Common Paths Research Articles

The Intersection of Anorexia Nervosa and Personality Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Comorbidities, Influencing Factors, and Therapeutic Approaches

Complex eating disorders like anorexia nervosa (AN) and personality disorders (PDs), including obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD), often co-occur. The confluence of PDs and AN poses distinct difficulties in terms of diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, complicating clinical management and producing less favorable results. To summarize the most recent findings on the co-occurrence of anorexia nervosa and personality disorders, this review will look at their prevalence, psychopathological relationships, effects on treatment results, and efficacy of different therapy modalities, with a thorough search conducted, concentrating on research published between 2000 and 2024, utilizing peer-reviewed publications from PubMed, PsycINFO, and Proquest. Past literature presents a substantial overlap between PDs and AN, and concomitant PDs have been linked to recurrence rates, treatment resistance, and more severe types of AN. The psychopathological relationships among these illnesses are complex, encompassing both common and unique etiological paths. Depending on the PD implicated, various therapy modalities, such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), have been investigated with varying degrees of success. This review emphasizes the need for more specialized, integrated treatment approaches targeting AN and concomitant PDs and appeals that future research should concentrate on creating tailored therapies and early detection techniques to enhance therapeutic results. The results emphasize the importance of considering personality pathology while managing AN to improve treatment efficacy and promote long-term recovery.

Enhancing Federated Learning in Heterogeneous Internet of Vehicles: A Collaborative Training Approach

The current Internet of Vehicles (IoV) faces significant challenges related to resource heterogeneity, which adversely impacts the convergence speed and accuracy of federated learning models. Existing studies have not adequately addressed the problem of resource-constrained vehicles that slow down the federated learning process particularly under conditions of high mobility. To tackle this issue, we propose a model partition collaborative training mechanism that decomposes training tasks for resource-constrained vehicles while retaining the original data locally. By offloading complex computational tasks to nearby service vehicles, this approach effectively accelerates the slow training speed of resource-limited vehicles. Additionally, we introduce an optimal matching method for collaborative service vehicles. By analyzing common paths and time delays, we match service vehicles with similar routes and superior performance within mobile service vehicle clusters to provide effective collaborative training services. This method maximizes training efficiency and mitigates the negative effects of vehicle mobility on collaborative training. Simulation experiments demonstrate that compared to benchmark methods, our approach reduces the impact of mobility on collaboration, achieving large improvements in the training speed and the convergence time of federated learning.

Finding common development paths in voluntary national reviews reporting on sustainable development goals using aspect-based sentiment analysis.

Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) provide a platform for participating countries to share their experiences, failures, and successes in achieving the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The objective of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the narrative elements, particularly the sentiment, in VNRs in order to more effectively assess and support global SDG progress. A total of 232 VNRs from 166 countries are analyzed using Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA) to extract each country's sentiment toward the 17 SDGs. The sentiment scores are then compared to the corresponding official UN SDG scores, and countries are grouped by their sentiment toward all 17 SDGs to identify potential common development pathways. The analysis uncovers a notable positive correlation between the reported sentiment and official SDG scores for SDG 2 (zero hunger) and SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities), and a negative correlation for SDG 5 (gender equality). Conversely, this relationship is not significant for the majority of SDGs, suggesting that VNR narratives may not directly reflect actual progress. A t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) approach indicates a consistent sentiment score among developed countries. In contrast, there are greater differences in reporting sentiment among Emerging Markets, Frontier Markets, and Least Developed Countries (LDCs), where there is greater dispersion (especially among LDCs) and sentiment in reporting on SDG progress that appears to have changed from one reporting year to another. These findings highlight the need to interpret VNRs in the context of each country's unique situation and challenges specific to each country.

The role of e-commerce demonstration zones in carbon emission reduction: Harmonizing economy and environment

The convergence of economic growth and environmental preservation has become a crucial objective for governments worldwide. As the digital economy helps transform industries, its carbon-reducing effect has been continuously validated. Technological innovation, policy support, and the promotion of trade openness are ways to encourage the greening of the digital economy. Currently, China is vigorously building a national e-commerce demonstration zone (EDZ). Hence, the main purpose of this study is to explore how e-commerce, as an important part of the digital economy, can help reduce carbon emissions (CE). Based on the panel data of 276 prefecture-level cities in China from 2007 to 2019, the empirical results obtained under the difference-in-difference model are that the establishment of EDZs can bring 0.0463 units of reduction in CE. The effect of suppressing CE is more significant for some regions located in the west, with larger city sizes and relatively scarce resource endowments. Distinguishing from the common paths of industrial structure, technological innovation, and optimal allocation of resources, this study also reveals the regulating role of economic openness in the mechanism analysis and finds that increasing foreign direct investment can effectively promote EDZs to reduce CE. The findings of this paper emphasize the practical significance of EDZs for energy saving and emission reduction, promoting green and high-quality development, and provide valuable references for managers and policy makers.

Theoretical modeling and analysis of an equipment–shell multiple-transmission-path system with attached liquid-filled pipe

Vibrations generated by mechanical equipment are the main source of radiation noise for ships. In actual systems, there are multiple transmission paths for mechanical vibrations from the equipment to shell. Common paths include vertical support structures, such as vibration isolators, and lateral attachment structures, such as pipes. However, most existing models only consider a single-path scenario. Multi-path systems have more complex modal and vibration transmission characteristics and introduce more complex coupling problems. There is a lack of theoretical modeling and physical analyses of common multiple transmission systems in ships. In this study, a theoretical model of an equipment–shell multiple-transmission-path system with an attached liquid-filled pipe is established as a typical multiple-transmission-path system for ships. In this model, the liquid-filled pipe is solved using a newly proposed traveling-wave method based on Kennard shell theory. Based on the theoretical model, the effects of each type of traveling wave on the pipe on the system modal characteristics, the mechanism behind each path on the system coupling characteristics, the influence of structural parameters on system modal and vibration transmission characteristics, and the proportion of vibration transmitted by the two transmission paths are analyzed. This study provides theoretical insights and guidance for practical vibration and noise reduction engineering.

Multinational subsidiary's search for legitimacy: the isomorphism dilemma

The development of companies is limited by institutions that create common paths for all companies, such as the need for mimetic isomorphism. However, when it comes to multinational companies (MNCs), this reality is more complex. These companies face pressure at the global level (from the headquarters and other subsidiaries). Our proposal aims to elucidate how MNCs use the principles of organizational fields in their strategy for entering new markets. We investigate Amazon's entry strategy into the Brazilian market, assessing its level of isomorphism, decoupling, and legitimation. A single case study was conducted on Amazon's entry into Brazil to analyze the consistency of Kostova, Roth & Dacin's (2008) propositions concerning the neoinstitutional theory of organizational fields. Our analysis identified five types of strategies for legitimation in the organizational field: legitimation, synergy, endorsement, innovation, and adaptation, all observed in practice in the case.

Exploring the service needs and the common-suited strengthening paths for bicycle-sharing services based on the AIA-NRM technique in consideration of various users

ABSTRACT Near metro stations in urban areas, a public bicycle rental service allows users to rent bicycles for leisure, short-distance connections, and daily commuting. This study aims to explore the driving factors of bicycle-sharing service systems (BSSSs) and different users’ preferences and service needs (leisure & recreation users, short-connection users, and daily commuting users). The four driving forces (primary services, primary facilities, ancillary services, and ancillary facilities) are applied to evaluate the BSSSs. The researcher used the attention and importance analysis (AIA) technique to assess service driving factors’ attention and importance status in the bicycle-sharing service systems (BSSSs). The DEMATEL technique was also employed to establish a network relation map (NRM) approach for different users. The researcher also combines the AIA and NRM techniques to provide the AIA-NRM technique for identifying common applicable paths and enhancement strategies for the BSSS. Furthermore, this study analyzes various institutions and BSSS service providers from multiple users’ perspectives, determines the development direction of BSSSs, evaluates related challenges, and finds sustainable strategies for strengthening BSSSs.

Transition between cardiometabolic conditions and body weight among women: which paths increase the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases?

Previous studies investigated the association of body weight and hypertension with risk of incident cardiometabolic multimorbidity. Our aim was to estimate the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life for subjects with different progression patterns of overweight, obesity, and hypertension in mid-life. This was a prospective cohort study in which data from 12,784 participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health were used. Multistate model was used to study the progression pattern of overweight, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease over the life course. The cumulative incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease up to the age of 73 was estimated for women with different patterns of other conditions. The six most common paths and corresponding cumulative incidences for diabetes were overweight 5.1%, obesity 11.5%, hypertension 6.9%, progression from overweight to obesity 8.2%, overweight and hypertension 12.1%, and obesity and hypertension 36.8%. For women with diabetes and other conditions, the cumulative incidence of cardiovascular disease (heart disease or stroke) as the next immediate condition was 22.4%. The corresponding figure for women who only had a report of diabetes but did not have high body weight or hypertension was 8.3%. The higher risk of transition from healthy state to a cardiometabolic condition was associated with low education, income stress, smoking, not drinking alcohol (compared to low drinkers), physical inactivity, and high perceived stress. Women with obesity and hypertension in middle-age had a substantially higher risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease than women without these potentially preventable conditions.

A movement-aware measure for trajectory similarity and its application for ride-sharing path extraction in a road network

Recognizing common travel paths of crowds in a road network is valuable for understanding human mobility patterns and developing intelligent ride-sharing services. To achieve this, it is critical to measure the similarity of their trajectories. Although many measures have been proposed in the past decades, they often ignore movement consistency, exhibit one or more deficiencies in the face of noise and misaligned trajectories, or require extra parameters to tune predictions. In this paper, we propose an improved similarity measure called the directed segment path distance (DSPD), which considers the spatial proximity and movement consistency of trajectories. By integrating the spatial proximity distance and moving direction similarity between trajectories, the DSPD is a competitive parameter-free similarity measure that can effectively distinguish trajectories with different movement characteristics. To verify the effectiveness of the DSPD, we conducted a quantitative comparative study between the DSPD measure and 11 state-of-the-art trajectory similarity measures on six simulated trajectory datasets and applied the DSPD to two typical application scenarios: trajectory clustering for road network generation and retrieving common trajectories for ride-sharing path planning. The results demonstrate the effectiveness, robustness, and superiority of the DSPD and its great potential in trajectory search, clustering, and classification.

Influence of inverted pyramid texturization on front metallization and performance of crystalline silicon solar cells

The silicon surface texturing is an essential part for the fabrication of crystalline silicon solar cells to increase the conversion efficiency. By adjusting the etching texturing condition, inverted pyramid (IP) and upright pyramid (UP) texturization were prepared on crystalline silicon substrates for fabrication of PERC solar cells. The surface morphology not only affects the light trapping but also impacts electrode shading loss and front electrode contact interface. The IP texturization presents better anti-reflective performance due to more common light paths and narrower silver grids owing to less flow of Ag paste on concave blocked structure, both of which results in the higher short-circuit current density (Jsc). Yet in terms of front Ag/Si contact interface, the IP texturization causes more Ag crystallites and more surface recombination under the present condition suitable for UP texturization because of more edges on the upper part of IP, which leads to the lower open-circuit voltage (Voc). The final conversion efficiency of IP solar cells (23.61 %) is 0.06 % higher than that of UP solar cells (23.55 %). An improvement about 0.07 mA/cm2 of Jsc was achieved with IP samples and Voc has a decrease of 0.3 mV caused by the surface recombination on IP texturization. In summary, the structural characteristics of IP results in lower reflectivity and less electrode shading, while Ag/Si contact interface could be optimized by adjusting the processing condition, ultimately promising the higher efficiency.

Identification on the common supply chain paths of CO2 and NOx emissions from the manufacturing industry in China

ABSTRACT Since the ‘Made in China 2025’ initiative was proposed, the transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry towards a high-end, intelligent, and green status has been accelerated, and the climate change and air pollution issues draw immediate attention. This paper investigated the simultaneous control paths of CO2 and NOx emissions throughout the manufacturing transition in China. Based on environmental input-output analysis, the production- and consumption-based CO2 and NOx emissions in 2015 and 2020 were evaluated, indicating that over 70% of production-side emissions were caused by medium-technology manufacturing, and over 50% of consumption-side emissions came from high-technology manufacturing. Then, the structural path analysis was introduced to extract the synergistic emission pathways of CO2 and NOx. The ‘smelting and pressing of metal sector → construction → investment’ pathway, which produced emissions of 347.71 Mt CO2 and 639.9 Kt NOx in 2015, was identified as the most critical path to achieve manufacturing synergistic reduction. Additionally, investment demand in the construction sector seriously affected the collaborative reduction of CO2 and NOx emissions in supply chains of medium-technology manufacturing. The critical supply chain of high-technology manufacturing for achieving coordinated emission reduction was mainly driven by export demand for chemical products.

On Historical Relationship between Parliamentary and Humanitarian Diplomacy

The paper analyzes approaches to defining parliamentary and humanitarian venues of diplomatic cooperation. It is shown that institutionalized inter-parliamentary cooperation began to develop in the last quarter of the 19th century, while examples of the influence of parliamentarians on the foreign policy process in their nation-states can be traced back even earlier, at least since the time of the Great French Revolution. It has been revealed that the early forms of parliamentarian influence on foreign policy were based on humanistic arguments and appealed to a sense of humanity. The humanistic orientation of the emerging parliamentary diplomacy in the last third of the 19th century is explained by focusing on factors such as the development of the media and the growing influence of public opinion on the domestic and foreign policies of European nation-states. The similarity of the initial organizational forms of parliamentary and humanitarian diplomacy illustrates the example of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Inter-Parliamentary Union. Both types of diplomatic interaction emerged via multilateral conferences. The final section of the paper is devoted to an analysis of the origins of Russian parliamentary and humanitarian diplomacy. It is shown that Russia played an active role in the development of these forms of diplomatic interaction. The paper concludes by arguing that a thorough definition of parliamentary diplomacy is only possible when both the actor and organizational dimensions of parliamentary diplomacy are taken into account. It argues further that the more or less common paths of development of parliamentary and humanitarian diplomacy result in their thematic affinity. The third conclusion is that the parliamentary methods accepted by diplomatic agents profoundly affected the development of cooperation between nation-states during the 20th century.

MODEL-BASED MULTI-UAV PATH PLANNING FOR HIGH-QUALITY 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS

Abstract. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry is widely used for acquiring high-quality 3D models of urban areas. However, the completeness and quality of the reconstructed model can be affected by complex or concave structures when using common flight paths. Furthermore, flight paths with multi-altitude and multi-attitude waypoints can be time-consuming and may not be efficiently implemented by a single drone. To address these challenges, we propose a model-based multi-UAV path planning method for capturing images that enable complete and precise 3D reconstruction of buildings. Our method analyzes the geometry of the input coarse model and plans viewpoints based on the reconstructability related to completeness and precision. By solving a multiple travelling salesmen problem (mTSP), individual flight paths for each UAV are generated. We conducted a real-world experiment comparing the performance and efficiency of the proposed method with two existing solutions. Results the proposed method produces a more complete 3D reconstruction with fewer images compared to the existing methods. It also shows that using two UAVs with the proposed method can significantly reduce the overall time required for 3D reconstruction.

Porewater profiles of Cl and Br in boreholes penetrating the Mesozoic sequence in northern Switzerland

The analysis of tracer profiles of porewaters is a valuable tool to understand transport processes in argillaceous rocks and to unravel the paleo-hydrogeology of a site. In this contribution, anionic tracers (Cl, Br) from eight boreholes located in three study areas (∼20 km apart) penetrating the ∼800 m thick Mesozoic sequence in northern Switzerland, were analysed. A specific focus was on the Opalinus Clay, a ∼100 m thick homogeneous claystone formation, foreseen as host rock for radioactive waste disposal in Switzerland, as well as its mostly clay-rich confining units. Using porewater extraction methods, such as high-pressure squeezing, advective displacement and aqueous extraction, a unique dataset of spatially highly resolved Cl and Br profiles could be obtained. These show systematic and comparable patterns suggesting common paleo-hydrogeological evolution paths for all three study areas. The scatter in the tracer profiles based on the aqueous extraction data are mostly related to the uncertainty in the estimation of the anion-accessible porosity fraction on one hand and in the water content data in the case of low-porosity calcareous rocks on the other. Differences between the study areas are in line with differences in aquifer characteristics. The current shape of the anion profiles is dominated by diffusive exchange with the bounding aquifers over the last several ten thousands to millions of years, as supported by numerical modelling. The Br/Cl signals also suggest the preservation of older signals related to halite dissolution and highly evolved evaporitic porewaters occurring in evaporite-bearing units of the Triassic. Overall, the adopted methodology has enabled to obtain a unique dataset of anionic tracers at regional scale providing a solid basis for understanding the regional paleo-hydrogeology of siting areas for a potential nuclear waste repository.

An Experimental Study of GPR Near-Field Problem in Depth Ranging of Buried Objects

We evaluate the often neglected ranging (or cover depth) error of an object located within the Fresnel Region (or called radiating near-field) and reactive near-field region in ground penetrating radar (GPR). The experiments were conducted in concrete specimens with various rebar cover depths from 10 to 80 mm, which imitates any object imaged by GPR from reactive near-field, Fresnel region to far-field region. Velocities of each individual data point of the hyperbolic reflections of the embedded reinforcement in radargram are calculated by developed algorithms based on common offset antenna and multiple trilaterated ray paths. Two different velocity algorithms, based on semi- and full-trilaterated ray paths, were applied to estimate the wave travelling velocity as a prerequisite of cover depth measurement. The algorithms were firstly validated using a high-frequency 2-GHz antenna to verify the travelling speed of radar waves in air, which is equal to the speed of light. Then, the same antenna was used to estimate the cover depth by measuring the time of flight and velocity based on the two velocity algorithms. The results reveal that the ranging accuracy is highly in doubt in reactive near-field and Fresnel regions but is largely improved when the object locates in far-field region where GPR wave propagation becomes plane-type. The measurements, riding on accurate modelling of ray-path’s trilateration models, provide evidence that the normal linear scale of GPR time-to-depth conversion overlooks the effects of near-field/Fresnel region. We therefore suggest that the GPR near-field/Fresnel region and far-field boundary must be taken into account before any attempt of time-to-depth conversion and depth estimation of objects by GPR are carried out.

The acoustic propagation environment surrounding the New England seamounts

The New England Seamounts lie in a complex oceanographic environment that frequently sees both the colder Slope Sea waters and the warmer Sargasso Sea waters. The Gulf Stream, a meandering current that separates these two bodies of water, can be difficult to locate and frequently produces cold-core and warm-core eddies, complicating ocean modelling efforts. Regional temperature and salinity profile measurements gathered by the Argo program enable an investigation of the accuracy of the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), a popular ocean circulation model. Simple range-independent calculations of acoustic propagation conditions provide a means of characterizing the acoustic environment by detailing common propagation paths associated with the New England Seamounts region. Contrasting the range-independent calculations for the Argo measurements with those of the oceanographic model indicates that persistent temperature features absent from the model impact predictions of the acoustic propagation environment.

The Common Agricultural Policy 2023-2027. How do member states implement the new delivery model?

All Member States submitted the final version of the CAP Strategic Plan (CSP) 2023-2027 to the European Commission by 31 December 2022. The CSPs approved by the Commission, given the relevant innovations introduced by the New Delivery Model, make specific choices in response to national needs and a programming approach typical of each country. The article aims to provide a synoptic reading of MSs’ choices in the CSPs, to identify common strategic paths and national peculiarities. This analysis is realized comparing the Strategic Statements against the financial allocation in each CSP. The contribution exploits both qualitative and quantitative data and information derived from the CSPs 2023-2027. The dataset is based on the Strategic Statements of each country, and the corresponding financial allocation arising from the overviews of the CSP published by the European Commission. The article is based on a two steps analysis: a Text Mining-Clustering technique, the results of which are assessed against the analysis of the financial allocation by type of intervention conducted by the Balassa index and Concentration ratio. The Strategic Statements are sometime inconsistent with the policy mix defined in the budget allocation by type of intervention. Clusters based on Strategic Statements don’t always seem to be fully in line with the actual “policy shape” defined in the budget allocation. Some interventions appear to be more discriminating than others in defining the different policy patterns. Regulatory constraints limit the margins of manoeuvre of MSs, although some of them move to voluntarily go beyond minimum commitments, highlighting specific policy choices. These choices are related to the national context in which the CAP operates, and this implies a different use of the available tools to achieve similar goals with different groups of interventions.

The priming effect of rewarding brain stimulation in rats depends on both the cost and strength of reward but survives blockade of D2-like dopamine receptors.

Receipt of an intense reward boosts motivation to work for more of that reward. This phenomenon is called the priming effect of rewards. Using a novel measurement method, we show that the priming effect of rewarding electrical brain stimulation depends on the cost, as well as on the strength, of the anticipated reward. Previous research on the priming effect of electrical brain stimulation utilized a runway paradigm in which running speed serves as the measure of motivation. In the present study, the measure of motivation was the vigour with which rats executed a two-lever response chain, in a standard operant-conditioning chamber, to earn rewarding electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus. In a second experiment, we introduced a modification that entails self-administered priming stimulation and alternating blocks of primed and unprimed trials. Reliable, consistent priming effects of substantial magnitude were obtained in the modified paradigm, which is closely analogous to the runway paradigm. In a third experiment, the modified paradigm served to assess the dependence of the priming effect on dopamine D2-like receptors. The priming effect proved resilient to the effect of eticlopride, a selective D2-like receptor antagonist. These results are discussed within the framework of a new model of brain reward circuitry in which non-dopaminergic medial forebrain bundle fibers and dopamine axons provide parallel inputs to the final common paths for reward and incentive motivation.

Identification of Common Paths for Rideshare Routing by Mining Vehicle Trajectories

Trajectory data generated from various location sensors are increasingly available nowadays, providing comprehensive information on detailed itineraries that can be used in traffic and mobility analyses. This paper presents a study on the identification of underlying traffic stream clusters by exploring vehicle trajectory data. It aims to break down the spatial distribution of mobility flows and recognize the common paths according to which tentative rideshare routes could be set up. A step-by-step methodological framework, which includes map matching, measuring path similarity at the geometry level, trajectory clustering according to overlapping segments, locating trunk routes on the network, and classifying new trajectories on the identified routes, is proposed. An experiment has been conducted using trajectories collected in the real world. The results showed that different traffic streams with regard to direction and travel distance can be identified clearly. Overall, this study offers a comprehensive means of leveraging trajectory data to analyze itinerary patterns and make comparisons between trajectories. Compared with previous efforts, the proposed method is effective in distinguishing between traffic streams even with regard to bidirectional flows along the same route. In addition, it has the capacity to identify the common routes of underlying traffic streams instead of simply picking out single hot links or origin–destination pairs. This study is an example of data-driven research that uses digital trajectories to detect common path issues and offers detailed guidance on its application in this respect.

High-resolution scenario building support for offshore grid development studies in a geographical information system

On the roadmap to reach the climate targets, Europe is committed to increase offshore wind power generation substantially from today towards 2050. This raises the question, what infrastructure layout efficiently integrates offshore wind power into the transmission grid. It is commonly addressed via scenario based optimisation studies to benchmark arbitrarily defined grid topology layouts such as radial connections of wind farms to shore against multi terminal offshore hubs or hybrid interconnectors. This paper proposes a new workflow to improve the design and calibration of topology scenarios for offshore grid studies with help of an automated process in a geographical information system. Against the backdrop of the recently adopted maritime spatial plans by EU member states, a high-resolution and large scale search graph of the future offshore grid is created with a multi-criteria analysis. Complexity reduction techniques are proposed to simplify this graph for subsequent investment optimisation studies. It is found that respecting the geographic reality of the heavily managed sea space not only reduces uncertainty for future offshore projects for more accurate cost estimates and cable trajectories. The consideration of designation areas in the sea also consolidates future grid planning options into common paths of transmission which facilitates the identification of relevant scenarios for analysis. It can be shown, that the commonly chosen benchmark of an “all radial” connection of wind farms to shore is a questionable choice to which an alternative is provided. The strategic relevance of the existence of spatial planning and access to high-resolution data for an improved grid development is demonstrated at the example of Baltic and North Sea.