highlight potential concerns and the need for additional training when college students adjudicate sexual assault reports and determine appropriate consequences.

PROBLEMS OF IMPOSITION OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT ALTERNATIVE TO IMPRISONMENT

The subject. The article is devoted to problems of appointment some criminal punishments alternative to the deprivation of liberty by courts in Russian Federation. The author gives an answer to the question, why punishments not related to imprisonment in the Russian Federation, especially deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in cer-tain activities, corrective labor, restriction of freedom, forced labor, are rarely appointed by courts, and the most common alternative punishments are only fine and mandatory work.Methodology. Author uses such researching methods as analysis and synthesis, formally legal, comparative legal.Results. The author proposes some concrete measures, aimed at expanding the practice of appointment some criminal punishments alternative to the deprivation of liberty.It is necessary to reduce the size of the fine established in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to establish a penalty in the sanction of norms on crimes of small and medium gravity, committed for mercenary motives and connected with causing mate-rial damage.In order of more effective serving of punishments in the form of compulsory and corrective works, it is necessary to interest employers, it can be expressed in granting tax credit ben-efits. The searching of specific facilities for serving corrective labor should be assigned to employment centers.It seems expedient to introduce deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or en-gage in certain activities as the main type of punishment to all sanctions of the norms about the responsibility for crimes of small or medium gravity related to the professional activities of the person. It is necessary to eliminate gaps in the legislative regulation of punishment in the form of restricted liberty and to solve the problem of electronic monitoring of convicts using elec-tronic bracelets.Conclusions. The punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty should be appointed by courts only in cases, when the crime is highly dangerous, the identity of the criminal is also characterized by a high degree of public danger. Serious changes are also needed in the legislative regulation of sentences not related to deprivation of liberty, and a number of other organizational measures aimed at expanding the practice of applying these punish-ments.

Convicts Life in James Tucker’s The Adventures of Ralph Rashleigh

Convicts Life In James Tucker’s The Adventures Of Ralph Rashleigh. Convicts transported from Britain to Australia are one of historical phenomenon. This research is aimed to describe the convicts life in the late eighteenth century to early nineteenth century in Australia as illustrated in The Adventures of Ralph Rashleigh by James Tucker. This research was a descriptive qualitative research. The data were collected by using library research and it was analyzed by applying sociological approach proposed by Swingewood (1972) who revealed three classifications of sociology of literature. In this case, the researcher focused on the classification of sociology as the mirror of age. The result of this research showed that the convicts alive harshly in Australia where the flogging was a common punishment for them

System kar i nagród stosowany w rodzinach zastępczych (na przykładzie powiatu bialskiego)

Foster family is one of the most beneficial forms of support for family in crisis. It should provide the same or a very similar care environment as the natural family. The functioning of the foster family is based on the use of a variety of educational methods, among which an important place is occupied by the system of rewards and punishments. Research carried out in the Biała Podlaska region in 95 foster families living in urban and rural areas showed that among rewards used in the foster environment there are: cash rewards, gifts, compliments, friendly gestures from caregivers, and others. Punishments used are pedagogical ones such as explanation, interpretation, and not pedagogical ones such as shouting, warning, prohibitions, bans on leaving the room or the house, picking up material things. The most common rewards are compliments, whereas the most common punishment is a warning.

"He May Sneer at the Course We Are Pursuing to Gain Justice": Lydia Sayer Hasbrouck, The Sibyl, and Corresponding about Women's Suffrage

"He May Sneer at the Course We Are Pursuing to Gain Justice":Lydia Sayer Hasbrouck, The Sibyl, and Corresponding about Women's Suffrage Laura J. Ping (bio) In the fall of 1863 Wallkill, New York resident Dr. Lydia Sayer Hasbrouck was arrested for failure to pay her road tax. Hasbrouck, a water-cure physician and dress reformer, had achieved prominence within reform circles as the editor of the biweekly reform newspaper the Sibyl. The Sibyl primarily promoted the dress reform movement, which placed comfortable clothing at the center of women's fight for equality, but many articles also reflected Hasbrouck's passionate support for the women's suffrage movement. One of Hasbrouck's most ardent arguments was that women should not be required to pay taxes if they were unable to vote. It violated citizenship. By 1863 Hasbrouck, in protest, had not paid her road tax for more than two years. Consequently, the local commissioner of highways notified her that in order to settle the debt she would have to work ten and a half days on a road crew, a common punishment for tax evaders.1 On September 9th of that year Hasbrouck arrived at the appointed patch of road. She had been instructed to bring her "best" shovel and so, she wrote in the Sibyl, she did; it was a fire shovel designed for scooping ashes from a fireplace. The road overseer replaced it with a standard shovel and instructed Hasbrouck to begin filling a wagon with debris. She did not comply. Instead Hasbrouck stood, leaning on her shovel, talking, and "calling the attention of other workmen from work."2 At one point she sat down and began tossing pebbles into the wagon. Finally she occupied herself by reading a newspaper. After the fifth day Hasbrouck did not return to work, resulting in her arrest.3 [End Page 317] Newspapers across the United States reported this incident, but these articles do not reveal for how long Hasbrouck was imprisoned or if her punishment included a fine.4 She wrote more explicitly of the incident in the Sibyl. "Remember we did not go there to do a man's day's work or to work out a man's tax," Hasbrouck wrote.5 Her deliberate insubordination proved a point; women would not accept taxation without representation. But Lydia Sayer Hasbrouck's protest against women's disenfranchisement went beyond simply agitating local officials. In the pages of the Sibyl Hasbrouck used her experiences fighting for suffrage to expose her readers to the hypocrisy of demanding women to fulfill the obligations of citizenship without allowing them equal rights. Lydia Sayer Hasbrouck was born in 1827 in Warwick, Orange County, New York, the fifth of eight children. Her father worked as a farmer and distiller of apple brandy. Although few details are known about Hasbrouck's childhood, local historians noted from interviews that her family often hosted gatherings in their home. During these events young Lydia was the center of attention. She was intelligent and independent; neighbors noted her fearlessness. In 1849, at age 22, this vivaciousness was likely what gave Hasbrouck the courage to abandon fashionable dress in favor of the short dress and trousers worn by dress reformers, also known as the "American Costume." During the 1850s and 1860s the American Costume was adopted by the faction of dress reformers who dedicated themselves primarily to improving women's health. Although Hasbrouck never explained how she learned about dress reform, based on the year of her adoption it is likely that she read about it in health reform publications. The design had first been promoted in 1849 by the hydropathic newspaper the Water Cure Journal as an alternative to fashion. Many reformers feared that corsets and the long, heavy skirts typically worn by middle-class women caused irreparable [End Page 318] damage to their bodies.6 A similar garment, the bloomer costume, would famously become associated with the women's rights movement in 1851 after Elizabeth Smith Miller, daughter of abolitionist Gerrit Smith, adopted it full time. Miller then introduced the design to her colleague Amelia Bloomer, for whom the costume was nicknamed. For Miller and Bloomer dress reform symbolized women...