Common Interest Developments Research Articles

Analysis of Labor Relations in Private Enterprises A Three-party Game Based on Overtime Work

At present, China has successively introduced multiple laws and regulations to prevent employees from being forced to work overtime. However, this situation is still serious in private enterprises, which has led to gradually tense labor relations. Starting from the issue of overtime, this article constructs a game model between government regulatory departments, enterprises, and employees, explores the impact of government regulation on the labor management relationship of private enterprises, and uses evolutionary games to analyze the stability of the strategies of the three parties. The result shows that there is a stable equilibrium solution in the tripartite game: private enterprises arrange employees to work overtime normally, employees take the initiative to work overtime, and the government's project management department strictly supervises them. Among them, strict supervision by labor supervision agencies plays an important role in balancing labor management relations, therefore, certain incentive measures should be given to labor supervision agencies to ensure their strict supervision; Private enterprises should strictly abide by market order, proactively reduce the burden on employees, and avoid forcing employees to work overtime excessively; Employees should maintain a good work attitude and promote the development of common interests with private enterprises.

Аdministrative responsibility in the field of town planning

The article is devoted to issues of administrative liability for offenses in the field of urban planning. The article draws attention to the shortcomings of the current legislation on administrative offenses and proposes measures to eliminate them. It is noted that urban planning activity is precisely the complex activity of state bodies and citizens for the formation and further development of common interests, territories, spaces, which involves a sequence of stages and is based on a close well- founded relationship and interdependence on socio-economic forecasting conditions. After all, the presence of such interconnection and interdependence is the main feature of urban planning legislation, which occupies a special place in the system of administrative law. Administrative liability in the field of construction arises in case of violation of the requirements of administrative legislation and urban planning. Therefore, the subjects of administrative offenses in the field of construction are social relations regulated by both administrative and urban planning law. This classification of administrative offenses by the subject of the offense is correct, as it allows to identify the signs of this element in the composition of the offense and to resolve the issue of the application of certain norms to the relevant social relations.
 Administrative responsibility for violations of legislation in the field of urban planning activities with a land and environmental component is only a small part of the total volume of «urban planning» components of the Administrative Code of Administrative Offenses. In view of this, it is important to point out the inter-branch nature of the relations of administrative responsibility for violations of the legislation on urban planning activities.
 Summarizing the results, the author concludes that an administrative offense in the field of urban planning is an illegal, culpable act (inaction) of a natural or legal person that violates the requirements of project documentation and normative documents in the field of construction, as well as the established order of construction, reconstruction, capital repair of objects of capital construction, putting it into operation, for which administrative responsibility is established by current legislation.

KEPASTIAN HUKUM KEPEMILIKAN PASAR TRADISIONAL MILIK PIHAK SWASTA TERKAIT DENGAN PENGADAAN TANAH BAGI PEMBANGUNAN UNTUK KEPENTINGAN UMUM.

Land as a gift of God Almighty is a natural resource which is indispensable man for earning his living. Land has economic value as well in addition to social functions, One of the common interest of traditional market. To build a traditional market of land needed to be done by way of land acquisition, which is a legal act by the government to obtain by way of land acquisition, which act by the government for specific interest by providing compensation to landowners according to the procedure in the act. Development of common interests, are owned by the government, while it must be done by the private sector by a treaty. If the public interest is ultimately owned by either private ownership or management then it isn’t regulated in accordance with Law Number. 2 of 2012 on Land Procurement for Development for Public Interest. The method used in this research is normative juridical research, specifically a library law research or secondary data with primary, secondary and tertiary legal sources. As for the research approach used in this case the legislation relating to land acquisition and the method of collecting the legal materials are carried out by identifying and taking an inventory of positive law, journals and other legal sources. The method used in analyzing the legal materials (interpretation) is to get views on the public interest is ultimately owned by either private ownership or management. to get legal certainty and legal construction method. From the research results can be obtained that District Government Karawang after Turi Tempuran land procurement market is not accompanied by management well, so when the market was transferred by the village government to the private sector can’t by a treaty. This causes the market being owned and managed by private parties

Supporting Positive Collaboration in Digital Online Projects

Online digital projects can become inherently complex, both in their development and in their long-term maintenance, and as products of collaboration between a humanities researcher and developer. There are positive aspects of this collaboration that support the development of a successful project. However, structures and policies must be in place to achieve the project’s objectives. This article will consider these structures and policies within the context of two specific projects through Iter Community. The supporting structures include the development of workplans and common interests between the researcher and developer, communication channels, and measurements of success.

Habraken, Jacobs, and Ostrom on governing the built environment: the case of common interest developments

AbstractHabraken's Structure of the Ordinary (SOTO), Jacobs' view of cities, and Ostrom's Design Principles and Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework focus on essential elements and relationships for the effective governance of the environment. However, they have different perspectives about what is necessary for successful governance. This article compares and contrasts Habraken's, Jacobs', and Ostrom's views and applies them to Common Interest Developments (CIDs). Habraken, Jacobs, and Habraken discuss the importance of public territory. Habraken views public territory as relative: a territory in a built environment can be private relative to a larger, or higher level, territory, and public relative to an included, lower level, territory. Jacobs discusses the importance of connections and accommodating strangers without sacrificing safety. Ostrom views common-pool resources as goods whose use causes less to be available to others. For their part, CIDs represent a particular governance vehicle for defining what is public and private in large residential developments. For both Habraken and Ostrom, the transformation of the physical environment reflects agents' common values constrained by material, technical, cultural, and economic conditions. Rather than one mutual understanding, Jacobs wrote that balancing the commercial and the guardian values is crucial for society's health and survival.

Restrictions versus amenities: the differential impact of home owners associations on property marketability

ABSTRACT Common-interest developments (CIDs) or planned urban developments (PUDs) can include a multitude of property types such as condos, townhomes, coops and single-family residences. Many such developments are privately governed by a homeowners’ association (HOA) and managed by an HOA board of directors comprised of community homeowners. While such communities and their governing bodies have been widely criticised for their onerous rules, regulations and exclusionary practices, many argue that the amenities, benefits and utility afforded to its members provide a large degree of satisfaction for homeowners. In fact, one of the purposes of an HOA is to preserve and enhance home values by creating an environment with minimal negative externalities. Although it is generally assumed that an HOA does add value, these associations have also generated a number of controversial disputes. This paper examines the effects of an HOA on marketability to empirically shed light on the question of whether buyers find HOAs to be beneficial or burdensome. The results show that the impact of the HOA on price, marketing time and probability of sale are not even across price segments and exist even after controlling for the presence of gated communities.

Privatization of neighborhood governance in transition economy: a case study of gated community in Phu My Hung new town, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Literature on common-interest development (CID) in housing, most common in the form of gated communities, has been based largely on the US’s experience, where the interpretation has centered on the interaction between three actors (local government, private developer, and homeowner association) and barely focused on the privatization of neighborhood governance in transition economies. This paper, through a case study of gated community in Phu My Hung new town shows that Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam—in the context of transition from centrally-planned to market-based economy—has been witnessing this privatized phenomenon of neighborhood governance. It employs both primary data, collected through observation and key informant interview, and secondary data to explain the contextual factors for the rise of gated communities in the city and find out the mechanism of neighborhood governance. In the city, housing privatization reforms, influx of foreign direct investment, and the formation of urban middle class have constituted the supply- and demand-side factors for the rise of gated communities. In addition, the reforms towards grassroots participation created a favorable environment for a privatization of neighborhood governance in which the private developer plays a dominant role in partnership with local government and homeowner association. To a certain extent, this privatization is similar to the case of US’s gated communities, however, it does not threaten the public authority and instead maintains a good collaboration between these three actors. This is an indigenous innovation of gated communities in Vietnam due to its socio-economic conditions and political context.

Master‐Planned Estates: Privatization, Socio‐Spatial Polarization and Community

AbstractMaster‐planned estates are an increasingly proliferating phenomenon in urban development. These primarily residential estates have often been explored under the terms ‘gated community’, ‘planned community’ and ‘common interest development’, however the development of the term ‘master‐planned estate’ or MPE by Australian geographers has opened up the terminology describing this phenomenon to a variety of planned residential forms. Three key themes dominate the literature on MPEs: privatization, socio‐spatial polarization and community. Through assessing the research completed on MPEs to date, with specific attention to Australian research using this terminology, I explore these key themes, as well as oversights in the literature, particularly in the lack of research on inner‐city MPEs. I conclude that new‐build gentrification can offer a fruitful launching point to explore the development of inner‐city MPEs.

Common Interest Communities: Private Governments and the Public Interest, by Stephen E. Barton and Carol Silverman

Over the past 25 years, the creation of 150,000 new common interest communities has made 30,000,000 Americans members of "private governments." The spread of these common interest developments has created a quiet revolution in the structure of neighbor relations, local government, and land-use control. Stephen E. Barton's and Carol Silverman's, Common interest communities: Private governments and the public interest, offers us one of the first books addressing the complex nature of these increasingly widely-used i nstitutions.

Club Goods and Local Government

Problem: Private approaches to urban service provision are becoming more popular. Some argue these approaches are more efficient and more democratic than government provision because they are voluntary. While these club approaches can shift the burden of infrastructure finance to direct groups of users, they can also fragment urban service delivery and justify unevenness in service quality across the city. Purpose: This article explores examples of club goods, that is, common interest developments (CIDS) for housing, business improvement districts (BIDs) for commercial areas, and economic development zones (EDZs) for commercial and industrial areas, and assesses their implications for local government. Emphasis is given to how clubs internalize benefits to members of the club but shed externalities onto the broader local government system. A critical governance concern is the impact on the long-term ability of local government to coordinate across disparate elements and interests in the community. Methods: I discuss three types of clubs ranging from totally private common interest developments (home owners associations), to partially private business improvement districts, to totally public economic development zones. These club types are analyzed in terms of economic benefits, externalities, governance structure, and broader concerns with equity and sustainability. Results and conclusions: Club good approaches to urban infrastructure delivery enhance private investment and reduce costs to cities, but they also shed externalities onto the broader city. Although these clubs are often private associations, this article shows how they are critically supported by government, beyond the property rights requirement assumed by most theorists. A further concern is that club approaches may undermine support for equity and redistribution at the broader city level. Takeaway for practice: Local governments are under pressure to provide public goods efficiently and engage private voluntary approaches whenever possible. The efficiency and popularity of club approaches derives in part from their ability to capture the benefits of increased investment for internal benefit. However, local government managers also must manage diversity and build public support for investment to ensure equity across the urban territory. Balancing the benefits of club goods with the need for broader urban integration is a key challenge for planners and urban managers. Research support: None.

Common Interest Development and the Changing Roles of Government and Market in Planning

World-wide, common interest development (CID) and its governance, homeowners’ associations (HOAs), are developing rapidly. However, numerous conflicts have given rise to the need to redefine governmental and market roles in current HOA governance. This paper examines the successful development of the NangKang Software Park (NKSP) in Taiwan and draws conclusions for alternative government and other parties involved in neighbourhood management. There are several factors contributing to NKSP’s success, one being early governmental participation in the institutional design, which assisted in minimising potential conflicts. Another is NKSP’s external property management company, whose rent-seeking incentives were hindered through market competition. A third element of NKSP’s success was its HOA’s human resource management in its industrial neighbourhood. The results from this study suggest that HOA governance may be very suitable for industrial districts and may also provide a globally applicable solution for CID and HOA development.

Cul-de-sacs, Superblocks and Environmental Areas as Supports of Residential Territorialization

In the suburbs, residential territorialization is most often associated with common interest developments, homeowners' associations, gated communities and sociospatial segregation. These forms of territorialization have been the subject of many critical analyses by the academic community. These criticisms, however, frequently discount the significance of the road network layout. This paper shows that cul-de-sacs, superblocks and 'environmental areas' are key factors. It provides support to the hypothesis that exclusionary residential territories exist along a continuum, ranging from no-through streets, superblocks, environmental areas, gated communities and privately managed communities. The creation of two cul-de-sacs facing each other can thus be compared to the erection of a barrier in the middle of a street open to through-traffic. Similarly, environmental areas function as residential enclaves.

Dalla cittŕ conclusa alla cittŕ inconclusa

- This paper aims to combine communication and urban issues, moving from the concepts of identity and culture. The becoming of the city is the key of this work; in particular, city is seen as shifting from something finished and defined to something immaterial, whose borders are continuously changing. The Fordist city and its industrial production concentrated around industry are just a memory. The places which once hosted machines and workers has become locations for culture and loisir. Several consequences are implied in such trend: the emerging of the spatial concept of "periurban", and of some places as change symbols of the social morphology of the city: airports, highways, shopping malls. In the past, geographers and urban planners felt the urge to individuate borders and limits to the city; today, flexibility seems the prominent characteristic of such "new" places; in other words, flexibility is one of the most requested elements of periurban areas, which are trying to escape as much as possible from a regulated urban planning.Key words: sprawl, unfinished city, CID (Common Interest Developments), periurban.

Neoliberal privatisation? Remapping the public and the private in Sydney's masterplanned residential estates

The analysis of neoliberalism has become a key point of departure in critical urban studies and political geography. Its application in theorising new forms of residential environments is no exception. Common interest developments, gated communities and, in the Australian case, masterplanned residential estates (MPREs) are cast as vehicles of neoliberalist privatisation, extending private property rights and embedding market logics and neoliberal modes of privatised governance. This paper is a critical theoretical and empirical engagement with the interpretation of these residential developments as iconic expressions of urban neoliberalisation. We bring poststructuralist thinking on neoliberalism as an assemblage of diverse practices and projects together with poststructuralist conceptions of the public and private as contextual and enacted political constructions, to provide an alternative analytic—an analytic of assemblage—for investigating putative pathways of neoliberal privatisation. We suggest the purchase of this extended framework through an exploration of MPRE development by Sydney's largest MPRE developer. In this framework, MPREs become contingent productions in which multiple and overdetermined projects, practices and paradigms of governance are at work including, amongst others, social sustainability and interventionism. Rather than producing neoliberal privatisation, we explore how MPRE developments involve the complex constitution of new forms of public and private that exceed coding as neoliberal. We conclude that the framework engaged with here can enable productive advances for urban theorising. Its emphasis on practice, enactment, multiplicity and assemblage can resist a tendency to reify urban neoliberalism and nurture the development of new conceptions and discourses of urban governance less bound to the neoliberal imaginary.

Drug discovery in the era of Facebook—new tools for scientific networking

Social networking is beginning to make an impact on the drug discovery process. While bioinformatics and chemoinformatics underpin research at a scientific level, rapid communication between individual researchers across continents now allows the global exchange of ideas, tools and technologies. Networking at this level of speed and reach is quite a recent phenomenon. It facilitates the development of common interests, accelerates technology transfer and increases cooperative and competitive behaviour. In this review, we critically evaluate different web based networking approaches as effective resources for the drug discovery scientist. We also ask whether social networking sites will evolve into serious and credible resources for the drug discovery community.

Introduction: Asian Values and Regional Community Building

The topic of “Asian values” has been a controversial one since first being proposed by several Asian governments. This issue examines the importance of “Asian values,” and the role of culture and identity, in relation to political development, regional cooperation, and security issues in the Asian region and among Asian states. The various articles presented in this issue direct attention toward the importance of values generally in the formation and evolution of regional communities. Prospects for further cooperation among Asian states depend on the further development of shared values and common interests, and on the strengthening of regional institutions and collaborative relationships among Asian countries.

Revisit the Coase Conjecture: Monopoly, Durability, and Bundling in Urban Land Use

Although land and collective goods are bundled together, they could be provided separately. By studying intertemporal externality in land monopoly and analyzing the interaction between land market structure and the provision of local public goods, this paper conducts a comparative institutional study in the urban setting. I consider five institutional settings depending on whether land and collective good are provided in a bundle: private rental, public rental, private ownership, public ownership, and public ownership with restrictive zoning. The two-period model developed in this paper suggests that homeownership may result in more land development than leasehold. Numeric examples suggest (1) public ownership, i.e., the common form of government providing collective goods, may be efficient for more uniform distribution at large spatial scales; (2) rentals can be desirable for poor communities such as historic company towns; (3) private ownership, such as CID (Common Interest Development) and condominium, is more efficient for rich communities; (4) restrictive zoning reduces social surplus, and rich community may adopt more restrictive measures. These results may help explain why public institutions is the dominating feature of urban institutions and why most private communities are small-scale and located in the suburbs.

From public neighbourhoods to multi-tier private neighbourhoods: the evolving ecology of neighbourhood privatization in Calgary

The privatization of urban space, as represented in the trend towards a wide variety of common interest developments and increasing prevalence of gated communities, is an international phenomenon. Recent research has not systematically explored the ways in which these types of developments are collectively re-shaping the public and private realms of the city at large. This empirical study of community areas in a Canadian city describes a number of historical private neighbourhood development trends and their convergence in space and time. Based on the empirical generalizations, a conceptual model is developed to illustrate how the trends may have combined to produce a new geography or ecology of space privatization within the city, one in which the older public city is being circumscribed and bounded by new territories of multi-tiered privatization.

Moving Up by Moving Out? Planned Developments and Residential Segregation in California

Individuals are increasingly opting to live in common interest developments (CIDs) such as condominiums, co-operatives and planned developments. Several commentators have linked this trend to increasing neighbourhood homogeneity and residential segregation. This paper investigates these claims for planned developments in California in 1990. Results indicate that planned developments are, on average, less diverse with respect to race but more diverse with respect to income due to greater representation among higher-income categories. The contribution of planned developments to overall metropolitan segregation, however, is minor. This finding is perhaps unsurprising in light of the relatively small proportion of the population living in planned developments as of 1990. As recent trends continue, it is conceivable that the effects of these communities on residential segregation will become more pronounced. Nevertheless, eliminating planned developments would not necessarily diminish segregation because these communities are but one mechanism for sorting behaviour.

戸建て住宅地における住環境マネジメントに対する居住者態度 : 戸建て住宅地におけるHOA導入についての居住者評価

This study is carried out with aiming at clarifying residents' evaluation of living environment and HOA (Homeowner Association) at the detached housing area through a case study Y Housing Area at Yokohama City of Japan. Through the study, it is found that the residents tend to control community life and maintenance of common facility by HOA, and positively evaluate the activities of the HOA, however, it is not strong and clear opinion neither positive nor negative. The reasons for this are caused by 1) lower design control function, 2) similarity of neighborhood association (Jichikai)'s functions, 3) no common interest development, and 4) less sense of ownership on the HOA due to long supports from the developer and so on.