Common Public Radio Interface Research Articles

Mobile fronthaul solution based on visible light fiber communication and zero-padding 8-D CAP modulation

With the deployment of the fifth-generation (5 G) emerging technologies, such as massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO), conventional mobile fronthaul (FH) schemes based on Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) are limited in their abilities to support ultra-high data rate, large bandwidth and massive connectivity. This has led to a growing demand for alternative solutions that can better fulfill these requirements. Visible light communication (VLC) has recently gained increasing research interest as a potential complementary technology for beyond-5 G communication, offering advantages such as unlicensed and abundant spectrum, high bandwidth and cost-efficiency. In this paper, we propose a novel mobile fronthaul solution based on visible light fiber communication (VLFC), incorporating innovative zero-padding N-D (N>2) carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation. To avoid strong low-frequency noise (LFN) in the practical VLFC system, we innovatively propose zero-padding N-D CAP based on the actual distribution of LFN for the first time. In contrast to frequency division multiplexing (FDM), N-D CAP eliminates guard bands and ensures similar performance among multiple channels. To prove the concept, we demonstrate the transmission of PAM8 symbols at three typical visible light wavelengths (R/G/B) over 100 m multi-mode fiber (MMF) using zero-padding 8-D CAP modulation. The experiment verifies that zero-padding significantly enhances communication performance, with all 8 channels achieving similar BER. Communication performance improves as wavelengths are longer due to attenuation and dispersion caused by MMF. Finally, we have achieved a total data rate of 10.8Gbps at 635 nm (red), 9.0Gbps at 520 nm (green), and 7.5Gbps at 488 nm (blue) under the 7% HD-FEC threshold.

K-means non-uniform-quantization digital-analog radio-over-fiber scheme for THz-band photonics-aided wireless fronthaul.

We propose a non-uniform-quantization digital-analog radio-over-fiber (NUQ-DA-RoF) scheme based on an advanced K-means NUQ algorithm and demonstrate it experimentally in a 2-m 300-GHz photonics-aided wireless fronthaul system. Results show that the NUQ-DA-RoF scheme achieves a SNR gain of ∼1.9 dB compared to the uniform-quantization DA-RoF (UQ-DA-RoF) at an equivalent Common Public Radio Interface equivalent data rate (CPRI-EDR). Remarkably, the NUQ-DA-RoF scheme exhibits an ∼1.6-dB power sensitivity enhancement over the UQ-DA-RoF at the 256-QAM SNR threshold. These findings highlight the advantages of the NUQ-DA-RoF scheme over UQ-DA-RoF in terms of power budget and SNR improvement, suggesting promising prospects for future radio access networks and wireless fronthaul.

Real‐time demonstration of photonics‐based THz wireless fronthaul integrated with fiber‐optic mobile fronthaul

AbstractA photonics‐based terahertz (THz) wireless fronthaul is proposed, and its feasibility is investigated by real‐time demonstration. The proposed wireless fronthaul can be simply integrated into existing fiber‐optic fronthaul, to serve as a complementary or emergency network. An optical signal can be converted into a THz wireless signal by photonics‐based THz‐signal generation technology, utilizing a unitraveling carrier photo‐diode. Following wireless transmission, the THz wireless signal is reconverted to an optical signal by using a Schottky‐barrier diode and an optical transmitter. To investigate the feasibility of our proposed concept, real‐time transmission over a 100 m‐equivalent configuration is demonstrated with 24.33 Gb/s common public radio interface option 10 signals, at a carrier frequency of 275 GHz. The latency added by the proposed wireless fronthaul was measured to be few 100 ns, which is negligibly lower than the wireless transmission latency required by 6G key performance indicator.

Converging Towards Open Radio Access Networks – A Comprehensive Review

Radio Access Networks (RAN) have been an integral part of the cellular mobile communication systems since the deployment of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) networks and later for the legacy Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. However, due to increasing demands of the users, throughput, ultra-lower latency, virtualization of the network and to cater the seamless connectivity of millions of wireless devices with the cellular networks, the advent of RAN needs to be brought under consideration. In this paper the traditional RANs are discussed with the necessity for their transition into the Open RAN (ORAN), considering all its essential parameters. The constraints of the legacy RAN architectures are explored with an overview of the RAN intelligent controllers, ORAN and its types. This paper additionally examines the function of artificial intelligence in Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), enhanched CPRI, and xApps in terms of use cases along with the challenges associated with their deployment. The paper also present challenges and future of ORAN.

Optical access networks for fixed and mobile applications [Invited Tutorial

Optical access networks are playing a more critical role in providing diverse emerging applications for human- and machine-type communications. With the ever-growing demand for higher capacity, higher fidelity, and massive connections, numerous innovative transmission schemes and digital signal processing algorithms have been proposed in a cost-effective way. Here, we focus on two main scenarios, namely, fixed and mobile access. For the fixed access network, the solutions are categorized into direct detection, simplified coherent detection, and self-coherent detection. For the mobile fronthaul, we classify the schemes according to the functional split, including the analog radio-over-fiber, common public radio interface (CPRI), enhanced CPRI (eCPRI), and integrated and hybrid digital/analog-over-fiber interfaces. This tutorial provides an overview of the enabling technologies for fixed and mobile applications in the fifth-generation (5G) era and beyond.

High-speed reach-extended IM-DD system with low-complexity DSP for 6G fronthaul [Invited

With the rising traffic demand from the metaverse, holographic communications, and so on, in beyond-5G (B5G)/6G cloud radio access networks (C-RANs), fronthaul (FH) networks that transport radio information between antennas and distributed/central units will become increasingly demanding. Optical technologies are indispensable in supporting 6G FH deployment, which needs to be high-speed and power/cost-effective simultaneously; low latency is also crucial. This work is extended from our invited paper at OFC2023. While the conference version focused on the wired-wireless conversion/converging side [e.g., using digital signal processing (DSP)-enhanced radio-over-fiber (RoF) techniques] of FH, this work contributes to the complementary side, i.e., optical transmission techniques. Considering 6G capacity and cost requirements, beyond-200-Gb/s/λ optics based on intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM-DD) PAM4 and low-complexity DSP are targeted, which transparently support digital RoF techniques like analog-to-digital-compression (ADX)-RoF (split Option 8) or Delta-sigma RoF, and other functional split options. On the other hand, while the reach of 5G FH may be around 10 km, in 6G FH routing and/or rural connectivity cases, distance can be extended to 20 km or even 40 km. In these scenarios, fiber dispersion in the C-band and even edge wavelengths of the O-band pose a significant challenge for the reach extension of 200G IM-DD systems. We validate through extensive experiments the efficient FH reach extension and dispersion mitigation based on a low-complexity optoelectronic feedforward equalization (OE-FFE) technique. We experimentally verify 224 Gb/s single-wavelength and dense WDM transmissions over up to 41 km distances in the challenging C-band with lean digital equalizers and hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC), which are among the first demonstrations to our knowledge. Even with split Option 8 and extended reach, the FH systems support up to a 10 Tb/s Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI)-equivalent rate and >300Gb/s peak wireless data rate. The presented systems can be useful for high-capacity, reach-extended FH scenarios toward 6G.

SNR improved digital-cascaded-pulse-code-modulation radio-over-fiber scheme supporting 16,777,216 QAM for mobile fronthaul

We propose a digital-cascaded-pulse-code-modulation radio-over-fiber (DCP-RoF) scheme and verify it experimentally in a coherent transmission system. The 50-Gbaud 2-order 6-bit DCP-RoF signal with a common public radio interface equivalent data rate of 279Gb/s/λ is successfully transmitted in a 10-km standard single-mode fiber link. Results show that the 2-order 6-bit DCP-RoF scheme achieves a maximum recovered signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 83.43 dB, which meets the requirements for 16,777,216-quadrature-amplitude-modulation (16,777,216-QAM) transmission. The DCP-RoF scheme has advantages over analog RoF and digital–analog RoF in terms of SNR improvement, as well as advantages over digital RoF (D-RoF) in spectral efficiency. Furthermore, an average SNR enhancement of 13.48 dB for each linearly increased bandwidth is achieved in the DCP-RoF scheme. Our work suggests many optimistic possibilities for the future radio access networks and mobile fronthaul.

SNR Improved Digital-PCM Radio-Over-Fiber Scheme Supporting 65536 QAM for Mobile Fronthaul

We propose a digital pulse-code-modulation radio-over-fiber (DP-RoF) scheme and verify it experimentally in a 10-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) coherent system. The 20-Gbaud DP-RoF signal with a common public radio interface equivalent data rate (CPRI-EDR) of 112 Gb/s is successfully transmitted in the system with excellent performance. The recovered signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of wireless signal in DP-RoF scheme is 50.14 dB, which is 26.62, 20.01 and 13.28 dB higher than that of analog radio-over-fiber (A-RoF), digital-analog radio-over-fiber (DA-RoF) and digital radio-over-fiber (D-RoF), respectively. The DP-RoF scheme meets the error vector magnitude (EVM) requirement of 65536 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), while A-RoF and DA-RoF schemes cannot reach the EVM threshold of 1024 QAM. With improved SNR, the proposed DP-RoF system is a promising scheme for ultra-high-order QAM transmission in future 6G fronthaul.

SNR improved digital-delta-sigma-modulation radio-over-fiber scheme for D-band 4.6-km photonics-aided wireless fronthaul.

We propose a digital-delta-sigma-modulation radio-over-fiber (DDSM-RoF) scheme for wireless fronthaul and validate it experimentally in a D-band photonics-aided RoF transmission system. The 10-Gbaud DDSM-RoF signal with a common public radio interface equivalent data rate (CPRI-EDR) of 55.8 Gb/s is successfully transmitted in a 130-GHz 4.6-km wireless channel. The spectral efficiency (SE) is 5.58 bit/s/Hz and the capacity-distance product reaches 257 Gb/s·km. Up to 34.4-dB recovered signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is observed to support the 1024-quadrature-amplitude-modulation (1024-QAM) transmission. Compared with the digital-analog-RoF (DA-RoF) scheme, the proposed DDSM-RoF achieves an SNR improvement of 5.9 dB.

W-band RoF polarization multiplexing system supports 1048576 QAM with delta-sigma modulation.

We propose and experimentally verify a photonics-aided W-band millimeter wave (MMW) radio-over-fiber (RoF) polarization-multiplexed envelope detection system for high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals. To solve the problem of low spectral efficiency of common public radio interface (CPRI) and severe distortion of high-order QAM of envelope detection, quantization noise suppressed delta-sigma modulation (DSM) is introduced into the system. The experimental results show that the system can transmit 131072 QAM signals when meeting the error vector magnitude (EVM) requirements of 5G new radio (NR), and transmit 1048576 QAM signals when meeting the soft decision threshold (SD@20%).

Digital mobile fronthaul based on delta-sigma modulation employing a simple self-coherent receiver

The coherent digital radio-over-fiber (DRoF) system is a promising candidate for future mobile fronthaul networks (MFNs) due to its high receiver sensitivity and excellent robustness against nonlinearities. However, conventional coherent receivers with complicated structure and heavy algorithms are too expensive and power-hungry for cost-sensitive MFN applications. In addition, currently deployed digital MFNs based on common public radio interface (CPRI) suffer from low spectral efficiency and high data rate. Towards these issues we propose a novel DRoF downlink scheme employing a simple self-coherent receiver. In baseband unit (BBU), the radio signal is converted to a digital bit stream by a band-pass delta-sigma modulator (BP-DSM), which can be simply recovered with the utilization of a band-pass filter at the receiver. In remote radio unit (RRU), an electro-absorption modulated laser (EML) acts as a low-cost coherent homodyne receiver in virtue of injection locking technique. In the experiment, the injection-locked operation of the DSM signal is successfully achieved, and two modified schemes are proposed for the DSM signal to increase the locking range with a tolerable sensitivity penalty. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our approach in two aspects: 1) the EML-based coherent receiver outperforms a PIN photodiode in terms of receiver sensitivity; 2) compared to the analog RoF system, a 5-dB improvement in loss budget is obtained when DSM is employed with the aid of a simple equalizer.

Coherent digital-analog radio-over-fiber (DA-RoF) system with a CPRI-equivalent data rate beyond 1 Tb/s for fronthaul.

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a coherent digital-analog radio-over-fiber (DA-RoF) system and achieve the transmission of Tb/s common public radio interface (CPRI)-equivalent data rate for fronthaul. The proposed coherent DA-RoF system includes DA-RoF modulation, demodulation and DA-RoF compatible coherent digital signal processing (DSP) blocks. A theoretical analysis of the DA-RoF scheme together with parameter optimization is accomplished as well. In the experiment, a 25 Gbaud DA-RoF signal with 1 Tb/s CPRI-equivalent data rate is transmitted in the system, satisfying the error vector magnitude (EVM) requirement for 256-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal transmission. With the symbol rate reduced to 10 Gbaud, an EVM below 2.5% is achieved, which meets the requirement for 1024-QAM transmission. The experimental results show that the coherent DA-RoF system is a promising solution for future fronthaul.

A novel front-hauling architecture under centralized radio access network (C-RAN)

Residential power line is considered a cost-effective communication media for building a digital indoor distributed network thanks to its ubiquity in the indoor environment. This paper investigates a front-hauling system under the split centralized radio access network (C-RAN) architecture, aiming to examine the feasibility of implementing common public radio interface (CPRI) over power line communication (PLC) channels. Particularly, we introduce a novel device called CPRI-PLC gateway (CPG) that provides a virtual CPRI link over the PLC channel to ensure high reliability and efficiency in delivering the CPRI hyper-frames (HFs) between the data unit (DU) and radio unit (RU). We examine the proposed CPRI over PLC system via extensive simulations in terms of the achievable throughput and reliability.

High-performance dual-band radio-over-fiber link for future 5G radio access applications

For the fronthaul between the baseband unit and the remote radio unit (RRU), radio over fiber (RoF) is promising to replace the Common Public Radio Interface in beyond fifth-generation and the sixth-generation wireless communication systems. The weight, size, and power consumption of the RRU can be greatly reduced, along with easy support for the millimeter-wave band. In this paper, a dual-band RoF link is proposed, where flexible switching between high-frequency (28 GHz) and low-frequency (3.5 GHz) RF channels is realized through polarization control. Single-sideband modulation is performed on 28 GHz signals to avoid periodic power fading during long-distance fiber transmission. By adjusting the DC bias, the third-order intermodulation distortion component in the 3.5 GHz signal is suppressed, and the spur-free dynamic range (SFDR) is improved. Experimental results show a channel isolation of above 43 dB. The link gain of the 28 GHz signal channel is flat, and the SFDR of the 3.5 GHz signal channel can reach 118.6 d B ⋅ H z 4 / 5 . In the case of RF vector signal transmission, the adjacent channel power ratio of the 3.5 GHz signal channel is optimally up to 48 dB, and the error vector magnitude is 2.9%.

New Generation Free-Space Optical Communication Systems With Advanced Optical Beam Stabilizer

In this paper, we introduce a novel concept and design of a full-duplex and all-optical FSO transceiver and evaluate its transmission performance in 200 m outdoor environment. Our transceiver enables a reliable fiber-to-fiber FSO link with intelligent lens-based optical-beam-stabilization (OBS) by utilizing miniaturized and cost-effective 3-axis voice-coil motors (VCMs) actuators. The VCM-based moving lens that is widely used in smartphone cameras for auto-focus and optical-image-stabilization is customized and optimized for our designed transceiver to expand the transmitter and receiver field-of-view, control both the transmitted and incident laser beam alignment, suppress the effects of random beam angle-of-arrival fluctuations induced by the atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors and maintain efficient direct coupling to the fiber core at the receiver. Unlike the 2-axis fast-steering-mirrors, the use of 3-axis VCM lenses can not only maintain the beam alignment, but also control the beam collimation and adjust the difference between the lens focal plane and projection plane for a higher fiber coupling efficiency. Using our developed FSO transceivers, we demonstrate an error-free transmission of the standard signals 10 GbE LAN and common public radio interface (LTE-CPRI) over 200 m links. We also performed a continuous 24-h transmission evaluation in a clear weather day, with only occasional burst errors were recorded and a total 24-h BER of 3 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times 10^{-10}$</tex-math></inline-formula> . The obtained results demonstrate the potential of our proposed FSO transceiver to ensure high-capacity communication links and facilitate the adoption of the FSO system as a viable candidate to address the main requirements of B5G/6G networks.

Demonstration of a Hybrid Analog–Digital Transport System Architecture for 5G and Beyond Networks

In future mobile networks, the evolution of optical transport architectures enabling the flexible, scalable interconnection of Baseband Units (BBUs) and Radio Units (RUs) with heterogeneous interfaces is a significant issue. In this paper, we propose a multi-technology hybrid transport architecture that comprises both analog and digital-Radio over Fiber (RoF) mobile network segments relying on a dynamically reconfigurable optical switching node. As a step forward, the integration of the discussed network layout into an existing mobile infrastructure is demonstrated, enabling the support of real-world services through both standard digital and Analog–Intermediate- Frequency over Fiber (A-IFoF)-based converged fiber–wireless paths. Emphasis has been placed on the implementation of a real-time A-IFoF transceiver that is employed through a single embedded fully programmable gateway array (FPGA)-based platform that serves as an Ethernet to Intermediate Frequency (IF) bridge for the transmission of legacy traffic over the analog network segment. The experimental evaluation of the proposed concept was based on the dynamic optical routing of the legacy Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), 1.5 GBaud analog-intermediate frequency-over-fiber (A-IFoF)/mmWave and 10 Gbps binary optical waveforms, showing acceptable error vector magnitude (EVM) values for the complex radio waveforms and error-free operation for binary optical streams, with Bit Error Rate (BER) values less than 10−9. Finally, the end-to-end proof-of-concept demonstration of the proposed solution was achieved through the delivery of 4K video streaming and Internet Protocol (IP) calls over a mobile core network.

Traffic Prediction-Enabled Energy-Efficient Dynamic Computing Resource Allocation in CRAN Based on Deep Learning

Due to the greatly increased bandwidth of 5G networks compared with that of 4G networks, the power consumption brought by baseband signal processing of 5G networks is much higher, which inevitably raises the operation expenditures. Cloud Radio Access Network (CRAN) is widely adopted in 5G networks, which splits the traditional base stations into Remote Radio Heads (RRHs) and Baseband Units (BBUs), which are equipped with computing resource for baseband signal processing. The number of required BBUs varies due to the fluctuation of wireless traffic of RRHs. Hence, fixed computing resource allocation might waste power. This paper investigates energy-efficient dynamic computing resource allocation in CRAN by predicting the wireless traffic of RRHs and allocating computing resource based on the prediction results aiming at using fewest BBUs to minimize power consumption. For wireless traffic prediction, a novel method based on two-dimensional CNN LSTM model with temporal aggregation is proposed. By treating the wireless traffic data as images, this model could extract spatial correlation from these data to improve accuracy. Moreover, the problem of dynamic computing resource allocation in CRAN is formulated as an offline four-constraint bin packing problem, considering both uplink and downlink baseband signal processing capacities of BBUs and Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) bandwidths. For solving this problem, a Multi-start Simulated Annealing (MSA) algorithm is proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method for wireless traffic prediction could outperform the state-of-the-art deep learning models. In addition, the proposed MSA algorithm could achieve lower power consumption than the state-of-the-art heuristic algorithms.

Fronthaul Optical Links Using Sub-Nyquist Sampling Rate ADC for B5G/6G Sub-THz Ma-MIMO Beamforming

This paper details fronthaul optical links using sub-Nyquist sampling rate analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) for Beyond fifth generation (B5G) and 6G sub-THz massive multiple-input multiple-output (Ma-MIMO) beamforming. Unlike Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) using high speed ADCs in current fronthaul link, the proposed scheme involves ADCs operating at sub-Nyquist sampling rate for each antenna element. Based on pre-allocated relative time delays, pre-processed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signals sent from a baseband unit (BBU) can be deaggregated to different Ma-MIMO OFDM signals by sub-Nyquist sampling rate ADCs. In experiments, we assume that each remote radio unit (RRU) is equipped with 32/64 antenna elements and 32/64 ADCs operating at 1/32 and 1/64 of the Nyquist sampling rate. Furthermore, the received Ma-MIMO OFDM signal is then up-converted to 100-GHz for wireless transmission and defined as Ma-MIMO RF OFDM signal. We simulate the 32/64 antenna elements transmission scenario by individually transmit and demodulate each Ma-MIMO RF OFDM signal with 32/64 times of point-to-point antenna transmission. The error vector magnitude (EVM) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of each received Ma-MIMO RF OFDM signal are less than 8&#x0025; and 26 dB, respectively. And the total received 64 Ma-MIMO RF OFDM signals will require line rate as high as 393.6374 Gb/s according to CPRI option-7. Notably, the proposed scheme reduces the requirement of sampling rate and enables all the Ma-MIMO OFDM signals at baseband without the insertion of guard band. Thus, the proposed scheme can reduce the complexity of signal deaggregation and power consumption in the demodulation process, leading to an improvement in cost efficiency.

Analog vs Digital Radio-Over-Fiber: A Spectral Efficiency Debate From the SNR Perspective

For decades, wireless communication networks have applied the digital interface like the common public radio interface (CPRI) between remote sites and base stations for data transport. Due to the fine digitizing resolution, such a digital radio-over-fiber (RoF) solution has long been blamed for its high optical bandwidth consumption. In post-3G era when the wireless traffic significantly increases, analog RoF has revived in research owing to its intrinsic high spectral efficiency (SE). A number of metrics are proposed to compare the SE across RoF interfaces, among which a popular one is the CPRI equivalent data rate (CPRI-EDR). CPRI-EDR bridges analog and digital worlds by universally converting their SE to the digital speed requirement of CPRI, but it ignores another critical metric of link fidelity, namely, an interface with a CPRI-EDR may not offer an equivalent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). More broadly, there is a tradeoff between SE and SNR for most RoF interfaces. This is commonly realized by the flexible-rate data compression for digital RoF. In terms of analog RoF, we recently exploited angle modulations to enhance the SNR at the sacrifice of spectrum expansion. Therefore, it is desired to find an SNR-related metric to fairly compare the SE. In this paper, we propose an SE metric as a function of SNR i.e., <b xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</b> ( <b xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">SNR</b> ), defined as the ratio between the required optical bandwidth for a target SNR and the radio signal bandwidth. We analyze the factors for both digital and analog RoF that influence <b xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</b> , based on which a comprehensive SE comparison is illustrated. The results shed light on the future design of RoF links aiming to provide a flexible quality of service cost effectively.

SDN-Enabled Resource Management for Converged Fi-Wi 5G Fronthaul

Future mobile networks will offer high data rates based on high-capacity fronthaul. Current fronthaul design has two main components that communicate via the common public radio interface and fiber links, i.e., remote units (RUs) that implement simple signal processing and centralized baseband units (CBBUs) in high power-consuming data centers that perform complex network functions. Various functional splits between CBBUs and RUs are feasible, inducing trade-offs between centralization gains and bandwidth demands. This design lacks in capacity and flexibility, motivating the use of converged fiber-wireless (Fi-Wi) fronthaul with high-bandwidth fiber and millimeter-wave links, and splits that move functionalities to RUs reducing the delay demands. Further flexibility is offered by analog radio-over-fiber fronthaul that supports dynamic functional splitting via software-defined networking (SDN). Ensuring acceptable delay for all RUs, i.e., minimizing fronthaul grade-of-service (GoS), requires selection of CBBUs, channel bandwidth and functional splits of RUs. The split type affects fronthaul power consumption determining which fronthaul components are active and their processing power. Using a simulated annealing-based dynamic fronthaul resource allocation (DFRA) scheme, we jointly optimize GoS and power consumption in a novel SDN Fi-Wi fronthaul. Our results show that DFRA minimizes GoS and power consumption for all load levels outperforming baseline approaches.