Common Meta Research Articles

Framing Reference Architectures with the View Model

Many reference architecture descriptions have been published, but they lack a common meta language. This lack makes it hard to generate architecture descriptions in a standardized, straight-forward manner, and it also makes it hard to compare reference architecture descriptions with each other. This article attempts to overcome this shortcoming by grounding reference architecture description in the standardized view model in ISO/IEC/IEEE 40201.

Layers of Shared and Cooperative Control, assistance and automation

Abstract: Over the last centuries we have experienced scientific, technological and societal progress that enabled the creation of intelligent assisted and automated machines with increasing abilities, and require a conscious distribution of roles and control between humans and machines. Machines can be more than either fully automated or manually controlled, but can work together with the human on different levels of assistance and automation in a hopefully beneficial cooperation. One way of cooperation is that the automation and the human have a shared control over a situation, e.g. a vehicle in an environment. The objective of this paper is to provide a common meta model of shared and cooperative assistance and automation. The meta models based on insight from the H(orse)-methaphor (Flemisch et al, 2003; Goodrich et al., 2006) and Human-Machine Cooperation principles (Hoc and Lemoine, 1998; Pacaux-Lemoine and Debernard, 2002; Pacaux-Lemoine, 2014), are presented and combined in order to propose a framework and criteria to design safe, efficient, ecological and attractive systems. Cooperation is presented from different points of view such as levels of activity (operational, tactical and strategic levels) (Lemoine et al, 1996) as well as the type of function shared between Human and machine (information gathering, information analysis, decision selection, action implementation) (Parasuraman et al., 2000). Examples will be provided in the aviation domain (e.g. Goodrich et. al 2012) and the automotive domain with the automation of driving (Hoeger et al, 2008; Flemisch et al., 2016; Tricot et al., 2004; Pacaux-Lemoine et al, 2004; Pacaux-Lemoine et al., 2015).

Theoretical and computational investigation of meta-phenylene as ferromagnetic coupler in nitronyl nitroxide diradicals

We predict the magnetic exchange coupling constant (J) for 27 m-phenylene-based nitronyl nitroxide (NN) diradicals with nine different substituents in three unique (common ortho, ortho–meta and common meta) positions on the coupler unit by using the broken-symmetry density functional methodology. For all investigated diradicals, J values are computed using B3LYP, B3LYP-D3 and M06-2X functionals with 6–311+G(d,p) basis set. The JM06-2X value is larger than JB3LYP and closer to the observed value for the unsubstituted species. Substitutions at common ortho position always produce a greater angle of twist between the spin source and the coupler units. When the twist angle is very large, the nature of intramolecular magnetic interaction changes from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic. In these cases, the coupler–NN bond order becomes small. Substitution at the common meta position of m-phenylene in the diradical has little steric and hydrogen-bonding effects. Electron-withdrawing groups reveal a specific trend for single-atom substitution. An ortho substitution generally decreases J and a meta substitution always increases J with a decreasing −I effect. Variation of J with planarity as well as Hammett constant is investigated. The nucleus-independent chemical shift value is found to decrease from the corresponding mono-substituted phenyl derivatives. The dependence of J on these factors is explored.

Aromatic units from the macromolecular material in meteorites: Molecular probes of cosmic environments

Ancient meteorites contain several percent of organic matter that represents a chronicle of chemical evolution in the early solar system. Aromatic hydrocarbon units make up the majority of meteorite organic matter but reading their record of organic evolution is not straightforward and their formation mechanisms have remained elusive. Most aromatic units reside in a macromolecular material and new perceptions of its structure have been provided by a novel on-line hydrogenation approach. When applied to the Orgueil (CI1) and Murchison (CM2) meteorites the technique releases a range of aromatic hydrocarbons along with some oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen-containing aromatic units. When on-line hydrogenation is compared to conventional pyrolysis, more high molecular weight units and a wider range of liberated entities are evident. Comparisons of results from Orgueil and Murchison reveal variations that are most likely related to differing levels of parent body alteration. The enhancement of straight-chain hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) in the hydrogenation products imply a source of these common contaminants from straight-chain carboxylic acid (n-alkanoic acid) precursors, perhaps from bacterial contributions on Earth. The on-line hydrogenation data also highlight a long-standing but unexplained observation related to the relative preference for specific isomers in methyl-substituted benzenes (meta-, ortho- and para-xylenes). The new hydrogenation approach appears to release and transform macromolecular material meta-structures (benzenes with substituents separated by single carbon atoms) into their free hydrocarbon counterparts. Their release characteristics suggest that the meta-structures are bound by oxygen-linkages. The meta-structures may be molecular probes of specific ancient cosmic environments. Parent body processing may have performed a similar function as hydrogenation to produce the most common meta configuration for free substituted benzenes. Notably, this isomeric preference for substituted benzenes is relatively distinctive for meteorites and can help in the discrimination of meteorite-derived and fossil biology-derived organic matter on Earth and on Mars.

フレーゲの計算機科学への影響

We study Frege's influence on computer science mainly from the viewpoint of the formal aspect of Frege's Begriffsschrift. We argue that his analysis of a function as an unsaturated entity is related to the notion of higher-order abstract syntax in computer science, and his way of explaining Begriffsschrift should shed light on the future design of a common meta language for various mathematical systems. We also point out the influence of Frege on Martin-Löf's type theories, which led to the revival of the notion of judgment which was once almost forgotten in mathematical logic.

The evolution of pathways for aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation inPseudomonas

The organisation and nucleotide sequences coding for the catabolism of benzene, toluene (and xylenes), naphthalene and biphenyl via catechol and the extradiol (meta) cleavage pathway in Pseudomonas are reviewed and the various factors which may have played a part in their evolution are considered. The data suggests that the complete pathways have evolved in a modular way probably from at least three elements. The common meta pathway operons, downstream from the ferredoxin-like protein adjacent to the gene for catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, are highly homologous and clearly share a common ancestry. This common module may have become fused to a gene or genes the product(s) of which could convert a stable chemical (benzoate, salicylate, toluene, benzene, phenol) to catechol, thus forming the lower pathway operons found in modern strains. The upper pathway operons might then have been acquired as a third module at a later stage thus increasing the catabolic versatility of the host strains.

Room temperature phosphorescence optosensor for tetracyclines

A flow-through optosensor for tetracyclines based on the tetracycline-europium chelate room temperature phosphorescence energy transfer is proposed. The sensor is developed in conjunction with a flow-injection analysis system and is based on the transient immobilization on a non-ionic resin (packed in a flow-through cell) of the tetracycline-europium chelate. The analytical performance characteristics of the proposed sensor for semiautomated analysis and control of very low levels of tetracycline were as follows: the detection limits for tetracycline, oxytetracycline and chlortetracycline were 0.25, 0.30 and 0.40 ng ml −1, respectively, with a relative standard deviation of 1% for determination of 0.24 μ ml −1 of each antibiotic ( n = 10). Most of the common meta ions in biological samples did not interfere, except Fe(III) which caused serious interference and should be masked with 1,10-phenanthroline. The recommended method has been successfully tested for determination of tetracyclines in clinical samples (urine and pharmaceutical preparations).

Asthma of maximum severity but with great improvement after three years: Case report

Over the last centuries we have experienced scientific, technological and societal progress that enabled the creation of intelligent assisted and automated machines with increasing abilities, and require a conscious distribution of roles and control between humans and machines. Machines can be more than either fully automated or manually controlled, but can work together with the human on different levels of assistance and automation in a hopefully beneficial cooperation. One way of cooperation is that the automation and the human have a shared control over a situation, e.g. a vehicle in an environment. The objective of this paper is to provide a common meta model of shared and cooperative assistance and automation. The meta models based on insight from the H(orse)-methaphor (Flemisch et al, 2003; Goodrich et al., 2006) and Human-Machine Cooperation principles (Hoc and Lemoine, 1998; Pacaux-Lemoine and Debernard, 2002; Pacaux-Lemoine, 2014), are presented and combined in order to propose a framework and criteria to design safe, efficient, ecological and attractive systems. Cooperation is presented from different points of view such as levels of activity (operational, tactical and strategic levels) (Lemoine et al, 1996) as well as the type of function shared between Human and machine (information gathering, information analysis, decision selection, action implementation) (Parasuraman et al., 2000). Examples will be provided in the aviation domain (e.g. Goodrich et. al 2012) and the automotive domain with the automation of driving (Hoeger et al, 2008; Flemisch et al., 2016; Tricot et al., 2004; Pacaux-Lemoine et al, 2004; Pacaux-Lemoine et al., 2015).