Common Exposure Research Articles

Organohalogens: A persisting burden in Slovenia?

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) represent a concern for the environment and human health due to their persistence and toxicity. Exposure in Slovenia is geographically differentiated because the country, as part of former Yugoslavia, has a history of industry and regional contamination and is – at the same time – known for its clean nature. The PCB pollution of the Krupa River drew the public's attention to the chemical burden of Slovenians, and the demand for studies has been rising since. We assessed the exposure of men (n = 548) and primiparous women (n = 536) to POPs in 12 regions of Slovenia as well as exposure pathways via questionnaires. Most PCDD/Fs, PCBs, and PBDEs could be determined in pooled samples of maternal milk at low concentrations (1.57 pg/gTEQ, 1.47 pg/gTEQ, and 1076 pg/g fat, respectively), but a much lower number of compounds could be measured above the LOQ in pooled men's plasma samples (PCDD/Fs 0.08 pg/gTEQ, PCBs 0.007 pg/gTEQ, ΣPBDE 920 pg/g), and only HCB, p,p’-DDE, ΣDDT, and the non-dioxin-like PCB congeners 138, 153, and 180 could be determined in individual samples of milk (concentration range 5–60 ng/g fat). In individual samples of men's serum, only p,p’-DDE and ΣPCB were detected at concentrations of 0.25 ng/g and 0.3 ng/g, respectively. Nonetheless, we were able to differentiate between polluted and unpolluted areas on a national level, with higher exposure levels in the PCB polluted region of Bela Krajina, the industrial region Zasavje, and the capital, Ljubljana. Despite low concentrations, determinants of exposure, such as age, proximity to roads, old building materials, private water supplies, and consumption of alcohol, fish, meat, and eggs that have previously been observed only at higher levels could still be identified. Furthermore, levels of PCBs and PBDEs were highly correlated suggesting common exposure sources and pathways, whereas PCDD/Fs were correlated to a lesser extent. The calculated ratio between DDT and DDE in maternal milk samples was decreasing with the year of sampling, suggesting no ongoing exposure to DDT. The study findings suggest low exposure of men and lactating women to legacy pollutants in Slovenia, which gave rise to the hypothesis that Slovenia's geographical location might provide shelter from the long-range transport of POPs via Westerly winds. This hypothesis remains to be confirmed within future studies.

Patterns of surveillance for late effects of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors in survivors of pediatric Philadelphia chromosome positive leukemias

BackgroundTargeted anticancer therapies such as BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have improved outcomes for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph + ALL). However, little is known about long-term risks of TKIs in children. Exposure-based survivorship guidelines do not include TKIs, thus surveillance practices may be variable.MethodsWe retrospectively examined surveillance for cardiac and endocrine late effects in children receiving TKIs for Ph + leukemias, diagnosed at < 21 years between 2000 and 2018. Frequency of echocardiogram (ECHO), electrocardiogram (EKG), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and bone age testing were abstracted. Descriptive statistics were stratified by leukemia type.Results66 patients (CML n = 44; Ph + ALL n = 22) met inclusion criteria. Among patients with CML, ≥1 evaluation was done: ECHO (50.0%), EKG (48.8%), TSH (43.9%), DXA (2.6%), bone age (7.4%). Among patients with Ph + ALL, ≥1 evaluation was done: ECHO (86.4%), EKG (68.2%), TSH (59.1%), DXA (63.6%), bone age (44.4%). Over a median 6.3 and 5.7 years of observation, respectively, 2% of patients with CML and 57% with Ph + ALL attended a survivorship clinic.ConclusionsDespite common exposure to TKIs in survivors of Ph + leukemias, patterns of surveillance for late effects differed in CML and Ph + ALL, with the latter receiving more surveillance likely due to concomitant chemotherapy exposures.Targeted therapies such as TKIs are revolutionizing cancer treatment, but surveillance for late effects and referral to survivorship clinics are variable despite the chronicity of exposure. Evidence based guidelines and longer follow-up are needed.

Health of people experiencing co-occurring homelessness, imprisonment, substance use, sex work and/or severe mental illness in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundPeople affected by homelessness, imprisonment, substance use, sex work or severe mental illness experience substantial excess ill health and premature death. Though these experiences often co-occur, health outcomes associated with...

Cyber‐physical component ranking for risk sensitivity analysis using betweenness centrality

This article proposes a model for critical component ranking in power system risk analysis using a proposed cyber-physical betweenness centrality (CPBC) index. Risk assessment, as part of the contingency analysis, is a critical activity that can identify and evaluate component outages that lead to system vulnerability, aiding operators to improve resilience. A power system cyber-physical risk assessment model is proposed that calculates and offers an efficient protection strategy to the system operator based on component vulnerability to adversaries and the impact of compromised assets on the system operation. We present the CPBC index, which traverses generated attack graphs to rank components according to their importance in reducing adversary impact on the power system. The CPBC extends upon betweenness centrality and integrates into analysis, the services and security cost of communications between system components, as well as the likelihood of component exploitation as an adversary medium to the target relays. The proposed model recommends actions, taking into account the interconnections between cyber and physical components as well as cyber-induced Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure scores associated with these connections, thus protecting critical components. The proposed model is implemented on the Cyber-Physical Situational Awareness 8-substation and extended IEEE 300-bus cyber-physical power system models, and results are presented on the impacts of the proposed component ranking model on the security-aware operation of the power system.

Source, Characterization of Indoor Dust PAHs and the Health Risk on Chinese Children

SummaryPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in indoor dust are one of the common exposure sources for children worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore PAHs pollution status in indoor dust and estimate health risk on Chinese children with big data. Weighted average concentration was used to analyze source and characterization of PAHs in indoor dust based on peer-reviewed literature. According to specific inclusion criteria, 17 studies were included finally to analyze weighted average concentration. The national average concentration of Σ16PAHs was approximately 25.696 µg/g. The highest concentration of Σ16PAHs was in Shanxi (2111.667 µg/g), and the lowest was in Hong Kong (1.505 µg/g). The concentrations in Shanxi and Guangdong were higher than national level and the over standard rate was 18.18%. The concentrations of individual PAHs varied greatly across the country, and Flu in Shanxi was the highest (189.400 µg/g). The sources of PAHs varied in different regions and combustion processes played a leading role. PAHs exposure through ingestion and dermal contact was more carcinogenic than inhalation. The incremental lifetime cancer risk model indicated that children lived in Shanxi were found in the highest health risk coupled with the highest BaPE concentration (54.074 µg/g). Although PAHs concentrations of indoor dust showed a downward trend from 2005 to 2018, indoor environmental sanitation should be improved with multidisciplinary efforts. Health standard should be possibly established to minimize children exposure to PAHs in indoor dust in China.

Caustic Mist Exposure and Respiratory Outcomes in a Cohort Study of Alumina Refinery Workers

A common chemical exposure in alumina refining is caustic mist. Although recognized as a strong airways irritant, little is known of the chronic respiratory effects of caustic mist in alumina refining. A suitable metric for caustic mist exposure assessment in alumina refining for epidemiological purposes has not been identified. Peak exposure is likely to be important, but is difficult to assess in epidemiological studies. In this study, we investigate the respiratory effects of caustic mist in an inception cohort (n = 416) of alumina refinery workers and describe the development and use of a peak exposure metric for caustic mist. We then compare the results with a metric based on duration of exposure. Participants were interviewed annually about respiratory symptoms and had a lung function test. Job history data were collected from each interview and levels of caustic mist were measured periodically by air monitoring. We found a weak association between the caustic mist peak exposure metric and reported cough (P for linear trend = 0.079) with the highest peak exposure group odds ratio = 2.32 (95% confidence interval: 1.27, 4.22). For lung function, we found declines in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity for changes in annual and absolute lung function for both metrics of exposure, but only the ratio of absolute lung function was statistically associated with an increasing duration of caustic exposure (P for linear trend = 0.011). In this cohort, we did not observe an association with respiratory symptoms or consistent decrements in lung function. There was little difference between the exposure metrics used for investigation of the chronic effects from caustic mist.

Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and hot flashes in women from an urban convenience sample of midlife women

ContextPhthalate exposure is associated with altered reproductive function, but little is known about associations of phthalate exposure with risk of hot flashes. ObjectiveTo investigate associations of urinary phthalate metabolite levels with four hot flash outcomes in midlife women. DesignA cross-sectional study of the first year of a prospective cohort of midlife women, the Midlife Women's Health Study (2006–2015), a convenience sample from an urban setting. Participants728 multi-racial/ethnic pre- and perimenopausal women aged 45–54 years. Outcome measuresWomen completed questionnaires about hot flash experience and provided 1–4 urine samples over four consecutive weeks that were pooled for analysis. Phthalate metabolites were assessed individually and as molar sums representative of common compounds (all phthalates: ƩPhthalates; DEHP: ƩDEHP), exposure sources (plastics: ƩPlastic; personal care products: ƩPCP), and modes of action (anti-androgenic: ƩAA). Covariate-adjusted logistic regression models were used to assess associations of continuous natural log-transformed phthalate metabolite concentrations with hot flash outcomes. Analyses were conducted to explore whether associations differed by menopause status, body mass index (BMI), race/ethnicity, and depressive symptoms. ResultsOverall, 45% of women reported a history of hot flashes. Compared to women who never experienced hot flashes, every two-fold increase in ƩPlastic was associated with 18% (OR: 1.18; 95%CI: 0.98, 1.43) and 38% (OR: 1.38; 95%CI: 1.11, 1.70) higher odds of experiencing hot flashes in the past 30 days and experiencing daily/weekly hot flashes, respectively. Some associations of phthalates with certain hot flash outcomes differed by menopause status, BMI, race/ethnicity, and depressive symptoms. ConclusionsThis study suggests that phthalates are associated with hot flash experience and may impact hot flash risk in women who are susceptible to experiencing hot flashes.

Where Do Health Professions Students Learn About Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention?

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-021-01265-3.

Endotype of allergic asthma with airway obstruction in urban children

Black and Hispanic children growing up in disadvantaged urban neighborhoods have the highest rates of asthma and related morbidity in the United States. This study sought to identify specific respiratory phenotypes of health and disease in this population, associations with early life exposures, and molecular patterns of gene expression in nasal epithelial cells that underlie clinical disease. The study population consisted of 442 high-risk urban children who had repeated assessments of wheezing, allergen-specific IgE, and lung function through 10 years of age. Phenotypes were identified by developing temporal trajectories for these data, and then compared to early life exposures and patterns of nasal epithelial gene expression at 11 years of age. Of the 6 identified respiratory phenotypes, a high wheeze, high atopy, low lung function group had the greatest respiratory morbidity. In early life, this group had low exposure to common allergens and high exposure to ergosterol in house dust. While all high-atopy groups were associated with increased expression of a type-2 inflammation gene module in nasal epithelial samples, an epithelium IL-13 response module tracked closely with impaired lung function, and a MUC5AC hypersecretion module was uniquely upregulated in the high wheeze, high atopy, low lung function group. In contrast, a medium wheeze, low atopy group showed altered expression of modules of epithelial integrity, epithelial injury, and antioxidant pathways. In the first decade of life, high-risk urban children develop distinct phenotypes of respiratory health versus disease that link early life environmental exposures to childhood allergic sensitization and asthma. Moreover, unique patterns of airway gene expression demonstrate how specific molecular pathways underlie distinct respiratory phenotypes, including allergic and nonallergic asthma.

Patch Testing to Methyldibromoglutaronitrile/Phenoxyethanol: North American Contact Dermatitis Group Experience, 1994-2018.

Methyldibromoglutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol (MDBGN/PE) is a broad-spectrum preservative mixture used in consumer and industrial products. The aims of the study were (1) to characterize the prevalence and clinical relevance of patch test reactions to MDBGN/PE and the epidemiology of positive patients and (2) to determine the frequency of concomitant reactions of MDBGN/PE and its components. This study used a retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data compiled by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group from 1994 to 2018. Of 55,477 tested patients, 2674 (4.8%) had positive patch test reactions to MDBGN/PE (1.0%-2.5% petrolatum [pet]); most were + (63.3%) or ++ (22.3%). Clinical relevance was considered definite in 3.0% and probable in 19.3% of reactions. Common dermatitis sites included the hands (26.4%), scattered/generalized distribution (24.7%), and the face (18.3%). Patients with a positive reaction to MDBGN/PE and/or MDBGN and/or PE were significantly more likely to be male and older than 40 years and/or had hand dermatitis (P ≤ 0.0033). Positivity to MDBGN/PE 2.0% pet decreased significantly over time (from 6.0% in 1998-2000 to 2.5% in 2017-2018, P < 0.0001). Personal care products were the most common exposure source (53.2%). Over time, positivity to MDBGN/PE 2.0% pet decreased significantly from 6.0% (in 1998-2000) to 2.5% (in 2017-2018). The high proportion of weak (63.3%) reactions underscore the need for careful interpretation of patch test sites. Important demographic associations included male sex and age older than 40 years.

Endocrine Disruptor Potential of Short- and Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)-A Synthesis of Current Knowledge with Proposal of Molecular Mechanism.

Endocrine disruptors are a group of chemical compounds that, even in low concentrations, cause a hormonal imbalance in the body, contributing to the development of various harmful health disorders. Many industry compounds, due to their important commercial value and numerous applications, are produced on a global scale, while the mechanism of their endocrine action has not been fully understood. In recent years, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have gained the interest of major international health organizations, and thus more and more studies have been aimed to explain the toxicity of these compounds. PFASs were firstly synthesized in the 1950s and broadly used in the industry in the production of firefighting agents, cosmetics and herbicides. The numerous industrial applications of PFASs, combined with the exceptionally long half-life of these substances in the human body and extreme environmental persistence, result in a common and chronic exposure of the general population to their action. Available data have suggested that human exposure to PFASs can occur during different stages of development and may cause short- or/and long-term health effects. This paper synthetizes the current literature reports on the presence, bioaccumulation and, particularly, endocrine toxicity of selected long- and short-chain PFASs, with a special emphasis on the mechanisms underlying their endocrine actions.

Acetaminophen and the Developing Lung: Could There Be Lifelong Consequences?

Acetaminophen and the Developing Lung: Could There Be Lifelong Consequences?

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Intravenous Alcohol to Assess Changes in AtrialElectrophysiology.

This study sought to identify acute changes in human atrial electrophysiology during alcohol exposure. The mechanism by which a discrete episode of atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs remains unknown. Alcohol appears to increase the risk for AF, providing an opportunity to study electrophysiologic effects that may render the heart prone to arrhythmia. In this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, intravenous alcohol titrated to 0.08% blood alcohol concentration was compared with a volume and osmolarity-matched, masked, placebo in patients undergoing AF ablation procedures. Right, left, and pulmonary vein atrial effective refractory periods (AERPs) and conduction times were measured pre- and post-infusion. Isoproterenol infusions and burst atrial pacing were used to assess AF inducibility. Of 100 participants (50 in each group), placebo recipients were more likely to be diabetic (22% vs. 4%; p=0.007) and to have undergone a prior AF ablation (36% vs. 22%; p=0.005). Pulmonary vein AERPs decreased an average of 12ms (95% confidence interval: 1 to 22ms; p=0.026) in the alcohol group, with no change in the placebo group (p=0.98). Whereas no statistically significant differences in continuously assessed AERPs were observed, the proportion of AERP sites tested that decreased with alcohol (median: 0.5; interquartile range: 0.6 to 0.6) was larger than with placebo (median: 0.4; interquartile range: 0.2 to 0.6; p=0.0043). No statistically significant differences in conduction times or in the proportion with inducible AF were observed. Acute exposure to alcohol reduces AERP, particularly in the pulmonary veins. These data demonstrate a direct mechanistic link between alcohol, a common lifestyle exposure, and immediate proarrhythmic effects in human atria. (How Alcohol Induces Atrial Tachyarrhythmias Study [HOLIDAY]; NCT01996943).

Design and Development of a Three-Dimensionally Printed Microscope Mask Alignment Adapter for the Fabrication of Multilayer Microfluidic Devices.

This project aims to develop an easy-to-use and cost-effective platform for the fabrication of precise, multilayer microfluidic devices, which typically can only be achieved using costly equipment in a clean room setting. The key part of the platform is a three dimensionally (3D) printed microscope mask alignment adapter (MMAA) compatible with regular optical microscopes and ultraviolet (UV) light exposure systems. The overall process of creating the device has been vastly simplified because of the work done to optimize the device design. The process entails finding the proper dimensions for the equipment available in the laboratory and 3D-printing the MMAA with the optimized specifications. Experimental results show that the optimized MMAA designed and manufactured by 3D printing performs well with a common microscope and light exposure system. Using a master mold prepared by the 3D-printed MMAA, the resulting microfluidic devices with multilayered structures contain alignment errors of <10 µm, which is sufficient for common microchips. Although human error through transportation of the device to the UV light exposure system can cause larger fabrication errors, the minimal errors achieved in this study are attainable with practice and care. Furthermore, the MMAA can be customized to fit any microscope and UV exposure system by making changes to the modeling file in the 3D printing system. This project provides smaller laboratories with a useful research tool as it only requires the use of equipment that is typically already available to laboratories that produce and use microfluidic devices. The following detailed protocol outlines the design and 3D printing process for the MMAA. In addition, the steps for procuring a multilayer master mold using the MMAA and producing poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic chips is also described herein.

Fibrin sealant injection through the drain with adjuvant compression as a treatment of groin lymphatic complications after vascular operation

Introduction: Groin lymphatic complications after femoral artery operations are rare, but if developed, they could be a source of severe complications that could be potentially fatal. The novel technique of combining compression and application of Tisseel sealant (Baxter AG, Vienna, Austria) to treat lymphatic fistulas in the groin region after common femoral artery exposure was evaluated. Material and methods: Twelve groins from eleven patients with groin lymphatic complications were enrolled into the study. Patients had femoral artery exposure during one of the following procedures: endovascular aortic aneurysm repair, thrombendarterectomy or extra-anatomic by-pass. Postoperatively, average lymphatic drainage through the drain was 140 ± 60 (range 48–300) mL per day. Intervention was performed at a median of 12 (9–23) days after operation. The drain was cut off close to the skin, a thin double-channel catheter was introduced as deep as possible through the drain and sealant was injected into the wound. Simultaneously, the remaining part of the drain was removed, the orifice in the skin was sutured and a compression dressing was kept in place for 24 hours. The median patient observation period was 13 months (range 2.5–23) and surveillance of the groin was performed using ultrasonography. Results: Early outcomes showed full technical success. None of the patients were readmitted due to lymphorrhea, infection or poor wound healing during follow-up. No lymphoceles were detected by ultrasonography. Conclusion: Fibrin glue injection augmented by compression is an effective method for treating postoperative lymphatic fistulas and to prevent lymphorrhagia and lymphocele formation in the groin region after femoral artery exposure.

Non-US Global Banks and Dollar (Co-)Dependence: How Housing Markets Became Internationally Synchronized

US net capital inflows drive the international synchronization of house price growth. An increase (decrease) in US net capital inflows improves (tightens) US dollar funding conditions for non-US global banks, leading them to increase (decrease) foreign lending to third-party borrowing countries. This induces a synchronization of lending across borrowing countries, which translates into an international synchronization of mortgage credit growth and, ultimately, house price growth. Importantly, this synchronization is driven by non-US global banks’ common but heterogenous exposure to US dollar funding conditions, not by the common exposure of borrowing countries to non-US global banks. Our results identify a novel channel of international transmission of US dollar funding conditions: As these conditions vary over time, borrowing country pairs whose non-US global creditor banks are more dependent on US dollar funding exhibit higher house price synchronization.

Performance of rubberized concrete exposed to chloride solution and continuous wet–dry cycle

Worldwide, the accumulation of discarded waste tire rubbers remains one of the major environmental concerns unless recycled in an eco-friendly approach. One of the sustainable solutions is to recycle the waste tire rubber as a partial replacement of natural aggregates in concrete. The main aim of this study was to investigate the durability of rubberized concrete (RuC) with different amounts (0–30%) of rubber aggregate (RA) at two most practical and common exposure conditions. The main investigating parameters were the rubber particle size, replacement type, replacement amount, and exposure conditions. To evaluate the performance of RuC, the slump value, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, chloride ion penetration, water absorption, strength loss at different exposure conditions were evaluated. The addition of RA causes a reduction in strength due to the less adhesion of RA and cement paste compared with the control mix. However, finer sized rubber particles show better adhesion and develop higher strength than coarser ones. Consequently, the durability under continuous wet–dry cycles and chloride ion solution was much better for finer RA incorporated concrete. With the increasing content and particle size of RA, the porosity of RuC increased, thus the chloride ion penetration was maximum for 30% replacement level. Therefore, to develop sustainable RuC without any considerable reduction in mechanical and durability properties, the finer particle sized RA is suitable up to an optimum level (< 30%).

The Pattern of Morbidity and Use of Social Security Schemes among the Steel Plant Workers in an Industrial District of Odisha.

Background:An occupational hazard is a growing concern for developing countries. The study aims to assess the pattern and the factors associated with morbidity of the steel plant workers and the usage of social security schemes among them.Materials and Methods:The cross-sectional study was conducted in two steel plants of the Angul district of central Odisha from May to August 2019. The steel plant workers were assessed for occupational hazard using a structured questionnaire and a physical examination was conducted. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to find out the association.Results:Dust was the most common exposure followed by noise and heat. Myopia (26.7%), generalized weakness (19.0%), hearing impairment (19.0%), respiratory illness (15.9%), hypertension (11.0%), myalgia (10.2%), and peripheral neuropathy (9.1%) were the common morbidities among the steel plant workers. Exposure to dust, noise, vibration, chemicals, and year of exposure is the common determinants of morbidities. Only 63.5% of the study participants availed of different social-security schemes.Conclusions:Pre-placement examination, regular medical check-ups, and the use of proper safety measures during work can reduce the chance of morbidities. Authorities need to sensitize the workers to safety equipment and hazard-prone conditions and also regarding social-security schemes.

Evidence of on-going transmission of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 following a foodborne outbreak.

In August 2019, public health surveillance systems in Scotland and England identified seven, geographically dispersed cases infected with the same strain (defined as isolates that fell within the same five single nucleotide polymorphism single linage cluster) of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. Epidemiological analysis of enhanced surveillance questionnaire data identified handling raw beef and shopping from the same national retailer (retailer A) as the common exposure. Concurrently, a microbiological survey of minced beef at retail identified the same strain in a sample of minced beef sold by retailer A, providing microbiological evidence of the link. Between September and November 2019, a further four primary and two secondary cases infected with the same strain were identified; two cases developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome. None of the four primary cases reported consumption of beef from retailer A and the transmission route of these subsequent cases was not identified, although all four primary cases visited the same petting farm. Generally, outbreaks of STEC O157:H7 in the UK appear to be distinct, short-lived events; however, on-going transmission linked to contaminated food, animals or environmental exposures and person-to-person contact do occur. Although outbreaks of STEC caused by contaminated fresh produce are increasingly common, undercooked meat products remain a risk of infection.

Prioritizing and Providing Sound Pollution Control Strategies at the CPF of North Azadegan Oilfield Project

Among the harmful occupational factors, noise is the most common exposure in the oil industrial workplaces. The present study aimed to prioritize sound pollution areas in central processing facilities (CPF) of an oil field in order to provide corrective action in the studied industry and similar industries. After reviewing the issued permit to work, job description and noise dosimetry test, the evaluated areas were selected then sound pressure levels in the referenced areas investigated according to ISO 9612–2009 (E) next the noise map prepared for all selected areas. For identifying the prioritized areas to implement the control measures NCPI was used. After identifying the first priority area with sound pressure levels greater than 85 dB, the frequency analysis was performed and Isosonic map was prepared by Surfer v10 and AutoCAD 2014. In the last step, in order to provide appropriate corrective action plan, the compatibility of the determined control actions with the production process was examined. The findings of this study indicates that 74% of the aforesaid area has the first priority to perform control measures in the caution zone and the remaining 26% is in the danger zone. In this study it has been demonstrated that implementing control measures for Zone 2 have first priority. The main source of the noise in this zone is fluid (Gas) flow through the piping and HP Gas Compressors. The results of this study shows that using effective factors such as exposure time, sound pressure level and number of exposed persons, can be present suitable model to prioritize noise control.