Common Evaluation Techniques Research Articles

An Evaluation of ASTM Standards for Implementation of Ground Penetrating Radar for Pavement and Bridge Deck Evaluations

Abstract Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a common nondestructive evaluation technique that operates with electromagnetic energy (EM) to detect objects and anomalies in a material’s subsurface. GPR is an effective method for civil engineering applications for the assessment of structures and roadways specifically for pavement and bridge deck condition assessment. While surveying with GPR is straightforward, requirements differ depending on the testing objective, and interpretation of the results can pose some challenges. Fortunately, the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) provides a standard set of suggestions for the utilization of GPR, which include general information and recommendations for operating GPR systems and analyzing the output for different purposes. However, reaching a full comprehensive understanding of each standard may require some additional knowledge. This paper focuses on three separate ASTM standards that are related to GPR implementations. These standards include the following: ASTM D6432-19, Standard Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation; ASTM D4748-10(2020), Standard Test Method for Determining the Thickness of Bound Pavement Layers Using Short-Pulse Radar; and ASTM D6087-22, Standard Test Method for Evaluating Asphalt-Covered Concrete Bridge Decks Using Ground Penetrating Radar. After a review and assessment of these three standards, an analysis is presented to discuss the applications, contemplations, and limitations of the standards.

Digital Twins analysis as a tool to find new descriptors for grapevine bunch morphology categorisation and grey mould infection risk evaluation

Botrytis cinerea is one of the most destructive diseases for Vitis vinifera, and grape bunch morphology plays a crucial role in grey mould infection. However, the common visual evaluation technique for assessing bunch compactness suffers from a lack of sensitivity and objectivity. This study proposes a standardised digital twin shape analysis to evaluate the morphology of grape bunches. Seventeen Pinot Gris and six Pinot Noir clones were considered. The grey mould severity was evaluated in the field. Fully ripened bunches (138) were gathered and then photographed at different angles. Digital twin reconstruction was carried out using the photogrammetry technique. Several measures and indices were extracted from each digital twin. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression models were applied to identify the descriptors most related to grey mould symptoms. The results revealed that the most significant factors include the berries density, the estimated empty volume, and the bunch width. These results show that digital twins are a suitable tool for estimating grey mould infection risks. Two linear models, divided into 2D and 3D descriptor models, were proposed. The R-squared value and the root mean square error were compared between the models. For Pinot Gris, from the 2D to the 3D models, the R-squared value rose from 0.656 to 0.838, while the error decreased from 1.713 to 1.175. In Pinot Noir, the 2D model did not provide sufficient robustness, while the 3D model had an R-squared value of 0.936 and an error of 0.290.

Eddy Current Testing Methods and Design for Pipeline Inspection System: A Review

Non-destructive testing and complex systems integration are commonly used in transportation, aircraft, automotive, manufacturing, petrochemical, and defence. Eddy current testing (ECT) is a common non-destructive evaluation technique, especially in the coating, nuclear, and oil and gas industries. However, the eddy current testing method must continue to focus on the probe’s construction and application. It ascribed noisy data to inadequate detection and a severe false alarm problem. Nonetheless, only few academics have elaborated on the intelligent ECT crack detection method. This study provides an overview of the eddy current testing technique and the probe structure design elements that influence fracture detection accuracy. The first section describes the Eddy current testing by encircling coil system for a differential probe (ECDP) and an encircling coil for an absolute probe design (ECDP). The explanations focus mostly on the probe’s creation and detection in Rotating electromagnetic field eddy current (RoFEC). The advantages and disadvantages of eddy current testing surrounding probes are analysed. In addition, a summary of prior studies investigating testing samples of ferromagnetic pipe, steel rod, and wire rope is presented. The second segment focuses on Eddy current testing employing a Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor system, with a particular emphasis on sensor arrays, GMR, and conventional eddy current coils for crack identification. Finally, a comprehensive overview of eddy current testing methods and design for non-destructive pipeline inspection systems is presented.

Current Clinical Concepts: Management of Common Lumbar Spine Posterior Column Disorders in Young, Active Individuals.

Although posterior column disorders, such as spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis, are not commonly encountered in the general population, athletic trainers frequently see these conditions in athletic and active individuals due to the repetitive spinal extension and rotational loads placed on the pars interarticularis while participating in sport. Athletic trainers can successfully evaluate patients with posterior column disorders by performing a complete and comprehensive clinical examination to identify the location of pain, test spinal stability, and recognize compensatory movement patterns. Conservative management typically leads to a successful outcome in this population, with rest, bracing, and the use of therapeutic exercise having the best supporting evidence. In this Current Clinical Concepts review, we outlined the etiology and risk factors frequently associated with disorders of the posterior column. Additionally, we synthesized the literature for common evaluation techniques and interventions associated with the posterior column and provided a proposed rehabilitation progression to use in a younger, athletic population.

Addressing a systematic error correcting for free and mixed convection when measuring mean radiant temperature with globe thermometers

It is widely accepted that most people spend the majority of their lives indoors. Most individuals do not realize that while indoors, roughly half of heat exchange affecting their thermal comfort is in the form of thermal infrared radiation. We show that while researchers have been aware of its thermal comfort significance over the past century, systemic error has crept into the most common evaluation techniques, preventing adequate characterization of the radiant environment. Measuring and characterizing radiant heat transfer is a critical component of both building energy efficiency and occupant thermal comfort and productivity. Globe thermometers are typically used to measure mean radiant temperature (MRT), a commonly used metric for accounting for the radiant effects of an environment at a point in space. In this paper we extend previous field work to a controlled laboratory setting to (1) rigorously demonstrate that existing correction factors used in the American Society of Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 55 or ISO7726 for using globe thermometers to quantify MRT are not sufficient; (2) develop a correction to improve the use of globe thermometers to address problems in the current standards; and (3) show that mean radiant temperature measured with ping-pong ball-sized globe thermometers is not reliable due to a stochastic convective bias. We also provide an analysis of the maximum precision of globe sensors themselves, a piece missing from the domain in contemporary literature.

Economic assessment of molecular imaging in the oncology treatment process

The development towards targeted treatments in oncology has been accompanied by significant improvements in molecular imaging. Yet, broad application of novel imaging techniques has partly been slowed down due to economical considerations. Building on the broad positive evidence of its diagnostic accuracy, modelling of effects on long-term costs and effectiveness may help to foster a broader application and acceptance of comprehensive molecular imaging techniques, such as PET/MRI.In this article, common economic evaluation techniques and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) evaluation methods will be introduced including Markov models and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER). This is complemented with a review of literature on recently published cost-effectiveness of molecular imaging.Additionally, the strategic relevance of CEAs for the molecular imaging community is discussed and combined with a global outlook.

Evaluation of Elastomeric Impression Materials' Hydrophilicity: An in vitro Study.

IntroductionHydrophilicity of dental impression materials is crucial for obtaining an accurate impression and necessary for the production of a well-fitting cast restoration. The most common technique for evaluation of hydrophilicity is a contact angle measurement. The aim of the present in vitro study was to compare the water contact angles of four groups of elastomeric impression materials, before and during setting.Material and methodsFlattened specimens (n=10) of tested impression materials were prepared by the use of a Teflon mold with specific dimensions. A 5μl droplet of deionized water fell on the specimen, and photos were taken using a Nikon D3200 DSLR camera and a 105 mm macro lens (Nikorr, Nikon) in specific time points.ResultsThe CAD/CAM material showed the highest contact angle measurements. The light body polyvinylsiloxane (PVS) material 1, polyether and vinylsiloxanether material showed comparable contact angle measurements especially at the initial time point. A statistically significant reduction of contact angles was reported during setup time for all PVS, PE and vinylsiloxanether materials, while the most expressed reduction of contact angle measurements, and thus the most significant increase of hydrophilicity were reported for light wash PVS material 2.ConclusionsThe CAD/CAM impression material showed the most hydrophobic behavior. PVS materials showed excellent hydrophilicity. Polyether and polyvinyloxanether impression materials presented lower contact angle measurements, and thus superior hydrophilicity, compared with other tested materials initially and during setting. All tested impression materials presented a stepwise development of hydrophilicity during the setting stage.

Improving evaluation of nonlethal tools for carnivore management and conservation: evaluating fladry to protect an endangered species from a generalist mesocarnivore

AbstractCarnivore conservation and management are global research priorities focused on reversing population declines of imperiled species and identifying more effective and humane management of generalist carnivores with thriving populations. Nonlethal methods to mitigate conflict are increasingly used to advance conservation objectives; however, there is limited knowledge about the effectiveness of many nonlethal methods. We tested a nonlethal tool (fladry), that serves as a barrier to deter wolves Canis lupus and coyotes Canis latrans, for its efficacy at preventing coyotes from using prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus colonies, the primary prey for critically endangered black‐footed ferrets Mustela nigripes. We used camera trap data and an occupancy approach to evaluate the tool’s efficacy. We measured coyote response to fladry at both a coarse monthly scale (via use, attraction and avoidance probabilities) and a fine scale (via daily activity). Overall, use of areas inside exclosures declined by 60% after 60 days of fladry application and coyotes avoided some previously used areas both within and outside exclosures. Interestingly, coyotes were attracted to previously unused areas surrounding exclosures and increased activity around the periphery of fladry exclosures by 170% immediately after fladry installation, suggesting coyotes actively explored these areas and may have responded to fladry in a way that is counterintuitive to management expectations. Occupancy models provided more robust evaluation of fladry and revealed important behavioral responses relative to other common evaluation techniques (i.e. time until first detected crossing). Our results have implications for future development and evaluation of nonlethal tools for carnivore conservation and management globally.

Deep Face Age Progression: A Survey

Face Age Progression (FAP) refers to synthesizing face images while simulating ageing effects, thus enabling predicting the future appearance of an individual. The generation of age-progressed face images brings benefits for various applications, ranging from face recognition systems to forensic investigations and digital entertainment. In particular, the recent success achieved with deep generative networks significantly leveraged the quality of age-synthesized face images in terms of visual fidelity, ageing accuracy and identity preservation. However, the high number of contributions in recent years requires systematically structuring new findings and ideas to identify a common taxonomy, accelerate future research and reduce redundancy. Therefore, we present a comparative analysis of recent deep learning based face age progression methods for both adult and child-based face ageing, broken down into three high-level concepts: translation-based, condition-based, and sequence-based FAP. Further, we offer a comprehensive summary of the most common performance evaluation techniques, cross-age datasets, and open challenges to steer future research in the right direction.

Machine learning for determination of the native background EPR signal amplitude in the teeth enamel

The measurement of teeth in vivo (i.e., in the mouth, without extraction) with EPR spectroscopy in the L-band would allow to screen large groups of population in an event of an acute radiation exposure and in routine epidemiological studies. The radiation dose is proportional to intensity of the radiation-induced signal amplitude determined after subtraction of both native and solar light induced signal amplitudes from the total signal amplitude measured in L-band. Therefore, to improve the dose assessments of in vivo tooth dosimetry a better accuracy of native background signal is necessary. In this work, we present a search for the optimal machine learning approach for predicting of intensity of the native signal amplitude.The study used the dataset from two institutes composed of 1800 EPR spectra which were recorded in the X-band at a large-scale examination of the population of the Central Russia and North Kazakhstan. To determine the relevance of 12 various features a preliminary statistical significance analysis was used. Predictive models for native signal amplitude determination were developed and trained using standard Python frameworks for machine learning and data processing. The employed algorithms included 8 most popular machine learning regressors. To tune the performance of each algorithm a common evaluation technique, namely cross-validation, was used. Finally, mean squared error and coefficient of determination were calculated for performance analysis of the employed models.Comparison among the performance of all established prediction models revealed that Random Forest and Gradient Boosting had most superior performance. Overall, the application of machine learning methods was shown to provide a minor (5–11% in terms of R2) but non negligible improvement to the accuracy of native signal amplitude prediction. Using the technique of adding synthetic noise variables, the most significant factor regarding the prediction was position of tooth in the quadrant.

Correlation of SWIR imaging with LPBF 304L stainless steel part properties

In the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process, the local thermal history can vary significantly over a part as the heat transfer characteristics and the laser scan path are geometry dependent. The variations introduce the potential for defects that lead to part failure, some of which are difficult to identify non-destructively with common ex-situ evaluation techniques. These defects include significant microstructural and mechanical property differences in the part interiors. In this paper, thermal features are extracted from in-situ Short-Wave Infrared (SWIR) imaging measurements to compile voxel based part representations and understand how the complexities in the thermal history affect part performance. The deviations in thermal features due to different laser processing parameters and complex scan pathing are explored. Empirical correlations are developed to map thermal features with the engineering properties (bulk yield strength, area percentage porosity, and local state) of 304L stainless steel parts manufactured by LPBF. Processing modes (insufficient melting and keyholing) are determined by mapping part property measurements with multiple thermal features. Generating the relationships between thermographic measurements and resulting SLM part properties lays the foundation for in-situ part qualification.

Subclinical Changes in Deceased Donor Kidney Proteomes Are Associated With 12-month Allograft Function Posttransplantation-A Preliminary Study.

BackgroundCerebral injury during donation after brain death may induce systemic damage affecting long-term kidney function posttransplantation. Conventional evaluation of donor organ quality as a triage for transplantation is of limited utility.MethodsWe compared donor kidneys yielding opposing extremes of the continuum of posttransplantation outcomes by several common kidney biopsy evaluation techniques, including Kidney Donor Profile Index and Remuzzi scoring, and analyzed tissue from a minimal sample cohort using label-free quantitation mass spectrometry. Further assessment of the proteomic results was performed by orthogonal quantitative comparisons of selected key proteins by immunoblotting.ResultsWe show that common evaluation techniques of kidney biopsies were not predictive for posttransplantation outcomes. In contrast, despite the limited cohort size, the proteomic analysis was able to clearly differentiate between kidneys yielding extreme posttransplantation outcome differences. Pathway analysis of the proteomic data suggested that outcome-related variance in protein abundance associated with profibrotic, apoptosis, and antioxidant proteins. Immunoblotting confirmation further supported this observation.ConclusionsWe present preliminary data indicating that there is scope for existing evaluation approaches to be supplemented by the analysis of proteomic differences. Furthermore, the observed outcome-related variance in a limited cohort was supported by immunoblotting and is consistent with mechanisms previously implicated in the development of injury and cytoprotection in kidney transplantation.

Wear of different materials for total hip replacement under adverse stop-dwell-start in vitro wear simulation conditions.

Hip simulation is a common technique for pre-clinical evaluation of wear performance of total hip arthroplasty. Standard techniques replicate kinematics of walking patterns of a typical patient. Attention has focussed in developing simulations of other typical patient daily activities to improve accuracy of wear predictions. A method for simulating stop-dwell-start motion during patient walking and the effect on 36-mm metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty was previously presented by the authors. This study sought to extend the previous work to look at the effect of these conditions on ceramic-on-ceramic, metal-on-polyethylene and ceramic-on-polyethylene bearings. Two stop-dwell-start protocols were used: one reproducing average patient movement patterns and one examining more severe conditions. For all materials tested, no significant increase in wear was observed under average stop-dwell-start conditions, suggesting the bearing types tested are robust to this type of activity. A significant increase in wear was observed for metal-on-metal, metal-on-polyethylene and ceramic-on-polyethylene bearings under severe stop-dwell-start conditions, this was attributed to depletion of lubricant in the bearing during the dwell period. A greater relative increase in wear was observed for metal-on-metal bearings compared with metal-on-polyethylene and ceramic-on-polyethylene bearings. This may be explained by the contributions of the different lubrication mechanisms in each bearing type. Wear of ceramic-on-ceramic was very low in all tests, suggesting normal measurement variation was masking any effect of the adverse conditions. It was not possible to determine any effect of the different activities. These results emphasise the importance of exploring adverse patient activity simulations. The increase in wear rate associated with an adverse activity such as seen in stop-dwell-start motion, has to be considered in the context of the frequency of the adverse activity cycle relative to other activities such as standard continuous walking, to determine the impact on the total wear in a given time period.

Направления развития нормативно-правовой базы оценки эффективности деятельности органов исполнительной власти регионов России

Due to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 208 as of May 13, 2017 On the Strate-gy for Economic Security of the Russian Federation up to 2030, the major threats include the uneven spatial development of Russia, the intensified re-gional disparities according to the level and pace of social and economic development. The executive authorities of Russia represented by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation annually assess the effectiveness of the regional executive bodies. It should be noted that the results obtained are the focus of further analysis as well as the basis for the allocation of financial resources (for example, grants). The assessment is based on performance indicators generated by both the Fed-eral State Statistics Service (Rosstat) and depart-mental statistical authorities that do not meet the international requirements for the common evalua-tion technique. In addition, the number of indicators is characterized by certain dynamics. In this regard, the analysis of legislation in the field of assessing the effectiveness of the executive authorities in the Russian regions is of scientific and practical con-cern. The paper analyzes the evolution of the laws and regulations, examines the system of perfor-mance indicators of the executive authorities in the Russian Federation, and identifies their shortcom-ings.

Understanding nasopharyngeal carcinoma

An international collaborative project, based at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, seeks to drastically improve the prognosis and quality of life for nasopharyngeal cancer patients. Hong Kong has experienced a rise in the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in an increasingly ageing population. Swallowing disorders and neuropathy are common occurrences in survivors, as a result of continued exposure to chemotherapy. Most of the techniques developed in studying this pathological phenomenon are invasive and impractical and complicate the establishment of clinical correlations between current treatment courses and physiological events. There is therefore a pressing need for better treatment strategies and early diagnostic methods that allow subclinical identification. Professor Michael Chi-Fai Tong, from the Chinese University of Hong Kong's Department of Otorhinolaryngology, is investigating the pathophysiologic mechanisms that lead to methods with novel approaches.During the studies, Tong revamped common evaluation techniques for swallowing motor capacity in order to perfect the assessment of muscle function in irradiated nasopharyngeal cancer patients. During the studies, Tong revamped common evaluation techniques for swallowing motor capacity in order to perfect the assessment of muscle function in irradiated nasopharyngeal cancer patients. While FEES and VFSS were the most explored techniques, Tong also focused on developing a better understanding on results obtained from HD-EMG performed on dysphagia subjects. The chosen parameters were related to SEMG signals that, when brought together provided the opportunity to map out muscular activities involved in the act of swallowing. From all the techniques, high-density electromyography brought forward the highest number of clinical correlations to the physiology behind dysphagia, namely by analysing aspiration rates, penetration, oral and pharyngeal stasis and premature spillage as measures for early diagnosis, early intervention and monitoring treatment progress. After applying the techniques to patients participating in the trial, Tong concluded that dysphagia indeed remained a major clinical problem for surviving patients and a significant number suffered from adverse effects that compromised their quality of life. Nearly 30 per cent of the studied population experienced subsequent health burdens as well as higher medical expenses. 'Values obtained from sEMG reflected actual changes in the geniohyoid muscle during contraction, whilst ultrasound imaging allowed direct visualisation and measurement of the muscle,' Tong explains. 'Both are useful techniques in providing supplementary information regarding muscle function, and provide quick tools to monitor treatment progress, but more effort is needed to prevent or delay the occurrence of dysphagia and its related complications.' Novel methods of swallowing training were tested among survivors. Tong compared the outcomes of conventional training with transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) and found that TES had a superior outcome compared to conventional treatments. Despite having obtained positive results, validation of these methods is dependent on the sample size that the team used to execute the studies, as conventional swallowing assessments are subjective and require quantitative parameters to reach an objective evaluation. However, Tong is positive that those results will be attained, especially with the help of the multidisciplinary team gathered through this consortium, from laryngologists, to speech therapists and academic research staff. The methods developed are still in need of optimisation, but with this collaborative endeavour, Tong and his team will surely come up with a new strategy, providing a deeper understanding of neck muscle defects in surviving NPC patients for future applications.

Do Spatially Targeted Redevelopment Incentives Work? The Answer Depends on How You Ask the Question

We compare several common program evaluation techniques in evaluating the Empowerment Zone (EZ) program, a large US urban redevelopment program that consists primarily of tax credits and is run by the federal government. Studying the federal EZ program as a means to examine methodology is advantageous for several reasons. First, the federal program’s application process generated a set of areas that were qualified and applied but that did not receive the program and thus created a comparison group that should not suffer from application bias. Second, the program had preapplication rules for which areas were considered, generating a rules-based group of comparison areas. Third, the program is uniform across areas, so program characteristics are not endogenous to local needs. Last, the geography of recipient boundaries is accounted for by census tract areas, as are comparison areas. We examine outcomes of the program under various models, including standard cross-section, difference-in-differences, triple difference, instrumental variables, and regression discontinuity. We construct comparison groups using several alternatives for each style of model, including trimming by propensity score. Our results generally show wide-ranging estimates of program effectiveness, with both positive and negative point estimates and a range of statistical significance. The most robust result suggests that EZs may have increased the number of firms in targeted areas in the short term, but the longer-term impact is less clear. We conclude that caution should be taken when interpreting the results of any one evaluation method as definitive, and we suggest that the effect of the EZ program on outcomes of interest is uncertain.

A Systematic Literature Review of US Engineering Ethics Interventions.

Promoting the ethical formation of engineering students through the cultivation of their discipline-specific knowledge, sensitivity, imagination, and reasoning skills has become a goal for many engineering education programs throughout the United States. However, there is neither a consensus throughout the engineering education community regarding which strategies are most effective towards which ends, nor which ends are most important. This study provides an overview of engineering ethics interventions within the U.S. through the systematic analysis of articles that featured ethical interventions in engineering, published in select peer-reviewed journals, and published between 2000 and 2015. As a core criterion, each journal article reviewed must have provided an overview of the course as well as how the authors evaluated course-learning goals. In sum, 26 articles were analyzed with a coding scheme that included 56 binary items. The results indicate that the most common methods for integrating ethics into engineering involved exposing students to codes/standards, utilizing case studies, and discussion activities. Nearly half of the articles had students engage with ethical heuristics or philosophical ethics. Following the presentation of the results, this study describes in detail four articles to highlight less common but intriguing pedagogical methods and evaluation techniques. The findings indicate that there is limited empirical work on ethics education within engineering across the United States. Furthermore, due to the large variation in goals, approaches, and evaluation methods described across interventions, this study does not detail "best" practices for integrating ethics into engineering. The science and engineering education community should continue exploring the relative merits of different approaches to ethics education in engineering.

Temperamentos afectivos y edad de inicio en pacientes bipolares tipo II

Actualmente es imperante contar con indicadores que posibiliten realizar una detección temprana y correcta del trastorno bipolar en general, y del tipo II, en particular. Los temperamentos afectivos constituyen estilos de reactividad emocional temporalmente estables a lo largo del ciclo vital, con una importante base biológica. Dada la escasez de investigaciones al respecto, se exploraron posibles asociaciones entre la edad de inicio de 32 pacientes eutímicos con diagnóstico de trastorno bipolar tipo II y los temperamentos afectivos ciclotímico, depresivo, irritable, ansioso e hipertímico. Los participantes presentaron una edad media de 51,5 años (rango intercuartil 8) y el 65,6% de la muestra estuvo constituida por hombres. Se encontró una correlación inversa elevada y significativa, entre la edad de inicio del trastorno bipolar y el temperamento depresivo. Entre los temperamentos ciclotímico, irritable y ansioso, las correlaciones fueron significativas pero moderadas e inversas. El temperamento hipertímico no mostró una asociación significativa con la edad de inicio. Al implementar análisis de regresión lineal multivariados, no se encontraron modelos satisfactorios. Evaluar los temperamentos afectivos de manera sistemática, en individuos vulnerables a presentar un trastorno afectivo, debiera ser incorporado al conjunto de técnicas de evaluación habituales.

Comprehensive Evaluation Modeling of Water Distribution Network by Using Statistical Analysis

A score evaluation method is the most common deterioration evaluation technique used in Korea for the efficient maintenance of the water distribution network which is a major society-based facility. This study carried out modeling for complementing the limitations of the existing score evaluation method.

Sustainability of community engagement – in the hands of stakeholders?

Purpose – The current gap in the field of community engagement is evaluation and measurement of the impacts on the stakeholders, mainly the community being engaged with. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses the need to consider the stakeholder's perspective and their involvement in a community engagement initiative, or in any social program. The authors begin by debating the most common evaluation techniques used, followed by re-introducing stakeholder evaluation to the field of community engagement. Findings – The evaluation using the stakeholders’ approach will not only create a holistic evaluation process, but will also assist in fostering a sense of ownership of the community engagement program. Originality/value – Community engagement is given much importance nowadays in Malaysia, especially in line with institutes of higher learning's tripartite mission, the third mission being the ability to engage with communities. It is not surprising because community engagement offers enormous benefits for regional and societal development. Community engagement relies heavily on partnership and mutual reciprocity between different stakeholders such as communities, universities, non-government organizations, field experts and funding organizations. In order to sustain the engagement initiatives, it is important to know who are the “owners” or stakeholders of the program.