Common Core Values Research Articles

"I Solemnly Swear": A Comparative Study of Codes of Professional Ethics amongst Pharmacists from Culturally Diverse European Countries.

Ethical practice is a universal concern for healthcare professionals, independent of their social, cultural, or religious background. This study aimed to assess and categorise statements published in codes of ethics for pharmacists from three diverse societies within the wider European area. The study followed a qualitative exploratory and triangular design, comparing the leading professional and ethical statements between three geographically apart countries (Portugal, Lithuania, and Turkey) and using the International Pharmaceutical Federation Code of Ethics proposal as a gold standard. Common core values such as honesty, integrity, and professional autonomy were identified across the countries' codes, suggesting that shared recognised core values underpin pharmacists' practice and policies in culturally diverse settings. None of the codes fully correspond to the framework the International Pharmaceutical Federation proposed. The analysis elicited significant inconsistencies between the codes for analogous practice models within the same continent. Further studies are needed to gain a more profound and comprehensive understanding of the underlying reasons for these discrepancies so that ethical weaknesses can be improved and harmonisation towards best-practice principles can benefit patients and healthcare systems.

Redesigning the survey course: A focus on music, historically excluded identities, and the canon

AbstractSo‐called survey courses have been a persistent but contested genre in world languages, especially in regard to “the canon,” an unstable concept that has historically determined the textual choices of such surveys. This article presents a case study for redesigning the survey course genre in line with theory to diversify, decolonize, and decanonize the curriculum. It discusses a number of steps concerning the theoretical background, textual improvements, approaches to assignments, classroom atmosphere, and general pedagogy. It reflects on questions of positionality, institutional support, and workload. Focusing on music and short texts, the survey course described here questions the common practices and core values of German studies, music history, and musicology, and takes a critical stance toward privilege and power. In this context, the course counters tokenization, juxtaposes non‐canonical and canonical works, and focuses on inclusion, diversity, equity, and accessibility work, as well as universal instructional design principles and social justice education. Thus, the survey becomes a new genre—one that still offers students the breadth of cultural production but relies on a particular set of prerequisites determined by factors such as the space, time, and accessibility of a course, as well as the identity markers of instructor and students.

Interrelationship and interdependence of human rights, rule of law and democracy

The article examines the formation, current state of the rule of law and democracy, their relationship and interdependence with the principle of respect for human rights. And also the importance of maintaining a balance of the interests of the state and society for international security.
 In accordance with Part 1 of Art. 8 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the principle of the rule of law is recognized and applied in Ukraine.
 The rule of law is embodied in the law-making and law-enforcing activities of the state. Regulatory acts of the state must ensure social justice, freedom, and equality.
 The rule of law is one of the basic principles of a democratic society and involves judicial control over interference with every person’s right to freedom. The rule of law is an integral part of any democratic society, it is the rule of law in society. The state is required to implement the rule of law in law-making and law-enforcement activities, in particular, in laws that must correspond to the ideas of social justice, freedom, equality, etc. But only declared human rights, democracy and the rule of law without real mechanisms for their protection, processes and procedures are only a declarative category. Therefore, actually functioning mechanisms for the maintenance of democracy and the protection of human rights, combined with the constitutional limitation of power, are the main prerequisites for democracy.
 Democracy guarantees a peaceful political dialogue both in the internal politics of the state and in international relations. Dialogue guarantees a more or less stable balancing between the interests of the state and civil society.
 Human rights, the rule of law and democracy are interconnected and mutually reinforcing and belong to the common and indivisible core values and principles of the United Nations. The rule of law is the main factor in the implementation of democracy. Strengthening the rule of law promotes the protection of human rights and limits the arbitrary exercise of power, which is a basic requirement of modern democracy.
 But of the three considered categories of «human rights», «democracy» and «rule of law», the main one is human rights. Others rely on human rights. The Preamble to the Charter of the United Nations states: «We, the peoples of the United Nations, are determined to save future generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold grief to humanity, and to reassert faith in fundamental human rights...»

Societal Security

Societal security: is to protect society from all threats that affect identity, common core values, religion, language, culture and customs.

Examining the Components of Integrity

The purpose of this paper is to understand the underlying components of integrity and examine its value. The approach is through identifying and expanding on the common values of integrity such as honesty, conscientiousness and principle. There is a need to find a common ground in the sense of giving specific values towards integrity. Current works of literature indicate that there is a gap in assigning the core values of integrity. This information was collected through a semi-structured qualitative interview with 15 experienced participants from a wide range of background and has extensive experience with the fields of integrity. Such samples are from academic experts, government practitioners, representatives of government agencies, and non-governmental organisations. The identified components are then projected and validated through this list of participants. One of the objectives of this study is to understand the components of integrity through the life experience of people who are commonly associated with the areas of "integrity". The common core values of integrity was identified through a process of systematic literature review and summarised in this study. Content analysis of the data identified multiple dimensions and sub-dimensions on integrity. The findings suggest that integrity is more than being honest, conscientious and with principle as other factors are determining factors of being a component of integrity. Values such as responsibility, sincerity, consistency, compliance, conscious, pride, social norms, ruling policies and awareness play a major role in the value of integrity. The paper builds a model of integrity components based on these interpreted values. This paper contributes to the growing interest in the concept of integrity and attempts to streamline the central components of integrity. The studies of integrity are timely contemporary issues which deserve scientific attention. The building of sophisticated models and empirical investigations in their own right are opportunities for society to improve on their understandings of human behaviour. The integrity model provides an opportunity and useful addition for governments, private institutions, and individuals to improve each of their core values towards integrity.

Core Values of Family Medicine in Europe: Current State and Challenges.

Background: Values are deeply held views that act as guiding beliefs for individuals and organizations. They state what is important in a profession. The aims of this study were to determine whether European countries have already developed (or are developing) documents on core values in family medicine; to gather the lists of core values already developed in countries; and to gather the opinions of participants on what the core family values in their countries are.Methods: This was a qualitative study. The questionnaire was distributed as an e-survey via email to present and former members of the European Society for Quality and Safety in Family Practice (EQuiP), and other family medicine experts in Europe. The questionnaire included six items concerning core values in family medicine in the respondent's country: the process of defining core values, present core values, the respondents' suggestions for core values, and current challenges of core values.Results: Core values in family medicine were defined or in a process of being defined in several European countries. The most common core values already defined were the doctor-patient relationship, continuity, comprehensiveness and holistic care, community orientation, and professionalism. Some countries expressed the need for an update of the current core values' list. Most respondents felt the core values of their discipline were challenged in today's world. The main values challenged were continuity, patient-centered care/the doctor-patient relationship and comprehensive and holistic care, but also prioritization, equity, and community orientation and cooperation. These were challenged by digital health, workload/lack of family physicians, fragmentation of care, interdisciplinary care, and societal trends and commercial interests.Conclusion: We managed to identify suggestions for core values of family medicine at the European level. There is a clear need to adopt a definition of a value and tailor the discussion and actions on the family medicine core values accordingly. There is also a need to identify the core values of family medicine in European countries. This could strengthen the profession, promote its development and research, improve education, and help European countries to advocate for the profession.

Collaborations and Moving Past COVID‐19: The Human Ecology and Applied Ecology Sections

Collaborations and Moving Past COVID‐19: The Human Ecology and Applied Ecology Sections

Guest Editorial to the Symposium on European Union Governance of Health Crisis and Disaster Management: Key Norms and Values, Concepts and Techniques

Over the past decade we have witnessed an increased readiness and growing infrastructure on the part of ‘Europe’ (EU, Council of Europe and WHO) to engage in emergency governance. Many, if not most, of the key examples centre on or implicate public health. Preparedness planning for terrorist attacks and pandemics provides perhaps the most obvious and recurrent example. But there is also the ongoing migration crisis, affecting the southern fringes of the EU in particular. Volcanic eruptions have grounded air travel for fear of lost lives from planes falling from the sky. And further back, BSE/CJD led to fears of an impact on human health as a result of farming techniques for cows. This symposium attempts to provide the groundwork for European governance of health crisis and disaster management (EHCDM) and from there to contribute towards an awareness and reflection with regard to the common core norms and values that shape the mechanisms that underpin future responses to emergencies in Europe.

What do mission statements reveal about the values of top universities in the world?

PurposeMission statements are perceived as effective strategic tools and foundations of an organization's objectives, driving the development of strategic plans to meet the established goals. A vast number of studies have investigated mission statements in industry; however, little is known on how mission statements affect institutes in the higher education sector. Every university is intrinsically different, with its own mission and goals. This study aims to explore how mission statements make the difference among universities, by understanding the values delivered by the mission statements.Design/methodology/approachThis study attempts to understand the core values of universities through a content analysis of the mission statements of the top 250 universities worldwide.FindingsThe results show four core dimensions in university mission statements, namely, “Education Philosophies”, “Strategic Orientation”, “Social Responsibility” and “Values to Stakeholders”, while the most common core values are “Research”, “Educate” and “Student”.Research limitations/implicationsMission statements offer insightful venues for the analysis of the strategic directions of universities. The results show that top universities present their core values through their mission statements. Some mission statements are more service-oriented (towards students) and some are more social-oriented (towards society and stakeholders). These mission statements are communicated to various stakeholders. “Education philosophies” are communicated to educators and students, “Social responsibility” is to the society, “Values to the stakeholders” are towards the different parties involved in the education system and the last one “Strategic orientation” is for the strategy setting.Originality/valueThis paper proposes a new methodology of mission statement studies, covering not only studies on mission statements but also the internationalization strategies of universities, which attract attention from academics and education researchers.

Core Values of Journalism among Students in Bangladesh, Norway and Tunisia

The aim of this study is to investigate differences and similarities in transnational journalism values through the eyes of undergraduate journalism students in three countries-Norway, Tunisia and Bangladesh. This study is important as "Globalization processes force us not only to focus more on transnational phenomena in general, but also highlight differences" (Carlsson 2014:8) Our research question is: Could news journalism in three countries in separate parts of the world have common core values? In our quantitative survey 439 students answered 25 questions on journalism practices, ethics and values, roles and functions. We found that all the students put high value on informing and checking facts. Most of them think that there exist global values of ethics. When it comes to journalism relating to power, the Norwegian students prefer a critical position. Most of the Tunisian and Bangladeshi students, on the other hand, regard that journalism should be neutral to power.

Poverty, Complexity, and a New Way Forward

THE ARTICLES IN this special issue provide a comprehensive view of how poverty affects children and their lifelong prospects. Children living in poverty experience a variety of risks, including elevated levels of stress, family instability, exposure to violence, and poor nutrition. They receive fewer supportive, complex, and developmentally optimizing language interactions; receive less consistent and lower-quality health care, education, and social supports; live in crowded, noisy, dangerous places that challenge formation of prosocial behaviors; are exposed to higher levels of environmental toxins; and live in homes with caregivers who are challenged for time, resources, and services and who often lack the basic skills and tools necessary to buffer the impact and effects of these converging and overwhelming risks. Life course health science has also shown that children carry forward the imprint of poverty in their metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine systems. 1–4 These povertyinduced changes in life course health development can result in accelerated aging profiles and higher burdens of chronic disease. 5 Poverty in the United States seems to persist through the ups and downs of business cycles; it appears to be built into the very structure of our current economic reality. Poverty levels only seem to budge in response to dramatic increases in economic productivity and employment. Income support programs like the Earned Income Tax Credit have lessened poverty for those who benefit from it, and other support programs like Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Head Start can help lessen the impact of poverty on child health and development. The recent experience in the UK, described by Mansour and Curran 6 in this issue, suggests that significant poverty reduction can be achieved through strong and sustained political leadership that can drive a broad and integrated wholegovernment set of strategic policy changes. Given intense political polarization in the United States, poverty reduction strategies tend to settle for incremental approaches that can potentially appeal to common core values of opportunity, responsibility, and security and that can link educational, family, and workforce interventions into a policy platform that could potentially win support across the political spectrum. 7 REFRAMING COMPLEXITY Framing of poverty simply as an income, resource, or service deficit does not recognize the complex emergent nature of poverty and the deep drivers that result in the seemingly resilient forces of deprivation and marginalization. Instead, it may be more helpful to view the social ecology that seems to inherently generate poverty as a type of complex adaptive system. Doing so acknowledges the multiple interacting social, economic, and cultural components,which areindividuallyand collectivelyadapting, self-organizing, evolving, and manifesting emergent properties. 8 Such a mental model not only helps us understand the role of different drivers and agents, individually and collectively, but also suggests a holistic and more integrated set of strategies designed to influence factors at different levels, with due consideration for different timescales and feedback loops. It also leads to strategies less focused on constructing isolated interventions and aimed more toward altering how the poverty-producing system functions, including factors that impact that system’s resilience and capacity to respond.

Improving healthcare practice behaviors: an exploratory study identifying effective and ineffective behaviors in healthcare.

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of exploratory research designed to develop an awareness of healthcare behaviors, with a view toward improving the customer satisfaction with healthcare services. It examines the relationship between healthcare providers and their consumers/patients/clients. The study uses a critical incident methodology, with both effective and ineffective behavioral specimens examined across different provider groups. The effects of these different behaviors on what Berry (1999) identified as the common core values of service organizations are examined, as those values are required to build a lasting service relationship. Also examined are categories of healthcare practice based on the National Quality Strategy priorities. The most obvious is the retrospective nature of the method used. How accurate are patient or consumer memories? Are they capable of making valid judgments of healthcare experiences (Berry and Bendapudi, 2003)? While an obvious limitation, such recollections are clearly important as they may be paramount in following the healthcare practitioners' instructions, loyalty for repeat business, making recommendations to others and the like. Further, studies have shown retrospective reports to be accurate and useful (Miller et al., 1997). With this information, healthcare educators should be in a better position to improve the training offered in their programs and practitioners to better serve their customers. The findings would indicate that the human values of excellence, innovation, joy, respect and integrity play a significant role in building a strong service relationship between consumer and healthcare provider. Berry (1999) has argued that the overriding importance in building a lasting service business is human values. This exploratory study has shown how critical incident analysis can be used to determine both effective and ineffective practices of different medical providers. It also provides guidelines as to what are effective and ineffective behaviors in healthcare.

The Legitimisation of Voluntary Service Organisations in China: A Compromise between a Changing State and a Developing Civil Society?

In line with the opening up of Chinese society, a variety of policy adjustments have been undertaken to legitimise the voluntary service organisations (VSOs) that provide various services to the general public. This article applies the qualitative method in examining the legitimisation process of a faith-based VSO that has an international background, and aims to promote human rights and dignity. The findings indicate, first, that the VSO adopts rational compromise strategies, which include “doing rather than saying”, using the “right” words that are acceptable to the government, seeking common interests with the government and seeking common core values with the clients. Second, the compromise strategies help the VSO to achieve a formal legal status and enhance its organisational autonomy, including financial sustainability and independent power in personnel matters. Therefore, the aforementioned compromise approach is a new form of state–society interaction that may gradually facilitate the legitimisation of civil society.

Identifying values of special library professionals of India with reference to the JOCLAI Code of Ethics

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify a shared set of professional values relevant to the special library professionals of India. This paper deals only with the process of compilation of a master list of relevant values which is a prerequisite for a survey to study preferences of values of the community of library professionals.Design/methodology/approach– Review of literature, both Indian and international, and content analysis were undertaken to develop a set of common professional values relevant to the Indian special library professionals. Findings of empirical studies on core values and statements of core values of library associations provided the basis for identifying the values.Findings– The final shortlisted 16 common core values relevant to the Indian special library professionals include: accountability, collaboration, confidentiality, copyright, cultural diversity, diversity of opinion, equality of access, information literacy, innovation, integrity, intellectual freedom, leadership, literacy, preservation of the record, professional neutrality and service. This master list of values has been derived from the merger of the lists of values derived from JOCLAI Code of Ethics and Koehleret al.’s list along with SLA’s statement of core values. This list can be also used with some modifications for study of preferences of core values of all sections of the Indian library professionals.Originality/value– This paper is about an original initiative undertaken to develop a set of core values relevant to both the special library professionals and the Indian library professionals in general.

Partenariati Innovativi tra Privato e Pubblico - Realizzazione di un Corso di Formazione per l’Inserimento Lavorativo di Soggetti Svantaggiati (Innovative Private-Public Partnerships: A Vocational Training for Work Integration of Disadvantaged People)

Italian social cooperation is a unique model at international level due both to its historical evolution, and to its capacity to give effective responses to the employment needs of a specific territory. The global crisis has severely affected the labour market, where the employment difficulties of disadvantaged people have increased, and new conditions of fragility as well as new employment needs emerged. Despite of being a concrete way of responding to these emergencies, social cooperatives struggle to be self-sustainable in a very competitive market, characterized by low profitability and restrictive spending policies. Beyond these obstacles, social cooperatives can be considered as “social engineering laboratories” (Bundey, 1971) where innovative and shared responses are conceived with the goal of promoting social inclusion in specific territories and communities. A multidimensional and crucial issue, such is work integration of people with disabilities, can therefore be addressed from several points of view, and the initiatives promoted by a social cooperative can be extended by involving a number of entities with common objectives and shared responsibilities. When a social enterprise acts as a plural enterprise and welcomes different stakeholders who share common core values, it becomes an enabling environment for the creation of new opportunities which draw on economic resources other than public administration funding, on new thoughts and on new strategies promoting the creation of a solidarity network with relevant effects on all citizens.

Identifying and Clarifying Values and Reason Statements That Promote Effective Food Parenting Practices, Using Intensive Interviews

Objective Generate and test parents’ understanding of values and associated reason statements to encourage effective food parenting practices. Methods This study was cross-sectional. Sixteen parents from different ethnic groups (African American, white, and Hispanic) living with their 3- to 5-year-old child were recruited. Interested parents were directed to a Web site, where they provided screening information and informed consent. Two types of telephone interviews were used: semistructured intensive interviews and cognitive interviews. Results The most common core values identified in the semistructured interview were religion/spirituality, family, and health, which appeared invariant across parent ethnicity. Parent responses to cognitive interviews enabled rephrasing of statements that were not well understood, the list of values was increased, and reason statements were added to cover the spectrum cited by parents. Conclusions and Implications Values and reason statements will be used to tailor intrinsic motivational messages for effective food parenting practices.

How to Analyze a Correspondence: The Example of Byron and Murray

The psycholinguistic study of conversation and perspective‐taking offers a critical vantage‐point on traditional analysis of personal letters. The correspondence of John Murray and Lord Byron provides a case study in “good enough communication” that allows business transactions to continue despite significant gaps in common ground and core values. I pay particular attention to strategies of co‐reference and to routinized non‐response, the tendency of Byron and Murray not to acknowledge significant parts of each other's letters. “Good enough communication” is an alternative to the transparency and clarity traditionally privileged in studies of the history of business communication.

Faith and Traditional Capitals

This discursive literature review was originally produced for the Leverhulme Trust in 2007 by the William Temple Foundation as a part of a research project to test the concept of religious capital (along with associated ideas of spiritual, faithful and religious social capital) with new empirical research. The research project aims also to explore emerging alternative paradigms to “capital” as a way of describing and evaluating the role and contribution of faiths to civil society. To that end, the article traces the historical development of the concept of social capital and its use by three influential thinkers in the field, namely Pierre Bourdieu, James Coleman and Robert Putnam. It then proceeds to map emerging
 developments in the construction of definitions of religious and spiritual capital (and including ideas of religious social and faithful capital). It concludes with an extended discussion concerning some of the public policy implications of this research field, including the emerging concept of secular spiritual capital and its contribution to discerning common core values within the public domain.

Elements of a methodology to assess the alignment of core-values in collaborative networks

Collaborative networks are typically formed by heterogeneous and autonomous entities, and thus it is natural that each member has its own set of core-values. Since these values somehow drive the behaviour of the involved entities, the ability to quickly identify partners with compatible or common core-values represents an important element for the success of collaborative networks. However, tools to assess or measure the level of alignment of core-values are lacking. Since the concept of ‘alignment’ in this context is still ill-defined and shows a multifaceted nature, three perspectives are discussed. The first one uses a causal maps approach in order to capture, structure, and represent the influence relationships among core-values. This representation provides the basis to measure the alignment in terms of the structural similarity and influence among value systems. The second perspective considers the compatibility and incompatibility among core-values in order to define the alignment level. Under this perspective we propose a fuzzy inference system to estimate the alignment level, since this approach allows dealing with variables that are vaguely defined, and whose inter-relationships are difficult to define. Another advantage provided by this method is the possibility to incorporate expert human judgment in the definition of the alignment level. The last perspective uses a belief Bayesian network method, and was selected in order to assess the alignment level based on members’ past behaviour. An example of application is presented where the details of each method are discussed.

A new model for health care delivery.

BackgroundThe health care delivery system in the United States is facing cost and quality pressures that will require fundamental changes to remain viable. The optimal structures of the relationships between the hospital, medical school, and physicians have not been determined but are likely to have a large impact on the future of healthcare delivery. Because it is generally agreed that academic medical centers will play a role in the sustainability of this future system, a fundamental understanding of the relative contributions of the stakeholders is important as well as creativity in developing novel strategies to achieve a shared vision.DiscussionCore competencies of each of the stakeholders (the hospital, the medical school and the physicians) must complement the others and should act synergistically. At the same time, the stakeholders should determine the common core values and should be able to make a meaningful contribution to the delivery of health care.SummaryHealth care needs to achieve higher quality and lower cost. Therefore, in order for physicians, medical schools, and hospitals to serve the needs of society in a gratifying way, there will need to be change. There needs to be more scientific and social advances. It is obvious that there is a real and urgent need for relationship building among the professionals whose duty it is to provide these services.