Common Essence Research Articles

Typicality-Aware Adaptive Similarity Matrix for Unsupervised Learning.

Graph-based clustering approaches, especially the family of spectral clustering, have been widely used in machine learning areas. The alternatives usually engage a similarity matrix that is constructed in advance or learned from a probabilistic perspective. However, unreasonable similarity matrix construction inevitably leads to performance degradation, and the sum-to-one probability constraints may make the approaches sensitive to noisy scenarios. To address these issues, the notion of typicality-aware adaptive similarity matrix learning is presented in this study. The typicality (possibility) rather than the probability of each sample being a neighbor of other samples is measured and adaptively learned. By introducing a robust balance term, the similarity between any pairs of samples is only related to the distance between them, yet it is not affected by other samples. Therefore, the impact caused by the noisy data or outliers can be alleviated, and meanwhile, the neighborhood structures can be well captured according to the joint distance between samples and their spectral embeddings. Moreover, the generated similarity matrix has block diagonal properties that are beneficial to correct clustering. Interestingly, the results optimized by the typicality-aware adaptive similarity matrix learning share the common essence with the Gaussian kernel function, and the latter can be directly derived from the former. Extensive experiments on synthetic and well-known benchmark datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed idea when comparing with some state-of-the-art methods.

Rotation invariance and equivariance in 3D deep learning: a survey

Deep neural networks (DNNs) in 3D scenes show a strong capability of extracting high-level semantic features and significantly promote research in the 3D field. 3D shapes and scenes often exhibit complicated transformation symmetries, where rotation is a challenging and necessary subject. To this end, many rotation invariant and equivariant methods have been proposed. In this survey, we systematically organize and comprehensively overview all methods. First, we rewrite the previous definition of rotation invariance and equivariance by classifying them into weak and strong categories. Second, we provide a unified theoretical framework to analyze these methods, especially weak rotation invariant and equivariant ones that are seldom analyzed theoretically. We then divide existing methods into two main categories, i.e., rotation invariant ones and rotation equivariant ones, which are further subclassified in terms of manipulating input ways and basic equivariant block structures, respectively. In each subcategory, their common essence is highlighted, a couple of representative methods are analyzed, and insightful comments on their pros and cons are given. Furthermore, we deliver a general overview of relevant applications and datasets for two popular tasks of 3D semantic understanding and molecule-related. Finally, we provide several open problems and future research directions based on challenges and difficulties in ongoing research.

Wackenroder’s “Phantasies” about Art as a Manifest of Romantic Aesthetics

Wackenroder is a Romantic author of a metaphysical-religious orientation. For him, the creator of art and its most adequate perceiving subject is God. As for art, he sees it as most tightly connected to religion, for both help the human being to rise from the earthly hassle to the heavenly sphere. The art of all times and nations contains a common essence – the beautiful – which is expressed in a variety of ways. Therefore the human being is capable of learning how to see beauty in any art medium. Wackenroder speaks of two symbolic languages that help the human being grasp heavenly matters: the language of nature and the language of art. Creativity is based on inspiration, which is a divine gift. In creating their art artists must begin with nature and present it in a transformed way. The process of creativity begins in the inner world of the artist, when he or she constructs a future painting in its completeness. The contemplation of a work of art is like prayer. Therefore perception of art requires specific training. Before contact with art, the recipient must initiate in him or herself the ability to perceive the beautiful and sublime. The grasping of a true work of art is inexhaustible. Every act of contemplating an artwork reveals to our soul something new. The process of perception of art is enthusiastic in nature; Wackenroder presents it as a confession of our spirit. In his musical aesthetics the place of honor belongs to the spiritual content of music. In painting Wackenroder most highly esteems the pacifying art of Rafael, the allegorical art of Michelangelo, and the cognitive art of Leonardo Da Vinci.

Why Are There Still Misconceptions about Evolution?

Why Are There Still Misconceptions about Evolution?

Об использовании Аристотелем понятия «ὄργανον» в биологическом контексте

Aristotle was the first anсient philosopher who proved necessity of instrumental explanation of body, using the concept ὄργανον in a biological context. The purpose of the paper is to make clear the reasons and the limits of the analogy between parts of body and tools as artifacts. My research is focused on their common essence and status among efficient causes on the one hand and its different efficient and final causes on the other hand.

STRATEGY AND TACTICS OF BUSINESS COLLABORATION: CLUSTERING AND OTHER JOINT ACTIVITIES

Collaboration (or cooperation) between business entities is an essential element of business strategy and tactics, as the synergistic effects synthesized by this phenomenon can manifest themselves in increased competitiveness of business entities, the development of their innovation, the reduction of operational risks, and in other areas. The above provisions emphasize the overall significance of research on the strategy and tactics of collaboration among business entities. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to identify the characteristics of forming a strategy and tactics for collaboration among business entities through clustering and other forms of joint activities. Based on the study of the characteristics of forming the strategy and tactics of collaboration among business entities, particularly in the form of clusters and other joint activities, several conclusions have been drawn. It has been noted that while collaboration among business entities can take various forms, the format of the strategy and tactics of collaboration among business entities remains unchanged. It has been demonstrated that there are classical elements of collaboration strategy and tactics, which include: the circle of collaboration participants, the format of goals and objectives, the format of strategy, the format of tactical actions, the format of resource allocation and responsibilities, the format of monitoring and evaluation, the format of communication and interaction, and the format of analysis and correction of collaboration strategy and tactics. Each of the outlined elements, while having a common essence, takes on individual content that depends on the form of collaboration. It has been observed that the better the classical elements of strategy and tactics align with the form of collaboration, the greater the mutual benefit and synergy. Under these conditions, collaboration allows participants in joint activities to achieve maximum mutual benefit and a synergistic effect that exceeds individual achievements. For example, in clusters, various business entities can jointly utilize resources and knowledge for the collaborative development of innovative products. The research results allow for an exploration of the Ukrainian context of business entity collaboration in the direction of clustering and other joint activities.

Calligraphic Techniques in Painting: The Aesthetic Expression and Literary Significance of “Writing” in Ni Zan’s Paintings

The way of “writing” (写) is one of the characteristics of pen-and-ink expression in Chinese literati painting, which is prominently embodied in the aesthetic ideology and the paintings of the Yuan dynasty painter Ni Zan. Ni Zan’s principle and practice of “writing” painting is rooted both in his inheritance of the pen-and-ink traditions of the Song and Yuan literati painters and in the following concepts in the history of painting: “a common origin for Chinese painting and calligraphy,” (书画同源), “a common essence for Chinese painting and calligraphy,” (书画同体) and “a common method for Chinese painting and calligraphy” (书画同法). In Ni Zan’s paintings, he used calligraphic brushwork to capture the romantic charm of the objects, which was a free expression of his true feelings and a means of self-entertainment. At the same time, his painting and calligraphy were influenced by the social trend emphasizing the “integration of literature and art” (文艺相融) in the Yuan Dynasty, resulting in a high degree of internal consistency among pen-and-ink performance, creative approaches and aesthetic style. Consequently, there was a certain degree of inevitability to the introduction of a “writing” style into his paintings. Ni Zan’s calligraphy and painting are intertwined and integrated, presenting the visual characteristics of the same brushwork. The principle of blank space is similar in both calligraphy and painting, and the same common principles apply to ink intensity and a carefree style. More importantly, “writing” (写) in his paintings, as a way of conveying the language of Ni Zan’s pen-and-ink style, also embodies the character of high elegance, which made the pursuit of a written mood in pen-and-ink paintings a common goal of literati paintings throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Аргумент Севира Антиохийского об абсурдности исповедания двух природ во Христе и понятие «частная природа» в структуре «Арбитра» Иоанна Филопона: богословие и методология школьной неоплатонической философии в VI веке. Часть 1

The article considers the place of the famous argument of Severus of Antioch on the absurdity of confessing two common natures in Christ in the structure of the "Arbiter" by John Philoponus. In compliance with the general formula of this argument, the confession of two natures in Christ, taken as common natures of deity and humanity, necessarily entails agreeing that the incarnation of Christ signifies the incarnation of the whole Trinity in the whole humankind, namely, the incarnation of all the hypostases of the Trinity in each human being. John Philoponus supplements it with the distinction of common and particular natures: the common essence of deity, as represented by the aggregate of particular natures (Father, Son=Word, Saint Spirit), being incarnated in Christ, would lead to the incarnation of the mentioned particular natures in the common essence of humanity, i. e. in the aggregate of all whenever lived, living now and still not come into being people. In the article, a detailed analysis is given of the functional mode of Severus’ argument and of the concept of “particular nature” in the philosophical writings of John Philoponus, as well as that of the sense and the mechanism of transmission of this concept to the theological context of his substantiation of the Monophysite Triadology and Christology. On the grounds of scrutinizing these issues, the dependence is exposed of the procedures of substantiation of theological problems, applied in the “Arbiter”, on the methodology of school Neoplatonic philosophy.

ПОГЛЯД НА ПРИРОДУ І СЕНС ЛЮДСЬКОГО ІСНУВАННЯ У КИТАЄЗОВАНОМУ МАРКСИЗМІ

B a c k g r o u n d . Sinicized Marxism involves the utilization of Marxist theory to address issues specific to China and the transformation of China's rich practical experience into theory, combined with Chinese history and traditional culture. This can be observed in the context of the exploration of philosophical-anthropological issues. M e t h o d s . The key methods employed to address the outlined tasks were comparative and dialectical. The use of the comparative method allowed for the identification of commonalities and differences in the understanding of the human problem in Western European and contemporary Chinese philosophy. The inclusion of the dialectical method helped reveal contradictions in the explication of the nature and meaning of human existence by various contemporary Chinese thinkers. R e s u l t s . It has been found that contemporary Chinese thinkers perceive a dichotomy in human nature–social and natural. Considering not only Karl Marx's works but also those of other Western philosophers, particularly Immanuel Kant, Marxist philosophers in China emphasize the social component of human nature, which is crucial to individuality. C o n c l u s i o n s . It is argued that Sinicized Marxism, like its Soviet counterpart, also incorporates the concept of the "new man" whose life's purpose is to exist exclusively based on the principles and values of Marxist philosophy. The formation and functioning of this concept are influenced by extensive discussions regarding the role of humans in history. Sinicized Marxism emphasizes that each individual, living in society, pursues their own specific values and, guided by them, acts to achieve their realization. Although these goals and actions are diverse, varied, and contradictory, there is a common essence underlying this mass of individual goals and actions. Accordingly, contemporary Chinese thinkers assert that within a specific historical society, people are integrated independently of their will and desire into a unique system of material relations that constitutes their social existence. As a result, they are in a certain way connected within each formation and with the means of production. Production relations organize people, stimulate their activities, generate certain relationships and dependencies among social groups. Common interests, reflected in consciousness, more or less consciously, unite people, motivating them to strive for the realization of certain social goals. The thesis is substantiated that although Sinicized Marxism emphasizes the social goal of human life, it also encompasses considerations about the existential aspect, manifested in living for self-improvement and for the sake of others.

The Lived experience of Iranian Mothers in the role of Mother-in-law: A phenomenological Study

Objective: The aim of the present study was to identify the lived experiences of Iranian mothers from the role of mother-in-law. Research Method: The method of the present study was applied and qualitative descriptive phenomenology. The sample consisted of 14 mothers living in Isfahan who entered the study by convenience sampling method. Semi structured interviews were conducted, then implemented verbatim and analyzed by the Smith and Osborn’s method. Results:In this study, The role of mother-in-law in 4 main themes including the perception of motherhood after marriage, role-playing requirements, challenges and opportunities, communication skills, 15 sub-themes including supportive and guiding motherhood, conservative motherhood, motherhood Self-sacrificing with personal limitations, desirable traits and characteristics, challenges and opportunities of relationship with spouse, challenges and opportunities of parent-child relationship, challenge of cultural beliefs, an opportunity to respond to basic needs, challenge Care and management responsibilities, emotional challenges, maintaining boundaries, expressive and instrumental investment, joining the family of spouse child, joining the in-law, acting consciously and intelligently, and were estimated 69 codes. Conclusion: According to the research findings, the role of mother-in-law is defined by the perception of a supportive, conservative and self-sacrificing mother, who is required to have desirable characteristics and traits and use communication skills to fulfill her role. Being a mother-in-law, while creating opportunities, also brings challenges for mothers. In general, facilitating relationships and family cohesion is the common essence of Iranian mothers' experiences the role of mother-in-law.

Comparative analysis of photoelectrocatalysis and photovoltaic-electrocatalysis and their applications

With the industrial development of mankind, large amounts of greenhouse gases are being released into the atmosphere, far beyond the limits of what the earth’s ecological cycle can handle. In order to reduce carbon emissions, it needs to find zero-carbon energy technologies to replace existing fossil fuel technologies, in which photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) systems and photovoltaic-electrocatalysis (PV-EC) systems are the backbone of zero-carbon photovoltaic technologies. PV-EC systems and PV-EC systems share the common essence of converting solar energy into hydrogen, but the difference between PV-EC and PEC is that PV-EC can also provide electricity while producing hydrogen, which is an additional energy output option. However, the difference between PV-EC and PEC is that PV-EC can produce hydrogen and provide electricity at the same time, providing an additional energy output option than PEC systems. This research briefly discusses the mechanics and economics of the two systems and analyses the development trends of PV-EC systems in recent years. The author suggests that PV-EC systems take advantage of the diversity and modularity of energy output, break the limits of the earth’s high-quality light source areas through energy conversion, and deploy PV-EC systems in a distributed manner to increase the efficiency of power generation and hydrogen production.

Type and Collective Memory in the Products of Architecture Students

The research deals with the concept of type and its relationship to collective memory as one of the structural elements used by the student of architecture and that work to structure history. It is the principle that it leads to the process of creation and formation, which is the representative form of the principle or concept of the building, and thus it is the common essence that leads to the element and shows an aspect of the historical situation in the framework of current architectural knowledge. Therefore, the research aims to clarify the relationship between pattern and collective memory in the products of architecture students. The research was based on analyzing 15 graduation projects for the fifth stage students in the Department of Architecture-Al-Mustansiriya University according to an analysis form, and analyzing the results using SPSS. The research reached the lack of correlation of the intellectual content with the apparent formation of the architectural productions derived from the collective memory, which shows the gap that exists between the surface and deep structure in understanding the collective memory of the student of architecture.

The Semiotic Square Applied to Silence

The semiotic square is a tool developed by Algirdas J. Greimas and François Rastier that adapts rules based on binary logic. Its logic is established by looking for the complementary opposite of an initial term and then studying the contradictory terms of this pair. As an analysis tool, it has been applied to numerous wide-ranging fields. Dennis Kurzon applied the semiotic square to silence in his Discourse of Silence, but the study did not offer conclusive results and is considered unsatisfactory. This article discusses the structure of the semiotic square as applied to silence in order to highlight the difficulties and contradictions of such an application, as well as to configure a layout of the square according to the singularities of this phenomenon. Silence can appear in many different situations and is thus extremely variable. One of the conclusions reached in this paper is that silence, by its very nature, resists being pigeon-holed and limited in a semiotic scheme. The most satisfactory solution to this is to appeal to the most basic and common essence of silence.

Rural Older Adults’ Experiences With Pain From Chronic Illnesses and Its Treatment

Although pain control is an essential factor in promoting quality of life, pain is undertreated among certain sub-populations, such as older adults and rural residents. The purpose of this study was to explore pain experiences and its treatment among rural older adults. A qualitative research design was adopted to capture the common essence of participants’ experiences through a phenomenological method. Purposeful sampling was used, and the participant criteria was: age 55+, have good thinking skills, resident of Alabama, have chronic/serious health conditions, and experienced pain or discomfort in the last 3 months. Twenty-three participants were recruited from rural counties of West and South Alabama through the local Area Agency on Aging and health and senior service centers. Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted via phone and were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify emerging themes and repeated patterns from the data. Our results revealed themes in four categories: 1) impact of pain: physical limitations and coping strategies, 2) Impact of Covid-19: physical health, social, and mental health impact, 3) challenges in pain treatment: transportation (driver/time/cost/Covid-19 exposure) and non-transportation related problems (lacking resources/mistrust/limited health insurance coverage), and 4) suggestions: transportation-related (more transportation options/financial assistance) and non-transportation-related support (improved insurance coverage/non-pharmacological care) . Findings of this study highlight rural older adults’ unique needs in access to pain treatment, further amplified during the Covid-19 pandemic. Increase in sustainable, funded transportation programs and the supply of local pain specialists is critical to meet such needs and improve their quality of life.

Synthesizing Religions: Vasily Rozanov’s “Phallic Christianity”

Vasily Rozanov was one of the first Russian writers of the fin de siècle to create a nexus between the study of the history of world religions and the history of sexuality. He viewed Christianity’s asceticism as a source of the disintegration of the contemporary family. This article examines Rozanov’s strategy to synthesize religions and to use pre-Christian religions of the Middle East as proof of common physical and metaphysical essence in celestial, human, animal, and mythological human/animal/divine bodies. I argue that while his rehabilitation of the physical life by endowing it with religious value was socially positive, his self-proclaimed “mission of sexuality”, when politically motivated, was manipulative and incorporated the notion of the atavistic ‘survivals’. In conclusion, I explain that Rozanov’s monistic search for the divine in the physical body as well as his strategy to synthesize religions were additionally driven by his personal doubts in the preeminence of Christian eschatology.

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF METHODS TO OPTIMIZE THE PARAMETERS OF THE MAINTENANCE STRATEGY COMPLEX TECHNICAL OBJECTS

The present article is devoted to comparing the effectiveness of methods for optimizing the parameters of maintenance strategy of complex technical objects. First of all, it concerns the methods for optimizing the parameters of maintenance strategy by state, by resource and adaptive technical maintenance (TM). In addition, a comparative assessment of indicators of target functions of the object without maintenance is made. That is, the article is devoted to one of the important and not fully solved problems: ensuring the reliability of operation of complex objects of machinery of ordinary and high responsibility. The basic principles and elements of the construction of the methodology are considered, the technology of performing the optimization task of the corresponding strategy developed by the authors earlier is applied. The calculation of parameters under the condition of the optimal methods for solving problems, namely, simulation and statistical modeling, is proposed. The best strategy in terms of mean time between failures (MTBF) and unit cost of operation is the "adaptive TM" strategy. Then comes the "condition-based TM" strategy. The worst is the "TM by lifetime" strategy. The strategies "TM on condition" and "adaptive TM" are very close to the obtained indicators. This is due to their common essence - when TM is used information on the actual current state of the object. The effectiveness of various TM strategies depends significantly on the reliability-value structure of the object. If the distribution of the cost of renewable elements about correlates with the distribution of their uptime indicators, the difference in the efficiency of different TM strategies is reduced. The optimal parameters of different TM strategies depend significantly on both the reliability-value structure of the object, and on the given requirements to the object's failure-free operation level.

Nature, modernity, and diversity: Swedish national identity in a touring association’s yearbooks 1886–2013

ABSTRACT Using a discourse analytical method, this paper explores how Sweden and Swedish national identity are expressed in the yearbooks from the Swedish Tourist Association, and if there have been any changes in the discursive constructions during 127 years of publications. The results indicate changing discursive strategies during the period. Around 1900, a homogeneous national identity was constructed through ideas about a common essence and culture. In the following decades, perpetuation strategies justified the identity by referring to a common history. A shift occurred around 2000, with transformation and deconstruction strategies that questioned the established ideas about Sweden and Swedishness.

Koinon: Being-in-common, Heterology, Post-fundamentalism

The problem of being-in-common remains a fundamental problem of philosophy, social sciences and humanities. The purpose of this article is to analyze the changes in the nature of this problem, the incentives and prospects for its formulation and solution in the late XX — early XXI centuries. Being-incommon is increasingly shifting to the focus of human existence, acquires a decisive existential significance, acts as public opinion, and as a political motivation, and as a paradigm for the social sciences and humanities. The article argues that full awareness of the role of philosophy in describing and explaining the forms of being-in-common presupposes the need for a radical reorientation of both traditional philosophical constructions and the methodology of social and humanitarian cognition. Three dimensions of this reorientation are highlighted. Firstly, this is the “new sociality”, the undecidability between “globalization” and “mondialization”, as well as the need to deconstruct the very possibility of accepting a global or phenomenal world. Secondly, it is ontoheterology, which outlines the ways of overcoming ontological fundamentalism, building an “ontology after ontotheology”. It exposes the understanding of being-in-common, the original sociality as groundless, anarchic, which arises as a direct correlate of the experience of groundlessness of existence, unrooted in any substance or common essence. Thirdly, this is postfundamentalism as a particular paradigm, style of thinking, postulating the transformation of the practices and techniques of thinking in response to the need to reposition the multiple real as immanent in thought itself. The article concludes that the three-dimensional “space” of comprehending being-in-common sets a certain direction of philosophical and socio-humanitarian research, hidden behind them general methodological tendencies, and the relationship of these tendencies with the nature of social practice.

Experiences of Turkish Teachers Working Abroad

Turkish teachers seek to work abroad for a variety of reasons with a mixed degree of success. This study examined the common essence of the experiences of Turkish teachers, through 25 interviews with teachers commissioned to teach Turkish and Turkish culture to Turkish students in Germany and France. Interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview questions and audio recordings. The analyses used an appropriate content analysis process for a qualitative phenomenological approach. Krippendorff’s alpha coefficient showed high interrater reliability with a value of .83, and to ensure the credibility the codings have been submitted to internal and external checks. The direct quotations of the participants’ discourses were shared in the text. The results of the study showed that there was a particular driving force that directed teachers to teach abroad. This driving force embodied itself in a sense of curiosity and pride for being chosen to work abroad.

The Quantity of Quantum Information and Its Metaphysics

The quantum information introduced by quantum mechanics is equivalent to that generalization of the classical information from finite to infinite series or collections. The quantity of information is the quantity of choices measured in the units of elementary choice. The qubit can be interpreted as that generalization of bit, which is a choice among a continuum of alternatives. The axiom of choice is necessary for quantum information. The coherent state is transformed into a well-ordered series of results in time after measurement. The quantity of quantum information is the ordinal corresponding to the infinity series in question. Number and being (by the meditation of time), the natural and artificial turn out to be not more than different hypostases of a single common essence. This implies some kind of neo-Pythagorean ontology making related mathematics, physics, and technics immediately, by an explicit mathematical structure.