Common Human Skin Disease Research Articles

Image Detection for Common Human Skin Diseases in Indonesia Using CNN and Ensemble Learning Method

Skin disease is a common health problem throughout the world which is one of the main causes of global disease. Skin and subcutaneous diseases managed to contribute 1.79% of global diseases and also became the fourth leading cause of the burden of non-fatal diseases and disability in 2013. Indonesia was ranked 29th out of 195 countries in Asia which indirectly contributed to in contributing to the transmission of skin diseases due to several causes such as lack of access to health care services, poor hygiene conditions, and also population density. Based on the information revealed in the book entitled illustrated guide on various skin diseases commonly found in Indonesia, it is stated that skin diseases ranging from herpes, ringworm, chickenpox, scabies, to psoriasis are often found in Indonesia. With current technological advances, it is possible for humans to be able to recognize various skin diseases with the help of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Method. A total of 1203 images containing types of skin diseases such as herpes simplex, pityriasis, psoriasis, tinea corporis, scabies, and also vitiligo will be a class in the classification process, but because most images are still unbalanced and do not have strong object elements, it is necessary to do this. data preparation and data balancing is also needed so that the architectural model will not be difficult to learn. By using k-fold cross validation and carrying out the ensemble method, the results of the model evaluation will be in the form of an accuracy matrix where the results of each model will be compared and it will be determined which model is the best based on the results obtained. The test results that produce Cross Validation show that the RGB image is superior where the accuracy value obtained is 49% and the Grayscale image has an accuracy of 47%. however, when compared with the ensemble results, Grayscale images have superior accuracy results, namely the accuracy results are 93% and RGB images produce only 86.

Psycho-Social Determinants of Acne in Rural Community of Lahore

Acne is a common human skin disease, characterized by areas of skin with seborrhea (scaly red skin), comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules (pinheads), pustules (pimples), nodules (large papules) and possibly scarring. Acne affects mostly skin with the densest population of sebaceous follicles. These areas include the face, the upper part of the chest, and the back. Objectives: To determine the association between various psycho-social factors and acne. Design:Population based Case-Control Study. Place & Duration:Galvera Village, Lahore from May 2019 to July 2019. Subjects & Methods. A population based case-control study with 1:1 case to control ratio was conducetd. A total of 100 persons (50 cases and 50 controls) were recruited in the study. Selection was made on laid down criteria from adult population living in rural community of Lahore after taking due consent. Interviews were conducted through a pretested questionnaire by a 10 membered team of group 01, 4th year MBBS students of Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore under direct supervision of Department of Community Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College (RLMC). Data was collected, compiled and analyzed through SPSS version 25.

Human skin ringworm detection using wavelet and curvelet transforms: a comparative study

The common human skin disease called ringworm is investigated in the light of computer vision. Two distinct methodologies are developed for its detection. The first methodology implements three-level multi-wavelet decomposition of the skin images and subsequent evaluation of the approximation and detail subband energies which act as the texture characterising features. The second methodology incorporates the curvelet to segment the circular protrusion of the skin images especially with ringworms followed by statistical texture investigation by grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). After feature extraction by both the methodologies, binary classifier called the support vector machine (SVM) recognises the images as ringworm with detection accuracy of around 87% and 80% for the first and second methodologies respectively. In addition, the performance indexing parameters of SVM classification like sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) which are not previously addressed are evaluated. Both the methodologies are comprehensively demonstrated and compared to select the better one. The selected method is then compared with the available technique and commented upon.

Human skin ringworm detection using wavelet and curvelet transforms: a comparative study

The common human skin disease called ringworm is investigated in the light of computer vision. Two distinct methodologies are developed for its detection. The first methodology implements three-level multi-wavelet decomposition of the skin images and subsequent evaluation of the approximation and detail subband energies which act as the texture characterising features. The second methodology incorporates the curvelet to segment the circular protrusion of the skin images especially with ringworms followed by statistical texture investigation by grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). After feature extraction by both the methodologies, binary classifier called the support vector machine (SVM) recognises the images as ringworm with detection accuracy of around 87% and 80% for the first and second methodologies respectively. In addition, the performance indexing parameters of SVM classification like sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) which are not previously addressed are evaluated. Both the methodologies are comprehensively demonstrated and compared to select the better one. The selected method is then compared with the available technique and commented upon.

Ayurvedic Management of Yuvana Pidika (Acne Vulgaris) - A Case Report

Acne consistently represents the top three most prevalent skin conditions in the general population. Acne Vulgaris is a common human skin disease, characterized by areas of skin with seborrhoea (scaly red skin), comedones (blackheads and whiteheads), papules (pinheads), pustules (large papules) and possibly scarring. Acne is found to have equality with the disease Yuvana pidika mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. The main localization of acne is in the face and then follows the neck, the upper part of the chest, shoulders and the back. Each of patients affected by acne tells that she or he will “do anything” to get rid of it. Typically, those with acne seek out Ayurvedic treatments because they have already tried “everything” or do not want to resort to isotretinoin, antibiotics, or oral contraceptives. A 29-year-old female patient reported to the outdoor, department of Sharir Kriya NIA, Jaipur, with complains of pimples on face for last 2 months. The patient was diagnosed as Yuvana pidika. Arjunatvak Lepa application with godugdha once daily for 30 days and Manjistha Ghan Vati 500mg (2*250mg) twice daily orally for 30 days were given. After 30 days of treatment a significant response was found in this case.

Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Cutibacterium acnes Activate Both a Canonical and Epigenetic Inflammatory Response in Human Sebocytes.

The regulation of cutaneous inflammatory processes is essential for the human skin to maintain homeostasis in the presence of the dense communities of resident microbes that normally populate this organ. Forming the hair follicle-associated sebaceous gland, sebocytes are specialized lipid-producing cells that can release inflammatory mediators. Cytokine and chemokine expression by pilosebaceous epithelial cells (i.e., sebocytes and follicular keratinocytes) has been proposed to contribute to the common human skin disease acne vulgaris. The underlying mechanisms that drive inflammatory gene expression in acne-involved pilosebaceous epithelial cells are still unknown because almost all sebaceous follicles contain dense concentrations of bacteria yet only some show an inflammatory reaction. In this study, we hypothesized that metabolites from the abundant skin-resident microbe Propionibacterium acnes can influence cytokine expression from human sebocytes. We show that short-chain fatty acids produced by P. acnes under environmental conditions that favor fermentation will drive inflammatory gene expression from sebocytes. These molecules are shown to influence sebocyte behavior through two distinct mechanisms: the inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and the activation of fatty acid receptors. Depletion of HDAC8 and HDAC9 in human sebocytes resulted in an enhanced cytokine response to TLR-2 activation that resembled the transcriptional profile of an acne lesion. These data provide a new insight into the regulation of inflammatory gene expression in the skin, further characterize the contribution of sebocytes to epidermal immunity, and demonstrate how changes in the metabolic state of the skin microbiome can promote inflammatory acne.

Transcriptome-microRNA analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei and host immune response.

Scabies is a parasitic disease, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, and is considered one of the top 50 epidemic diseases and one the most common human skin disease, worldwide. Allergic dermatitis, including an intense itch, is a common symptom, however diagnosis is difficult and there is currently no effective vaccine. The goal of this study was to examine the immune interaction mechanism of both S. scabiei and infected hosts. mRNA-seq and microRNA-seq were conducted on the S. scabiei mite and on infected and uninfected hosts. We focused on differential expression of unigenes and microRNAs, as well as the real targets of unigenes in enriched immune signaling pathways. S. scabiei enhanced host immune function and decreased metabolism after infection, while the immune response of the host inhibited S. scabiei proliferation and metabolism signaling pathways. Differentially expressed unigenes of S. scabiei were enriched in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The differential expression analysis indicated that microRNAs of S. scabiei and hosts have major roles in regulating immune interactions between parasites and hosts.

Ketoconazole inhibits Malassezia furfur morphogenesis in vitro under filamentation optimized conditions.

Malassezia furfur, a constituent of the normal human skin flora, is an etiological agent of pityriasis versicolor, which represents one of the most common human skin diseases. Under certain conditions, both exogenous and endogenous, the fungus can transition from a yeast form to a pathogenic mycelial form. To develop a standardized medium for reproducible production of the mycelial form of M. furfur to develop and optimize susceptibility testing for this pathogen, we examined and characterized variables, including kojic acid and glycine concentration, agar percentage, and pH, to generate a chemically defined minimal medium on which specific inoculums of M. furfur generated the most robust filamentation. Next, we examined the capacity of ketoconazole to inhibit the formation of M. furfur mycelial form. Both low and high, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1µg/ml concentrations of ketoconazole significantly inhibited filamentation at 11.9, 54.5 and 86.7%, respectively. Although ketoconazole can have a direct antifungal effect on both M. furfur yeast and mycelial cells, ketoconazole also has a dramatic impact on suppressing morphogenesis. Since mycelia typified the pathogenic form of Malassezia infection, the capacity of ketoconazole to block morphogenesis may represent an additional important effect of the antifungal.

Psoriasis: A comparative study as per ayurvedic and modern classics

Psoriasis is a complex, chronic, multifactorial, inflammatory disease which involves hyper proliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermis, with an increase in the epidermal cell turnover rate. At present time, Psoriasis is one of the most common human skin diseases. Majority of the dermatological disorders have been described under the roof of Kushtha in Ayurveda. In this article, ancient Indian literature regarding dermatological disorders is studied thoroughly to make a comparison between the information given in ayurvedic classical texts and those given in modern medical science in relation to psoriasis. After studying Kustha in ayurvedic literature, it is clear that the disease Psoriasis is mostly comparable with two varieties of kshudrakustha ie. Eka kustha and Kitibha kustha and also with a variety mahakustha i.e., Sidhma kustha. It is also clear from the study that there is vast resemblance between the Panchanidan i.e., Nidan, Purvarupa, Rupa, Upasaya, Samprapti of Kustha and the etiopathogenesis and symptomatology of psoriasis. The objective of this review is successful in comparing psoriasis with kustha with special reference to Ekakustha and Kitibha kustha. Due to the close resemblance, it is also tried in this work that the treatment procedures along with various formulations mentioned in skin disorders of ayurveda can be applied in psoriasis which adds new dimensions in management of such a chronic and complex disease.

The Immunologic Response to Trichophyton Rubrum in Lower Extremity Fungal Infections.

Manifestations of Trichophyton rubrum infestations, such as tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis, are among the most common human skin diseases seen throughout the world. About 80% of patients presenting with acute dermatophytosis respond well to topical antifungal treatment. However, the remaining 20% of patients progress into a chronic state of dermatophytosis, which is resistant to antifungal treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to have a better understanding and appreciation for the diverse immune responses to Trichophyton as this is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies for those individuals who suffer from a chronic manifestation of Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum) infection. As a result, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to review and discuss previous studies that evaluated the human body’s defense to T. rubrum infections and to understand why and how these fungal infections invade the host defense system. Our research revealed that a cell-mediated immune response is critical in defending the body against T. rubrum. However, this organism has mechanisms that enable it to evade the immune system. Therefore, a more successful treatment for chronic T. rubrum infection would involve targeting the mechanisms of T. rubrum that diminish the immune response, while restoring the cell-mediated immune response.

IL12B and IL23R gene SNPs in Japanese psoriasis

Psoriasis is a common human skin disease whereby abnormal production of inflammatory mediators is believed to play an important role in its pathogenesis. The IL12B gene, which encodes the shared IL-12p40 subunit in two cytokines, IL-12 and IL-23, and the IL23R gene, which encodes a subunit of the receptor for IL-23, were identified as psoriasis-susceptibility genetic factors in recent candidate gene and genome-wide association studies of Chinese and Europeans. Since there are significant differences in the incidence of psoriasis between Europeans and Japanese suggesting a genetic ethnic effect, we examined the association of IL12B and IL23R gene polymorphisms with psoriasis in a cohort of Japanese. In this study, we genotyped two SNPs (rs3212227 and rs6887695) in the IL12B gene and one SNP (rs11209026) in the IL23R gene using 560 Japanese psoriasis cases and 560 controls and compared our results with those previously published for Europeans and Asians. Our study showed significant associations between psoriasis and both IL12B gene SNPs, rs3212227 (odds ratio (OR) = 1.35, P = 4.94E-04) and rs6887695 (OR = 1.32, P = 2.00E-03), but no significant association between psoriasis and the IL23R SNP, rs11209026. Furthermore, a significant haplotype association was found for the IL12B gene protective haplotype C-C (OR = 0.71, P = 1.84E-04) in Japanese, as previously elucidated in the studies of European ancestry.

Malassezia virulence determinants

Malassezia yeasts are associated with a number of dermatologic and systemic diseases in humans and animals. Pityriasis versicolor is amongst these diseases and represents one of the most common human skin diseases. Beyond that, the role of Malassezia yeasts in the pathogenesis of other skin diseases such as psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis and confluent and reticulate papillomatosis is discussed but remains less clear. Clear pathogenetic mechanisms of the above-mentioned diseases are not known so far. The review presents new findings on virulence factors of Malassezia yeasts, shedding light on the pathogenesis of Malassezia-associated diseases. Several virulence factors in Malassezia yeasts are known, based on their enzymatic lipolytic activity resulting in the production of distinct metabolites and special cell wall features. Recently, a secondary metabolic pathway possibly implicated in the pathogenesis of pityriasis versicolor was described. The article presents virulence factors of Malassezia yeasts ranging from irritant metabolic byproducts to highly bioactive indole derivatives and attempts to clarify their pathogenic implications in the different diseases. Special emphasis is given to the pathogenesis of pityriasis versicolor, as it represents the disease wherein the causative relationship with Malassezia yeasts appears the most obvious.

Topical delivery for the treatment of psoriasis

Importance of the field: Psoriasis is one of the most common human skin diseases. Topical therapy forms the cornerstone in the management of mild-to-moderate psoriasis. Topical therapies are also used as adjunctive to systemic therapy in moderate and severe forms of the disease.Areas covered in this review: In this review, an overview of psoriasis pathogenesis, new topical medications for psoriasis, new targets and molecules, combination topical therapies and combination of topical and phototherapy is provided. Over the past decade several efficacious and acceptable treatment options have emerged from the age-old therapies. The development of sophisticated formulation options has led to an enhancement in the rate and extent of drug delivery across the skin, increasing therapeutic value and improving patient compliance.What the reader will gain: Readers will learn about monotherapy and combination topical products as well as new topical drug delivery technology to achieve optimal clinical outcomes. This review will highlight the need to generate more dermal pharmacokinetic data for better understanding of the impact of formulation change on skin pharmacokinetics to help design improved topical drug delivery systems.Take home message: New topical formulations have the potential to achieve better efficacy with improved safety profile.

Drug delivery and formulations for the topical treatment of psoriasis

Background: Psoriasis is one of the most common human skin diseases. It is characterised by excessive growth and aberrant differentiation of corneocytes, but is fully reversible with appropriate therapy. Objective: There are many drug therapies for psoriasis via the topical delivery route. This review describes the topically applied drugs used to treat psoriasis. Methods: Formulations to carry or encapsulate these drugs are introduced in this review. Enhancing approaches such as liposome inclusion, iontophoresis and laser are also discussed. Conclusion: This review summarises developments in the design of formulations in the area of topical drug delivery for treating psoriasis.

Novel immunobiologics for psoriasis

Psoriasis is one of the most common human skin diseases and is considered to have key genetic contributions. It is characterized by excessive growth and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes, but is reversible with appropriate therapy with the possibilities of recurrence. The trigger of the keratinocyte response is thought to be the activation of the cellular immune system with T cells, dendritic cells and various immune related cytokines and chemokines being implicated in pathogenesis. Immunosuppressants like cyclosporine and methotrexate were used earlier in the treatment of psoriasis, however their use was associated with severe adverse effects due to down regulation of immune system. The most recent advances in therapies for psoriasis target specific immune components of psoriasis and promise to have high therapeutic efficacy with low adverse effects. This review focuses on the novel therapies aimed to specifically modulate the dysregulated immune system with minimal adverse effects.

Pathogenesis and therapy of psoriasis

Psoriasis is one of the most common human skin diseases and is considered to have key genetic underpinnings. It is characterized by excessive growth and aberrant differentiation of keratinocytes, but is fully reversible with appropriate therapy. The trigger of the keratinocyte response is thought to be activation of the cellular immune system, with T cells, dendritic cells and various immune-related cytokines and chemokines implicated in pathogenesis. The newest therapies for psoriasis target its immune components and may predict potential treatments for other inflammatory human diseases.

Suprabasal integrin expression in the epidermis of transgenic mice results in developmental defects and a phenotype resembling psoriasis

Integrin expression is normally confined to the basal layer of the epidermis, but when epidermal homeostasis is perturbed, the receptors are also expressed by suprabasal, differentiating keratinocytes. We have used the involucrin promoter to express functional human integrin subunits α 2, α 5, and β 1 in the suprabasal epidermal layers of transgenic mice. In mice expressing α 5 or β 1 alone or α 2 β 1 or α 5 β 1, heterodimers, there were hair and whisker abnormalities and a failure of eyelid fusion. In addition, mice expressing β 1 alone or in combination with α 2 or α 5 exhibited epidermal hyperproliferation, perturbed keratinocyte differentiation, and skin inflammation, all of which are features of a common human skin disease, psoriasis.